The incidence, presentation, outcomes, risk of mortality and economic data of drug-induced liver injury from a national database in Thailand: a population-base study
Toxic liver diseases are mainly caused by drug-induced liver injury (DILI). We assessed incidences and outcomes of DILI including associated factors for mortality.
Methods
We performed a population-based study of hospitalized patients with DILI. Information was retrieved from the Nationwide Hospital Admission Data using ICD-10 code of toxic liver diseases (K71) and additional codes (T36–T65). The associated factors were analyzed with log-rank test, univariate and multiple cox regression analysis.
Results
During 2009–2013, a total of 159,061 (average 21,165 per year) admissions were related to liver diseases. 6,516 admissions (1,303 per year) were due to toxic liver diseases. The most common type of toxic liver disease was acute hepatitis (33.5 %). In-hospital and 90-day mortality rates were 3.4 % and 17.2 %. DILI with cirrhosis yielded the highest in-hospital and 90-day mortality rates (15.8 % and 47.4 %). Acetaminophen, cirrhosis and age ≥ 60 years were seen in 0.5 %, 8.3 % and 50.1 % of patients who died versus 5 %, 2.3 % and 32.4 % of survivors. Factors associated with mortality were cirrhosis (HR 2.72, 95 % CI: 2.33–3.19), age ≥60 years (HR 2.16, 95 % CI: 1.96–2.38), human immunodeficiency viral infection (HR 2.11, 95 % CI: 1.88–2.36), chronic kidney disease (HR 1.59, 95 % CI: 1.33–1.90), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis (HR 1.55, 95 % CI: 1.17–2.04), malnutrition (HR 1.43, 95 % CI: 1.10–1.86) and male (HR 1.31, 95 % CI: 1.21–1.43). Acetaminophen DILI yielded lower risks of mortality (HR 0.24, 95 % CI: 0.13–0.42). The most common causes of DILI were acetaminophen (35.0 %) and anti-tuberculous drugs (34.7 %).
Conclusions
DILI is an uncommon indication for hospitalization carrying lower risks of death except in patients with non-acetaminophen, cirrhosis, elderly or concomitant diseases.
Abkürzungen
ALF
Acute liver failure
CI
Confidence interval
CKD
Chronic kidney disease
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
DILI
Drug-induced liver injury
HIV
Human immunedeficiency virus
HR
Hazard ratio
ICD
International classification of disease
NHSO
National health security office
Background
Liver injury which is caused by drugs and herbal supplement is an infrequent but increasing health problem. About 52 % of reported cases of acute liver failure (ALF) in the United States were related to drug-induced liver injury (DILI) [1]. The incidence of DILI in medical inpatients was estimated to be approximately 1 in 100 patients [2, 3]. However, the prevalence of DILI in Asia has not been well described [4]. From the Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN) studies, 15.5 % of patients with liver injury were caused by herbal and dietary supplements [5]. In Asian countries, there have been conflicting reports of the number of herbal DILI [6, 7]. However, a subsequent systematic review in reported the incidence of DILI of 0.71 % after exposure to herbal remedies [7].
The International Classification of Disease (ICD) revision 10 system has been used in Thailand’s administrative and health care database for the identification of patient cohorts and financial works [8]. The ICD-10 code for toxic liver disease, or K71 (ICD-10 codes are shown in italics all through this paper), is aimed to define drug-induced idiosyncratic (unpredictable) liver disease and drug-induced toxic (predictable) liver disease. Additional external cause codes (T36‐T65) are often required after the coding of toxic liver diseases in order to identify the cause of DILI [9, 10]. Toxic liver diseases are mainly contributed by DILI [7]. Since 2002, the Universal Coverage Scheme has been implemented in Thailand for people whose health care cost is neither covered by the Social Health Insurance Scheme nor the Civil Servant Medical Benefit Scheme [11]. Currently, the Universal Coverage Scheme covers the health care cost of more than 47 million people (75 % of Thai population) [11]. To address the less well-described DILI in this region, we assessed incidences, presentation, outcomes and economic burden of hospitalized patients with DILI including the risk factors of mortality in Thai population from the large database of the Nationwide Hospital Admission Data.
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Methods
Data source and study population
The study protocol was approved by the Committee on Human Rights related to Research Involving Human Subjects, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital (ID 07–59–60) and it was carried out according to the Good Clinical Practice Guideline without obtaining inform consent. We performed a population-based study of hospitalized adult patients aged at least 19 years old with DILI whose health care cost was under the Universal Coverage Scheme in all 77 provinces to evaluate the incidences and outcomes of DILI including associated factors for mortality in Thailand. All data were retrospectively retrieved from the 2009 to 2013 Nationwide Hospital Admission Data from the National Health Security Office (NHSO), Thailand, which included more than 75 % of Thai population, by using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition (ICD-10) code indicative of toxic liver diseases (K71). Individual patients with one of the ICD-10 codes entered between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2013 were identified. The diagnosis of DILI in the NHSO database was performed by physicians in their clinical practice without obligation to use specific and objective diagnostic criteria such as the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) or its previous term, the Council for International Organization of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) [12], which can be the study limitation. However, the bias in the diagnosis of DILI was controlled by further examining additional external cause codes of ICD-10, chiefly the poisoning by drugs and biologic substances (T36–T50) and the toxic effects of substances from non-medicinal sources (T51–T65). In Thailand, hospitals are classified into three levels, i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary hospitals. The baseline characteristics, demographic data, length of hospital stay, admission cost, outcomes and causes of DILI were collected and analyzed.
Availability of data and materials
All available raw data will not be shared as it consisted of confidential patient information that abide by the signed contract and regulation. All other relevant study data are presented in the tables.
Statistical analysis
Continuous variables were compared among groups using one-way ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis tests as appropriate. Categorical variables were compared among groups using χ2 and Fisher’s exact test. Factors associated with mortality were analyzed with log-rank test, univariate and multiple cox regression analysis. The hazard ratio [HR] and 95 % confidence interval (CI) of each factor has been demonstrated. A P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 13 (SPSS Inc., Chicago IL).
Results
Demographic and admission data of hospitalized patients with DILI
During 2009–2013, a mean of 5.6 million admissions from all causes occurred per year. A total of 159,061 admissions (or 21,165 admissions per year) were related to liver diseases. 6,516 admissions (or 1,303 admissions per year) were due to DILI (Table 1). The average annual admission rates of DILI were 4.1 % of all liver disease admissions and 0.12 % of the total admissions. The incidence rates of DILI did not significantly change over the study period (0.11 %, 0.11 %, 0.12 %, 0.12 %, 0.13 %, P = 0.058). The mean age of the study patients was 51.9 ± 18.6 years. The mean length of hospital stay was 6.7 ± 6.7 days. The average health care cost of admission of DILI was 533,955 ± 53,532 USD per year, which was about 5.4 % and 0.1 % of the health care cost of admission due to liver diseases (9,888,056 USD) and overall gastrointestinal diseases (391,512,096 USD).
Table 1
Annual incidence and demographic data of patients who were admitted with drug-induced liver injury (DILI) from 2009 to 2013 in Thailand
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Average
Annual admissions, n
1,197
1,244
1,312
1,362
1,401
1,303
% of admissions (per liver diseases)
4.2
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.0
4.1
% of admissions (per total admissions)
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.12
Male, n (%)
603 (50)
634 (51)
677 (52)
720 (53)
724 (52)
671.6 (51.5)
Age, years
52.4 ± 18.5
52.2 ± 18.6
50.4 ± 18.5
52.7 ± 18.6
52.3 ± 18.8
52.0 ± 18.6
Length of hospital stay, days
6.9
6.8
6.9
6.5
6.4
6.7 ± 6.7
Cost of hospitalization, USD
443,230
535,600
545,650
565,661
579,636
533,955 ± 53,532
Mortality, n (%)
‒ In-hospital mortality
34 (2.8)
44 (3.5)
52 (4.0)
47 (3.5)
42 (3.0)
43.8 (3.4)
‒ 90 day mortality
288 (24.0)
251 (20.0)
233 (18.0)
202 (15.0)
144 (10.0)
223.6 (17.2)
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From the available recorded data (of 589 cases), the two most common causes of DILI were 4-aminophenol (T39.1) which is the primary degradation product of acetaminophen [13], and anti-mycobacterial drugs (T37.1, T36.6) (35 % and 34.6 %, respectively) (Table 2).
Table 2
The list of common drugs and substances as the causes of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in 589 cases
Drug or substance
Number
%
Acetaminophen (T39.1)
206
35
Antimycobacterial drugs (T37.1 and T36.6)
204
34.6
Other and unspecified drugs and substances (T50.9)
34
5.8
Antiviral drugs (T37.5)
22
3.7
Ingested mushroom (T62.0)
16
2.7
Herbicides and fungicides (T60.3)
13
2.2
Antihyperlipdemia and antiarteriosclerotic drugs (T46.6)
7
1.2
Aminoglycosides (T36.5)
6
1.0
Other antibiotics (T36.8)
6
1.0
Other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (T39.3)
6
1.0
Local antifungal, anti-infective and anti-inflammatory drugs (T49.0)
6
1.0
Others
63
10.7
The risks of in-hospital and 90 day mortality
The average in-hospital and 90-day mortality rates of DILI were 3.4 % and 17.2 %, which were lower than those of overall liver diseases (6.8 % and 29.2 %) (P < 0.001). The highest number of DILI was found in the northeastern region and primary health care centers (Tables 3 and 4). However, the greatest in-hospital mortality rates were seen in Bangkok and in patients who were admitted in tertiary health care centers despite the lowest number of case admission in these sectors.
Table 3
The number (%) of patients with drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and in-hospital mortality according to country regions
Country region
Number
%
In-hospital mortality (n)
In-hospital mortality rate (%)
Central
703
11.4
36
5.1
Northeast
2421
39.2
34
1.4
North
588
9.5
24
4.1
South
650
10.5
15
2.3
Other
1311
21.2
56
4.3
Bangkok
501
8.1
31
6.2
Totala
6174
100.0
196
3.2
amissing data in 2 patients
Table 4
The number (%) of patients with drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and in-hospital mortality according to hospital levels
Hospital level
Number
%
In-hospital mortality (n)
In-hospital mortality rate (%)
Primary level
2575
41.7
33
1.3
Secondary level
1960
31.7
84
4.3
Tertiary level
1639
26.5
79
4.8
Totala
6174
100.0
196
3.2
amissing data in 2 patients
The distribution of DILI types
The three most common types of DILI were acute hepatitis (K71.2) (33.5 %), not elsewhere classified hepatitis (K71.6) (27.3 %) and hepatic necrosis (K71.1) (25.6 %) (Table 5). DILI that occurred on top of cirrhosis (K71.7) notably yielded the highest in-hospital and 90-day mortality rates (15.8 % and 47.4 %). DILI with chronic lobular hepatitis (K71.4) and cholestasis (K71.0) were the second and third patterns of DILI associated with the in-hospital mortality. Chronic active hepatitis (K71.5) and chronic lobular hepatitis (K71.4) were ranked the second and third types of DILI related to the 90-day mortality.
Table 5
The number (%) of patients and mortality rates classified according to the types of drug-induced liver injury (DILI)
Type of DILI
Number
%
In-hospital mortality (%)
90-day mortality (%)
Cholestasis (K71.0)
329
5.3
6.1
24.0
Hepatic necrosis (K71.1)
1580
25.6
4.2
21.7
Acute hepatitis (K71.2)
2072
33.5
2.2
17.3
Chronic persistent hepatitis (K71.3)
29
0.5
3.5
24.1
Chronic lobular hepatitis (K71.4)
13
0.2
7.7
30.8
Chronic active hepatitis (K71.5)
7
0.1
0.0
42.9
Hepatitis, not elsewhere classified (K71.6)
1685
27.3
2.7
19.5
Fibrosis and cirrhosis of liver (K71.7)
57
0.9
15.8
47.4
Other disorders of liver (K71.8)
46
0.7
2.2
30.4
Unspecified (K71.9)
358
5.8
1.4
18.2
Total
6176
100.0
3.2
19.9
Independent factors associate with mortality in patients having DILI
Acetaminophen, cirrhosis and age ≥ 60 years were seen in 0.5 %, 8.3 % and 50.1 % of patients who died, comparing to 5 %, 2.3 % and 32.4 % of those who survived. Table 6 shows that the independent factors associate with mortality in DILI were acetaminophen (hazard ratio [HR] 0.24, 95 % confidence interval [CI]:0.13–0.42), cirrhosis (HR 2.72, 95 % CI: 2.33–3.19), age ≥60 years (HR 2.16, 95 % CI: 1.96–2.38), human immunedeficiency virus (HIV) (HR 2.11, 95 % CI: 1.88–2.36), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (HR 1.59, 95 % CI: 1.33–1.90), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/bronchiectasis (HR 1.55, 95 % CI: 1.17–2.04), malnutrition (HR 1.43, 95 % CI: 1.10–1.86), and being male (HR 1.31, 95 % CI: 1.21–1.43). The etiology of non-acetaminophen, cirrhosis and elderly (age ≥60) yielded significant impact on long-term survival (P < 0.001) (Fig. 1).
Table 6
Independent factors associate with mortality in drug-induced liver injury (DILI)
Univariate Cox regression
Multiple Cox regression
Crude Hazard Ratio
95 % CI
p
Adjusted Hazard Ratio
95 % CI
p
Acetaminophen
0.13
0.07–0.22
<0.001
0.24
0.13–0.42
<0.001
Cirrhosis
2.60
2.24–3.02
<0.001
2.72
2.33–3.19
<0.001
Age ≥ 60 years
1.74
1.61–1.89
<0.001
2.16
1.96–2.38
<0.001
HIV
1.39
1.26–1.53
<0.001
2.11
1.88–2.36
<0.001
Chronic kidney diseases
1.94
1.63–2.32
<0.001
1.59
1.33–1.90
<0.001
COPD/bronchiectasis
1.92
1.46–2.53
<0.001
1.55
1.17–2.04
0.002
Malnutrition
1.87
1.44–2.42
<0.001
1.43
1.10–1.86
0.007
Male
1.41
1.29–1.53
<0.001
1.31
1.21–1.43
<0.001
Ascites
2.17
1.56–3.02
<0.001
1.40
0.97–1.98
0.052
Mushroom
0.14
0.00–1.03
0.053
0.22
0.03–1.53
0.125
HIV human immunodeficiency virus, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CI confidence interval
Fig. 1
Cumulative survival of patients with drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in relation to acetaminophen or non-acetaminophen drugs as the cause of DILI, cirrhotic status and age. a Acetaminophen vs. non-acetaminophen. b Cirrhosis vs. non-cirrhosis. c Age ≥ 60 or < 60 years
×
Discussion
From the Nationwide Hospital Admission Data of Thailand, about 1.2 of 100 admissions were due to DILI, which is close to the report from previous studies [2, 3]. The pattern of acute hepatitis or hepatocellular injury was the most common presentation of DILI in this study and others [2, 4, 14]. The outcome of cholestatic DILI was reportedly to be better than hepatocellular DILI.[2] Although, the cost of admission due to DILI was about 5.4 % of liver diseases and 0.1 % of overall gastrointestinal diseases, the in-hospital and 90-day mortality rates of DILI were about 3.4 % and 17.2 %. The highest in-hospital and 90-day mortality rates that were noticed in Bangkok and in tertiary care centers are explained by the policy of referral system of Thailand. From previous studies, jaundice, female sex, and hepatocellular injury were found to associate with the development of ALF, death and the need for liver transplantation [2, 15]. DILI patients who had liver cirrhosis, even without jaundice, had the highest risk of mortality in this study. The finding supports the significant impact of having pre-existing liver diseases on increasing severity of DILI and risks of mortality [16]. In addition, individual ages 60 or over and those with medical comorbidities were more likely to have higher mortality. These finding are in contrast to a conclusion from a previous study which showed that individuals 65 years or older did not have higher mortality as they were more likely to have cholestatic liver injury [16]. A lower risk of mortality in patients with acetaminophen-related DILI was revealed in this study. From a previous study, the mortality rate of acetaminophen-induced ALF was lower than non-acetaminophen-induced ALF (5.6 % vs. 21.4 %) [1]. A large retrospective cohort study in the United States demonstrated that acetaminophen, dietary/herbal supplements and antimicrobials were the common causes of drug-induced ALF in 56.3 %, 18.8 % and 6.3 %, respectively [1].
Many reports following prospective studies in the United States and Spain showed that antimicrobial agents especially amoxicillin-clavulanate were the most common drugs relating to DILI [2, 16, 17]. Based on the available data of 589 cases, the leading causes of DILI were acetaminophen and anti-tuberculous drugs. The common causes of DILI that were reported from Asian countries were anti-tuberculous drugs, antibiotics and anticonvulsants [4, 15]. Herbal remedies, or complementary and alternative medicines, have frequently been a common factor of DILI in this part of the world [4, 6, 14]. Herbal remedies were not found to be an important cause of DILI in Thai population due to a low number of herbal remedies recorded under the code F55.1. Nevertheless, we cannot conclude that herbal remedies do not contribute to DILI in Thailand.
As a retrospective study with nationwide database, our report has some limitation in term of data missing and the diagnostic criteria of DILI. The accuracy of data depends upon data input by health care workers. Using the ICD-10 code to identify DILI and adverse drug events may be subjected to substantial variability including false positive and false negative results [8, 9]. RUCAM, a well-established, structured and standardized tool to assess causality and diagnose in cases of suspected DILI and HILI [12], was not employed in this study. A further prospective study using RUCAM is needed to systematically investigate all aspects of DILI in Thailand.
Conclusions
DILI is an uncommon clinical indication of hospitalization, but it carries higher risk of death in cirrhotic patients, elderly, male gender or having medical comorbidities. Our study provides a basis for future research in the field of DILI.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the Gastroenterological Association of Thailand for funding the study, the Nationwide Hospital Admission Data from the National Health Security Office (NHSO) for giving us the permisssion to access the nationwide admission data and Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University for academic support.
Funding
This study was funded by the Gastroenterological Association of Thailand that does not have its role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
All available raw data will not be shared as it consisted of confidential patient information that abide by the signed contract and regulation. All other relevant study data are presented in the tables.
Authors’ contributions
AS participated in the design of the study, interpreted the data, wrote and edited the manuscript. KP performed in the design of the study, interpreted the data, and reviewed the manuscript. NS and WP participated in the statistical analysis, interpretation of the data and reviewed of the manuscript. KP performed in the design of the study, interpreted the data, and reviewed the manuscript. All read and approved the final manuscript.
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Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
Consent for publications
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study protocol was approved by the Committee on Human Rights related to Research Involving Human Subjects, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital (ID 07–59–60) and it was carried out according to the Good Clinical Practice Guideline without obtaining inform consent.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
The incidence, presentation, outcomes, risk of mortality and economic data of drug-induced liver injury from a national database in Thailand: a population-base study
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