Background
Methods
Settings and study population
Prognostic factors
Potential confounders
Potential confounder | Categories | Internal drop-outs aM/W (%) |
---|---|---|
Smoking habits
| Daily smoker, Not daily smoker | 0/1 |
Alcohol consumption (Grams of 100% alcohol/day)
| No alcohol consumption, | 6/5 |
Low (males >0 to 40 g/day, females >0 to 20 g/day), | ||
Moderate (males >40 to 60 g/day, females >20 to 40 g/day), | ||
High (males >60 g/day, females >40 g/day) | ||
Neck pain the latest 6 months
| No pain, Two days in total, On average two days a month, | 1/1 |
On average two days a week, Every day | ||
Chronic illness or handicap
| Suffering from long lasting disease, handicap or disability from accidental event? (Yes/No) | 2/2 |
Psychological wellbeing (GHQ-12)
b
| Reduced psychological wellbeing, | 2/1 |
Not reduced psychological wellbeing | ||
Emotional social support
c
| I have emotional social support, | 1/1 |
I do not have emotional social support | ||
Instrumental social support
d
| I have instrumental social support, | 1/1 |
I do not have instrumental social support | ||
Socioeconomic class (SEI class)
e
| Unskilled and semiskilled workers, | 4/5 |
Skilled workers, | ||
Assistant non-manual employees, | ||
Intermediate non-manual employees, | ||
Employed/self-employed professionals/ higher civil servants and executives, | ||
Self-employed (other than professionals) | ||
Current occupation
| Employed, Self-employed, Unemployed, | 3/4 |
On disability or retirement pension, | ||
On leave, Student, “Taking care of the household” | ||
Marital status
| Married/registered partnership, Unmarried, | 0/0 |
Divorced, Widow or widower | ||
Birthplace
| Born in Sweden, Born abroad | 0/1 |
Time spent doing housework a normal weekday
| Almost no time at all, About 30 minutes, | 2/1 |
1-2 hours, 3-5 hours, > 5 hours | ||
Main physical work load the latest 12 months
f
| Sedentary, Light (mobile but no heavy lift), | 48/51 h
|
Moderate (mobile and some heavy lift), Heavy | ||
Sick leave during the latest 12 months
| No sick leave, 1-7 days, > 8 days | 38/48 h
|
Freedom to decide how to perform work
g
| Never, Mostly not, Mostly, Always | 42/51 h
|
Freedom to decide what to perform at work
g
| Never, Mostly not, Mostly, Always | 43/51 h
|
Good collegiality at work
g
| No, Not so good, Quite good, Good | 43/51 h
|
Outcome
Statistical methods
Main analyses
Additional analyses
Results
Men | Women | Internal drop-outcM/W (%) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | PA a
| BMI b
| All | PA a
| BMI b
| ||||||
Characteristics
|
Sedentary
|
Active
|
Over weight
|
Normal weight
|
Sedentary
|
Active
|
Over weight
|
Normal weight
| |||
(n=632)
|
(n=136)
|
(n=496)
|
(n=416)
|
(n=216)
|
(n=1204)
|
(n=295)
|
(n=909)
|
(n=607)
|
(n=597)
| ||
Proportion of study population%
| 34 | 66 | |||||||||
Age, mean (SD)
| 56 (14) | 56 (15) | 56 (14) | 56 (13) | 54 (16) | 55 (15) | 57 (16) | 55 (15) | 58 (14) | 53 (16) | 0/0 |
BMI, mean (SD)
| 27 (4) | 28 (5) | 26 (3) | 29 (3) | 23 (2) | 26 (5) | 28 (6) | 25 (4) | 29 (4) | 22 (2) | 0/0 |
Overweight%
d
| 66 | 68 | 65 | - | - | 50 | 67 | 45 | - | - | 0/0 |
Sedentary leisure time%
e
| 22 | - | - | 22 | 20 | 25 | - | - | 33 | 16 | 0/0 |
Daily smoker%
| 20 | 27 | 18 | 20 | 19 | 20 | 25 | 19 | 19 | 21 | 0/1 |
Neck pain every day, last 6 months%
| 42 | 53 | 39 | 44 | 39 | 54 | 62 | 52 | 55 | 54 | 1/1 |
Low socioeconomic class%
f
| 46 | 50 | 46 | 49 | 42 | 36 | 40 | 35 | 40 | 32 | 4/5 |
Born outside Sweden%
| 21 | 34 | 18 | 22 | 19 | 21 | 25 | 20 | 22 | 21 | 0/1 |
House work 1 hour or more a day%
g
| 48 | 36 | 51 | 45 | 53 | 76 | 69 | 79 | 79 | 73 | 2/1 |
Heavy work%
h
| 22 | 24 | 22 | 25 | 16 | 13 | 16 | 12 | 14 | 12 | 43/51 j
|
More than 7 days of sick leave last year%
| 32 | 38 | 31 | 34 | 29 | 46 | 56 | 43 | 52 | 41 | 38/48 j
|
Poor self-rated health%
i
| 65 | 82 | 61 | 68 | 59 | 68 | 81 | 64 | 74 | 61 | 2/2 |
Main results
Exposure | Men | Women | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n=632)
|
(n=1204)
| |||||||
Recovered
a
|
Not recovered
|
Crude
b
|
Adjusted
c
|
Recovered
a
|
Not recovered
|
Crude
b
|
Adjusted
c
| |
(n=142, 22%)
|
(n=490, 78%)
|
RR
|
RR
|
(n=245, 20%)
|
(n=959, 80%)
|
RR
|
RR
| |
n (%)
|
n (%)
|
(95% CI)
|
(95% CI)
|
n (%)
|
n (%)
|
(95% CI)
|
(95% CI)
| |
PA
d
| ||||||||
Sedentary e, j
| 30 (22) | 106 (78) | Ref. | Ref. | 43 (15) | 252 (85) | Ref. | Ref. |
Low f
| 72 (22) | 253 (78) | 1.01 | 0.92 | 132 (22) | 477 (78) | 1.46 | 1.46 |
(0.69, 1.47) | (0.64, 1.32) | (1.06, 2.01) | (1.06, 2.01) | |||||
Moderate g
| 24 (24) | 77 (76) | 1.06 | 0.97 | 43 (23) | 148 (77) | 1.50 | 1.51 |
(0.66, 1.71) | (0.61, 1.56) | (1.02, 2.21) | (1.02, 2.23) | |||||
High h
| 16 (23) | 54 (77) | 1.03 | 0.91 | 27 (25) | 82 (75) | 1.66 | 1.67 |
(0.60, 1.75) | (0.54, 1.54) | (1.07, 2.55) | (1.08, 2.58) | |||||
BMI
i
| ||||||||
Overweight j
| 91 (22) | 325 (78) | Ref. | Ref. | 114 (19) | 493 (81) | Ref. | Ref. |
Normal weight | 51 (24) | 165 (76) | 1.07 | 1.03 | 131 (22) | 466 (78) | 1.09 | 1.10 |
(0.79, 1.45) | (0.77, 1.39) | (0.87, 1.37) | (0.87, 1.38) |
Additional results
Self-rated health (SRH) a
| ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exposure | Men (n=621)
b
| Women (n=1176)
b
| ||||||
Good SRH c
| Poor SRH c
| Good SRH c
| Poor SRH c
| |||||
(n=217, 35%)
|
(n=404, 65%)
|
(n=377, 32%)
|
(n=799, 68%)
| |||||
n
| RR (95% CI) |
n
| RR (95% CI) |
n
| RR (95% CI) |
n
| RR (95% CI) | |
PA
d
| ||||||||
Sedentary e, j
| 24 | Ref. | 108 | Ref. | 55 | Ref. | 232 | Ref. |
Low f
| 107 | 0.82 (0.41, 1.62) | 213 | 0.77 (0.49, 1.22) | 191 | 1.66 (0.91, 3.03) | 403 | 1.36 (0.91, 2.03) |
Moderate g
| 48 | 0.81 (0.38, 1.75) | 52 | 0.92 (0.49, 1.72) | 79 | 1.65 (0.86, 3.18) | 109 | 1.34 (0.78, 2.30) |
High h
| 38 | 0.74 (0.33, 1.64) | 31 | 0.76 (0.32, 1.80) | 52 | 1.35 (0.65, 2.83) | 55 | 1.77 (0.96, 3.27) |
BMI
i
| ||||||||
Overweight j
| 130 | Ref. | 278 | Ref. | 152 | Ref. | 441 | Ref. |
Normal weight | 87 | 1.24 (0.84, 1.85) | 126 | 0.77 (0.49, 1.22) | 225 | 1.07 (0.76, 1.50) | 358 | 1.13 (0.82, 1.56) |