The MCP2 and the wrist plus two extensor compartments are the most affected and responsive joints/tendons out of the US7 score in patients with rheumatoid arthritis-an observational study
verfasst von:
A. F. Podewski, A. M. Glimm, I. Fischer, G. A. W. Bruyn, P. Hanova, H. B. Hammer, A. B. Aga, E. A. Haavardsholm, S. Ramiro, G. R. Burmester, M. Backhaus, S. Ohrndorf
There is no international consensus on an optimal ultrasound score for monitoring of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on patient-level yet. Our aim was to reassess the US7 score for the identification of the most frequently pathologic and responsive joint/tendon regions, to optimize it and contribute to an international consensus. Furthermore, we aimed to evaluate the impact of disease duration on the performance of the score.
Methods
RA patients were assessed at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of starting/changing DMARD therapy by the US7 score in greyscale (GS) and power Doppler (PD). The frequency of pathologic joint/tendon regions and their responsiveness to therapy were analyzed by Friedman test and Cochrane-Q test respectively, including the comparison of palmar vs. dorsal regions (chi-square test). The responsiveness of different reduced scores and the amount of information retained from the original US7 score were assessed by standardized response means (SRM)/linear regression. Analyses were also performed separately for early and established RA.
Results
A total of 435 patients (N = 138 early RA) were included (56.5 (SD 13.1) years old, 8.2 (9.1) years disease duration, 80% female). The dorsal wrist, palmar MCP2, extensor digitorum communis (EDC) and carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendons were most frequently affected by GS/PD synovitis/tenosynovitis (wrist: 45%/43%; MCP2: 35%/28%; EDC: 30%/11% and ECU: 25%/11%) and significantly changed within 6 months of therapy (all p ≤0.003 by GS/PD). The dorsal vs. palmar side of the wrist by GS/PD (p < 0.001) and the palmar side of the finger joints by PD (p < 0.001) were more frequently pathologic. The reduced US7 score (GS/PD: palmar MCP2, dorsal wrist, EDC and ECU, only PD: dorsal MCP2) showed therapy response (SRM 0.433) after 6 months and retained 76% of the full US7 score’s information.
No major differences between the groups of early and established RA could be detected.
Conclusions
The wrist, MCP2, EDC, and ECU tendons were most frequently pathologic and responsive to therapy in both early and established RA and should therefore be included in a comprehensive score for monitoring RA patients on patient-level.
Extensor digitorum communis tendon (extensor compartment IV)
ESR
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
ET
Extensor tendon
EULAR
European alliance of associations for rheumatology
FDS/P
Flexor digitorum superficialis/profundus tendon
FT
Flexor tendon
GS
Greyscale (ultrasound)
IgM-RF
Immunoglobulin M-rheumatoid factor
MCP
Metacarpophalangeal (joint)
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
MSUS
Musculoskeletal ultrasound
MTP
Metatarsophalangeal (joint)
NSAIDs
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
OMERACT
Outcome measures in rheumatology clinical trial
PIP
Proximal interphalangeal (joint)
PD
Power Doppler (ultrasound)
RA
Rheumatoid arthritis
SRM
Standardized response means
TNF
Tumor necrosis factor
TsDMARD
Targeted synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug
US
Ultrasound
Background
Recent advances in the treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) like conventional synthetic (cs), biological (b) and targeted synthetic (ts) disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), along with treating early and to target have significantly improved patients’ outcome [1‐3].
Clinical and laboratory parameters as well as sensitive and reliable imaging modalities are utilized to ensure an early diagnosis and a rapid treatment initiation to prevent joint damage.
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Musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) has proven to be a valid imaging method for the detection of inflammation (synovitis, tenosynovitis) and bony damage such as erosions with comparable sensitivity and specificity to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [4‐8]. Furthermore, MSUS and MRI are more sensitive than clinical examination in detecting joint inflammation [9]. MSUS is therefore increasingly used in clinical practice and research.
Standardization of MSUS scanning techniques and definitions of pathologies are driven forward by the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) ultrasound group [10‐13] and the European Alliance of associations for rheumatology (EULAR) recommendations and definitions [14‐17] including ultrasound synovitis and tenosynovitis scores on joint and tendon level. Furthermore, several US scoring systems, including reduced joint scores, have been developed to measure disease activity and therapeutic response [18‐26], but they differ regarding the (number of) included joints and/or pathologic manifestations. The German US7 score by Backhaus et al. [19] includes the wrist, metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) 2 and 3, proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) 2 and 3, metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP) 2 and 5 as well as the extensor digitorum communis (EDC), extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) and flexor tendons (superficialis/profundus) of the wrist (FTS/P), finger flexor tendons 2, 3 (FT2, FT3), and finger extensor tendons 2, 3 on MCP level (ET2, ET3) of the clinically most affected side by greyscale (GS) and power Doppler (PD) ultrasound. It examines soft tissue lesions (synovitis and tenosynovitis) and erosions. Previous studies have shown that the US7 score is feasible, reliable and sensitive to change over a 12-month-period [19, 27, 28]. The score takes 10-15 min to perform in daily practice.
Aga et al. proposed the USRA9 score [21] which showed good responsiveness, retained most information of their original full score [29] and performed better than previous scores [19, 20, 30]. It includes MCP1-3, PIP2,3, wrist (radiocarpal joint), extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendon and MTP2,3. However, it only examines the dorsal aspect of the joints/tendons [21] and its feasibility in daily practice is compromised due to the long time it takes to perform.
As no consensus on an optimal ultrasound scoring system to monitor patients with RA has been internationally achieved so far, we wanted to contribute with additional information on the US7 score by reassessing it. The primary objective of the present study was to assess the existing US7 score to identify the joints and tendons, as well as the side in which they are examined (palmar/dorsal) that are most frequently pathologic and responsive during 3 and 6 months of therapy and to further investigate whether a reduced version of the US7 score, which would improve its feasibility, would still be responsive. Our secondary objective was to evaluate the impact of disease duration (early and established RA) on the performance of the score.
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Patients and methods
Study population
Patients were recruited in 54 centers participating in the German nationwide “Sono Remission Plus” project between 2006 and 2010 [19, 27]-a prospective, observational study on patients with RA classified according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria of 1987 [31]. The study was approved by the ethical committee of the University of Tuebingen, Germany (199/2007BO2), and all patients signed an informed consent upon inclusion. Patients were included in the study if they were starting or changing DMARD treatment. The decision for treatment start/change was taken by the treating rheumatologists according to current treatment recommendations. Therapies included first-line csDMARD therapy after new initiation, therapy switch from csDMARD to a second csDMARD, first-line biologic after csDMARD therapy and therapy switch from biologic to a second biologic. In the analysis of the “Sono Remission Plus” project, patients were divided into subgroups according to therapy [27]. The focus of the present study was on the detailed US results for the identification of the most frequently pathologic and responsive joint/tendon regions.
For the present analysis, we included patients with available data at baseline and after 3 and 6 months. Patients with missing data at baseline, 3 months, or 6 months visit were excluded.
Ultrasound was performed by rheumatologic specialists. The training of a rheumatologic specialist in Germany includes at least 300 musculoskeletal ultrasound examinations. Further information can be found in previous publications [19, 27].
US7 score examination
In each patient, the clinically most affected hand and forefoot by tenderness and/or swelling were chosen for the US7 score examination.
The US7 score examination included the assessment of the following pathologic manifestations according to EULAR criteria [31] and OMERACT definitions [10] for greyscale (GS) and power Doppler (PD) ultrasound:
Synovitis for joints: wrist (dorsal, palmar and ulnar side) each in GS/PD, metacarpophalangeal joints 2 and 3 (palmar MCP2 and palmar MCP3 in GS, palmar/dorsal in PD), proximal interphalangeal joints 2 and 3 (palmar PIP2 and palmar PIP3 in GS, palmar/dorsal in PD), and metatarsophalangeal joints (dorsal MTP2 and dorsal MTP5 in GS/PD), scored 0-3 for GS and PD separately, summed up to a total GS synovitis subscore (range 0-27) and to a total PD synovitis subscore (range 0-39) [19]
◦ Examination of the wrist: In the dorsal aspect, the probe was parallel to the extensor digitorum tendons (dorso-median). For the palmar wrist examination, the probe was placed parallel to the median nerve (palmomedian), and for the ulnar aspect, the probe was set parallel to the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon [19]
Tenosynovitis/paratenonitis for tendons: extensor compartment IV = extensor digitorum communis (EDC), VI = extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) and flexor tendon (superficialis/ profundus) of the wrist (FTS/P), finger flexor tendons 2, 3 (FT2, FT3), and finger extensor tendons 2, 3 on MCP level (ET2, ET3), scored in grades 0/1 for GS and grades 0-3 for PD, summed up to a total GS tenosynovitis subscore (range 0-7) and to a total PD tenosynovitis subscore (range 0-21) [19]
Erosions were not included in the present analysis due to missing data
Musculoskeletal ultrasound was performed using a 10-18 MHz linear scanner and middle class to high-end machine US devices. Settings for GS were defined by a frequency of > 10 MHz, the use of GS gain depending on the joint regions and patients was on average 50%. Settings for PD were set as follows: frequency: 9.1 MHz, pulse repetition frequency: 500-750 Hz (depending on machine setting), PD gain depended on joint regions and patients and was average 50%, and wall filter was low for example, 3, and had to be maintained throughout the study. The PD gain was not supposed to change within a joint panel of a patient during the examination. The exact same machine had to be used on every patient during the study time (compare [27]).
PD scoring of synovial/tenosynovial vascularity was performed semi-quantitatively (grades 0-3) according to Szkudlarek et al. [4]. GS synovitis (effusion and synovial hypertrophy combined) was scored semi-quantitatively (0-3) as described by Scheel et al. [32]. Tenosynovitis/paratenonitis in GS was registered as being absent or present. Tenosynovitis was defined as hypoechoic or anechoic thickened tissue with or without fluid within the tendon sheath, which is seen in 2 perpendicular planes according to OMERACT definitions [12, 13]. Paratenonitis was identified as an echo-poor halo around the tendon in a cross-sectional scan, which often shows increased vascularity by Doppler imaging [33].
As healthy individuals often present grade 1 synovitis in GS in ultrasound studies [34, 35], the following scores were considered pathologic in our study: grades 2 and 3 for GS synovitis, grades 1-3 for PD activity, 1 (present) for GS tenosynovitis/paratenonitis, and grades 1-3 for PD tenosynovitis/paratenonitis.
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In the meantime, an OMERACT score with grades 0-3 for tenosynovitis [36] was published. At the time of data collection for present study, this score was not yet published, and there were no defined scoring methods on tenosynovitis. This is the reason why tenosynovitis/paratenonitis was only scored as present or absent in this study in greyscale.
Furthermore, the US7 score later included dorsal scans of the MCP and PIP joints for GS synovitis, but this modification of the US7 score had not been performed at the time of data collection of the present study and could therefore not be used.
Clinical and laboratory assessment
The clinical assessment included the 28 tender and swollen joint count, patient’s global assessment (PGA) of disease activity on a visual analog scale (VAS 0-100 mm), C-reactive protein (CRP; mg/L) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR; mm/h) at each visit, while IgM rheumatoid factor (IgM-RF; U/ml) and antibodies against citrullinated peptides (ACPA; U/ml) levels were only assessed at baseline. The 28-joint disease activity score (DAS28) was calculated.
Early and established RA
To investigate the impact of disease duration on the performance of the US7 score, we divided the analysis population into two subgroups: group 1 with early RA (eRA) and a disease duration of ≤ 2 years and group 2 with established RA (estRA) and a disease duration of > 2 years.
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Statistical analysis
In a descriptive analysis, we firstly determined the frequency of pathologic joint/tendon regions (including palmar and dorsal side) at baseline and after 3 and 6 months.
Differences between the palmar and the dorsal sides of the included PIP2,3 and MCP2,3 for PD synovitis and differences between the flexor and extensor tendons for tenosynovitis/paratenonitis were analyzed using the chi-square test.
To analyze the joint/tendon regions (including palmar and dorsal sides) most sensitive to change under therapy within 6 months, the gradings of the US-joint inflammation were compared between baseline, 3 months and 6 months by Friedman test with Dunn test as post-hoc test. When a significant change over time was confirmed, we applied Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. For dichotomous measurements, comparisons were carried out by Cochrane-Q test with McNemar test as post-hoc test.
Values of < 0.05 were considered to indicate significance.
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Based on the results of the descriptive analyses, we chose the joint/tendon regions that were most frequently affected by synovitis and tenosynovitis/paratenonitis and individually changed significantly during therapy for different combinations of a reduced (US7) score, separately for GS and PD. For these combinations, we calculated the standardized response means (SRM) to test their responsiveness. The SRMs with 95% confidence interval were calculated by bootstrapping with 5000 replications after 3 and 6 months. SRM was defined as mean change/standard deviation of the change. These analyses were performed separately for GS and PD. Furthermore, we calculated the SRM for DAS28 after 3 and 6 months using the same method.
The threshold values for effect sizes suggested by Jacob Cohen were used to interpret the magnitude of the SRM and values above 0.20, 0.50, and 0.80 represent small, moderate, and large responsiveness, respectively [37].
Additionally, we used linear regression to quantify the amount of information that the reduced scores retained from the original US7 score.
To assess the proportion of total information retained by the several predefined scores at baseline, univariable linear regression analyses were performed with the total joint/tendon score as the dependent variable and the reduced scores as independent variable. The corrected R2 reflected the proportion of information in the total GS/PD score retained by the selected combinations, meaning that the higher the score, i.e. the closer to 1, the better. The regression analyses were performed separately for GS and PD.
As a subanalysis, we repeated the analyses for early RA and established RA separately. Differences between the groups were analyzed using the chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software version 25.0.
Results
Analysis population and baseline characteristics
Four hundred thirty-five patients (80.2% female) with RA were included. At inclusion, mean (SD) age was 56.5 (SD 13.1) years, disease duration 8.2 (9.1) years, BMI 26.5 (5.1), and DAS28 4.70 (1.39). Regarding the laboratory assessment mean (SD), ESR was 28.9 (20.7), CRP 16.2 (22.1), 69% RF-IgM positivity, and 66% ACPA positivity. Of the included patients, 138 (32%) had early RA (eRA) (see Table 1).
Table 1
Patients’ characteristics at baseline
Parameter
All (n = 435)
Early RA (n = 138)
Established RA (n = 297)
p-value
Age [years]#
56.5 ± 13.1* (19-83)
55.5 ± 12.9* (19-83)
57.0 ± 13.3* (19-83)
0.209c
Sex (female) [%]
80.2 %* (349)
72.5%* (100)
83.8%* (249)
0.009a
BMI [kg/m2]#
26.5 ± 5.1** (16-52)
26.5 ± 4.9** (17-45)
26.5 ± 5.2* (16-52)
0.825c
Disease duration [years]#
8.2 ± 9.1*(0-58.3)
0.9 ± 0.6* (0-2)
11.6 ± 9.2* (2.1-58.3)
DAS28#
4.70 ± 1.39** (1-8)
4.75 ± 1.39** (2-8)
4.67 ± 1.40** (1-8)
0.473c
ESR [mm/h]#
28.9 ± 20.7* (1-115)
30.2 ± 22.0* (2-88)
28.3 ± 20.1** (1-115)
0.575c
CRP [mg/l]#
16.2 ± 22.1*** (0-162)
20.4 ± 29.4*** (0-162)
14.2 ± 17.4*** (0-120)
0.249c
RF (positive) [%]
69.2%* (301)
58.7%* (81)
74.1%* (220)
0.004a
ACPA (positive) [%]
66.0%** (287)
64.5%* (89)
66.7% **(198)
0.395a
Baseline characteristics for eRA (early RA) and estRA (established RA)
Palmar MCP2 and the dorsal wrist were most frequently affected by synovitis in GS (35% and 45%, respectively) and PD mode (28% and 43%) at baseline. The least affected by synovitis were PIP2 and PIP3 in GS (10% and 15%) and PD mode (PIP2 dorsal 6%, palmar 11%; PIP3 dorsal 6%, palmar 9%).
Tenosynovitis was most frequently found in the EDC and ECU tendon in GS (30%/25%) and PD mode (11%/11%) at baseline (Table 2).
Table 2
Pathologic joint/tendon regions at baseline with comparison of the dorsal vs. palmar sides
Synovitis in GS (score > = 2)
Joint regions
All (n= 435)
p-value (comparison of joint sides)
Wrist dorsal
44.8% (195)
< 0.001ª (dorsal > palmar, dorsal > ulnar)
Wrist palmar
30.1% (131)
Wrist ulnar
34.5% (150)
MCP2 palmar
34.5% (150)
-
MCP3 palmar
23.4% (102)
-
PIP2 palmar
10.1% (44)
-
PIP3 palmar
14.9% (65)
-
MTP2 dorsal
25.1% (109)
-
MTP5 dorsal
17.0% (74)
-
Synovitis in PD (score > = 1)
Wrist dorsal
43.0% (187)
< 0.001ª (dorsal > palmar, dorsal > ulnar)
Wrist palmar
26.9% (117)
Wrist ulnar
30.1% (131)
MCP2 dorsal
18.4% (80)
< 0.001a (palmar > dorsal)
MCP2 palmar
27.8% (121)
MCP3 dorsal
13.3% (58)
< 0.001a (palmar > dorsal)
MCP3 palmar
18.6% (81)
PIP2 dorsal
6.0% (26)
< 0.001a (palmar > dorsal)
PIP2 palmar
10.8% (47)
PIP3 dorsal
6.2% (27)
< 0.001a (palmar > dorsal)
PIP3 palmar
9.4% (41)
MTP2 dorsal
13.8% (60)
-
MTP5 dorsal
11.0% (48)
-
Tenosynovitis/paratenonitis in GS (score = 1)
All (n= 435)
p-value (comparison of tendons)
EDC
30.1% (131)
< 0.001ª (EDC > FDS/P, EDC > ECU)
FDS/P
20.9% (91)
ECU
24.8% (108)
ET2
12.6% (55)
< 0.001a (FT > ET)
FT2
18.4% (80)
ET3
10.8% (47)
< 0.001a (FT > ET)
FT3
14.7% (64)
Tenosynovitis/paratenonitis in PD (score > = 1)
EDC
11.0% (48)
< 0.001ª (EDC > FDS/P, EDC > ECU)
FDS/P
7.8% (34)
ECU
10.6% (46)
ET2
3.9% (17)
< 0.001a (FT > ET)
FT2
4.8% (21)
ET3
3.2% (14)
< 0.001a (FT > ET)
FT3
4.4% (19)
Pathologic joint/tendon regions at baseline with comparison of the dorsal vs. palmar sides
aChi-square test, MCP metacarpophalangeal, PIP proximal interphalangeal, MTP metatarsophalangeal, FT/ET2 flexor/extensor tendon on MCP2 level, FT/ET3 flexor/extensor tendon on MCP 3 level, FDS/P flexor digitorum superficialis/profundus tendon, EDC extensor digitorum communis tendon (extensor compartment lV), ECU extensor carpi ulnaris tendon (extensor compartment Vl), in bold: joint/tendon regions used in the reduced (US7) score
Differences between the dorsal and palmar joint/tendon sides
At baseline, the dorsal side of the wrist was more frequently affected by synovitis than the palmar side (GS dorsal: 45%, palmar: 28%, p < 0.001; PD dorsal 43%, palmar: 27%, p < 0.001).
Furthermore, the palmar side of the finger joints was more frequently affected by synovitis than the dorsal side (e.g., for MCP2 dorsal 18%, palmar 28%, p < 0.001 in PD).
Moreover, the extensor tendons of the wrist were more frequently affected than the flexor tendons of the wrist (p < 0.001), and the flexor tendons of the fingers were more frequently affected than the extensor tendons of the fingers (p < 0.001) (Table 2). The same could be observed after 3 and 6 months (data not shown).
Responsiveness to therapy
Synovitis in the wrist regions (palmar, dorsal, and ulnar side in GS mode as well as dorsal and ulnar side in PD mode) and in the palmar side of MCP2, MCP3, PIP3, and dorsal MTP5 in GS showed a significant improvement already after 3 months of therapy (T0-T1). All examined joint regions showed treatment response after 6 months (T0-T2).
After 3 months (T0-T1), all tendons showed improvement in GS, but not in PD mode. All examined tendons except FT2 in PD (p = 0.390) showed therapy response after 6 months (Table 3).
Table 3
Change after 3 and 6 months under therapy, all patients
Joint
Region
Mode
n
p-value
Baseline to 3 months (T0-T1)
3 to 6 months (T1-T2)
Baseline to 6 months (T0-T2)
Synovitis
Wrist
Dorsal
GS
401
< 0.001b
1.000b
< 0.001a
Palmar
GS
398
0.022b
0.770b
< 0.001a
Ulnar
GS
393
< 0.001b
1.000b
< 0.001a
Dorsal
PD
354
0.002b
1.000b
< 0.001a
Palmar
PD
348
0.146b
1.000b
< 0.001a
Ulnar
PD
343
0.010b
1.000b
< 0.001a
MCP2
Palmar
GS
401
0.008b
0.574b
< 0.001a
Dorsal
PD
286
0.121b
1.000b
< 0.001a
Palmar
PD
349
0.093b
0.635b
< 0.001a
MCP3
Palmar
GS
397
0.004b
1.000b
< 0.001a
Dorsal
PD
283
0.424b
1.000b
< 0.001a
Palmar
PD
343
0.326b
0.991b
< 0.001a
PIP2
Palmar
GS
399
0.058b
1.000b
< 0.001a
Dorsal
PD
250
0.943b
1.000b
< 0.001a
Palmar
PD
325
0.364b
1.000b
< 0.001a
PIP3
Palmar
GS
397
0.030b
1.000b
< 0.001a
Dorsal
PD
253
0.799b
1.000b
< 0.001a
Palmar
PD
324
1.000b
1.000b
0.002a
MTP2
Dorsal
GS
392
0.131b
1.000b
0.002a
Dorsal
PD
303
0.313b
1.000b
< 0.001a
MTP5
Dorsal
GS
390
0.033b
1.000b
< 0.001a
Dorsal
PD
296
0.565b
1.000b
< 0.001a
Tenosynovitis/paratenonitis
Wrist
EDC
GS
392
< 0.001d
1.000d
< 0.001c
EDC
PD
299
0.891d
1.000d
0.003c
FDS/P
GS
393
< 0.001d
1.000d
< 0.001c
FDS/P
PD
295
1.000d
1.000d
0.041c
ECU
GS
391
0.002d
0.741d
< 0.001c
ECU
PD
295
0.853d
1.000d
0.001c
MCP level
ET2
GS
393
< 0.001d
0.805d
< 0.001c
ET2
PD
259
1.000d
1.000d
< 0.001c
ET3
GS
391
< 0.001d
1.000d
< 0.001c
ET3
PD
257
1.000d
1.000d
0.012c
FT2
GS
392
< 0.001d
0.333d
< 0.001c
FT2
PD
248
-
-
0.390c
FT3
GS
384
< 0.001d
0.715d
< 0.001c
FT3
PD
242
1.000d
1.000d
0.015c
P-values depicting change of severity (grades) over time (the underlying data incl. effect sizes can be found in supplementary tables 3.1 and 3.2)
aFriedman test, bDunn test as post-hoc test, cCochrane-Q test (GS) and Friedman test (PD) resp.; dMcNemar test (GS) and Dunn test (PD) as post-hoc tests resp.; GS greyscale, PD power Doppler
MCP metacarpophalangeal, PIP proximal interphalangeal, MTP metatarsophalangeal, FT/ET2 flexor/extensor tendon on MCP2 level, FT/ET3 flexor/extensor tendon on MCP3 level, FDS/P flexor digitorum superficialis/profundus tendon, EDC extensor digitorum communis tendon (extensor compartment lV), ECU extensor carpi ulnaris tendon (extensor compartment Vl)
Based on the results of the analyses above and according to expert agreement, we defined possible joint region/tendon combinations as possible reduced scores, choosing the ones most frequently affected and responsive to therapy (GS 1-5 and PD 1-9) (Table 4), e.g. the dorsal wrist and the palmar MCP2 were a part of all of the possible combinations as they showed to be most frequently affected out of all joint regions.
GS greyscale, PD power Doppler, MCP metacarpophalangeal, PIP proximal interphalangeal, MTP metatarsophalangeal, FT/ET2 flexor/extensor tendon on MCP2 level, FT/ET3 flexor/extensor tendon on MCP3 level, FDS/P flexor digitorum superficialis/profundus tendon, EDC extensor digitorum communis tendon (extensor compartment lV), ECU extensor carpi ulnaris tendon (extensor compartment Vl). Combinations in bold were included in the reduced score
The combination GS2 (dorsal wrist, palmar MCP2, EDC, ECU tendons) showed a moderate sensitivity to change after 3 and 6 months (0.40 and 0.44) while retaining 69% (GS) of the full US7 score’s information (see Fig. 1 and Table 5).
Fig. 1
SRM with 95% CI for possible score combinations and DAS28 after 3 and 6 months
Table 5
Proportion of the US7 score’s information retained by different joint/tendon combinations
Mode
Joint/tendon combination
All
Early RA
Established RA
n
Corrected R2
n
Corrected R2
n
Corrected R2
GS
GS1
420
0.596
131
0.576
289
0.604
GS2
410
0.686
128
0.701
282
0.686
GS3
420
0.627
131
0.628
289
0.628
GS4
410
0.712
128
0.739
282
0.704
GS5
399
0.748
127
0.775
272
0.736
PD
PD1
375
0.588
116
0.682
259
0.570
PD2
331
0.732
99
0.784
232
0.712
PD3
316
0.652
99
0.824
217
0.646
PD4
373
0.653
116
0.721
257
0.618
PD5
330
0.750
99
0.818
231
0.722
PD6
313
0.711
97
0.872
216
0.665
PD7
293
0.837
89
0.932
204
0.771
PD8
256
0.868
70
0.950
186
0.813
PD9
295
0.785
91
0.856
204
0.735
GS/PD
GS2 + PD9
290
0.756
89
0.855
201
0.727
The corrected r2 delivered the proportion of information in the total US7 GS score/PD score retained by the selected combinations. Combinations: see Table 4; combinations in bold were included in the reduced score; GS greyscale Scale, PD power Doppler
×
Also, the combination PD9 (dorsal wrist, palmar MCP2, dorsal MCP2, EDC, ECU) depicted a low to moderate sensitivity to change after 3 and 6 months (0.36 and 0.44) with a reduced number of joint/tendon regions while retaining 79% (PD) of the full US7 score’s information (Table 5).
For comparison purposes, the SRM for DAS28 after 3 and 6 months was good: 0.728 after 3 months and 0.731 after 6 months.
The reduced (US7) score that performed the best (i.e. being sensitive to change and retaining most information of the original score while requiring the lowest number of items possible) includes the dorsal wrist, palmar MCP2, EDC and ECU tendons in GS mode and the dorsal wrist, palmar MCP2, dorsal MCP2, EDC and ECU tendons in PD mode (Fig. 2). This combination showed to be sensitive to change (SRM 0.433), requiring the lowest number of items (n = 4) to be assessed while retaining most of the US7 score’s information (i.e. 75%).
Fig. 2
Reduced (US7) score. In red: joint regions included in the original US7 score; in green: reduced (US7) score; illustration adapted from Backhaus et al. [19]; MCP metacarpophalangeal, PIP proximal interphalangeal, MTP metatarsophalangeal, EDC extensor digitorum communis tendon (extensor compartment lV), ECU extensor carpi ulnaris tendon (extensor compartment Vl)
×
Early versus established RA
Few significant differences between early and established RA could be detected in single joint regions regarding the frequency of pathologic joint regions. For instance, at baseline, PD of dorsal wrist and palmar PIP2 were more frequently pathologic in the group of established RA (Supplementary Table 1).
After 3 months, the palmar wrist and palmar MCP2 were more frequently pathologic in GS in the group of established RA (p = 0.016 and p = 0.006, respectively) (data not shown). In both groups, most joint regions were responsive to therapy and only few regions performed worse in the group of established RA; these were PD synovitis of the palmar wrist from baseline to 3 months (T0-T1, p = 0.050), GS tenosynovitis of EDC tendon of the wrist from baseline to 3 months (T0-T1, p = 0.038), and GS tenosynovitis of the flexor tendon of the wrist from baseline to 3 months (T0-T1, p = 0.008) (data not shown).
Regarding the calculated SRMs, the combinations that performed the best, i.e. GS2 and PD9, depicted a slightly higher sensitivity to change in the group of early versus established RA after 3 months (SRM GS2: 0.55 vs. 0.32 and PD9: 0.44 vs. 0.33) and 6 months (SRM GS2: 0.505 vs. 0.401 and PD9: 0.519 vs. 0.407) (Supplementary Table 4/Fig. 3). The retained information obtained about the same level for both groups (GS2: 70% for eRA vs. 69% for estRA and PD9 86% for eRA vs. 73% for estRA) (Table 5).
Fig. 3
SRM with 95% CI after 6 months - early vs. established RA
×
Discussion
In the present study, we reassessed the US7 score and found the dorsal wrist, the second MCP as well as EDC and ECU tendons to be most frequently pathologic and responsive to therapy. Following GS and PD combination of joints/tendons performed well as reduced (US7) score, being responsive to therapy while retaining most of the previous information of the original US7 score: GS and PD of the dorsal wrist, palmar MCP2, extensor digitorum communis and extensor carpi ulnaris tendons plus PD of dorsal MCP2. The reduced number of items (n = 4) also reduces the time needed for examination, thus making it more feasible than the original US7 score. The exact time needed to execute the reduced score is estimated to be around 3 to 5 min from clinical experience. We excluded MTP2 and MTP5, as these joint regions were not as frequently affected and less responsive to therapy (only after 6 months, not already after 3 months). Furthermore, previous studies have shown that GS pathology in MTP joints is common in healthy individuals [34, 35] and may not be specific for rheumatoid arthritis.
Moreover, the patients were recruited already between 2006 and 2010 [19, 27] when the definition of synovitis included effusion next to synovial hypertrophy, which is not anymore included in the recently published EULAR/OMERACT recommendations [17]. Aga et al. previously developed the ‘USRA9’ score based on a data driven approach. The score performed better than several other joint scores including the US7 score [21]. The USRA9 score also includes the wrist, the ECU tendon and MCP2, but it only examines the dorsal joint regions. Our study showed that in PD mode the finger joints were more frequently affected by synovitis at the palmar joint side. This aspect is therefore missing in the USRA9 score.
In our study, the wrist and MCP2 were examined from both sides in PD mode and the wrist from both sides in GS mode. MCP2 as well as MCP3, PIP2 and PIP3 have only been examined from palmar in GS mode, not from dorsal, so that in the present study, we could not compare the dorsal and palmar side of the finger joints in GS mode, only in PD mode. Later, the US7 score has been further developed to include the examination of both palmar and dorsal joint sides both for PD and GS.
Vlad et al. [38] as well as Scheel et al. [32] found the palmar side of MCP and PIP joints to be more frequently affected by synovitis than the dorsal side. We also found the palmar sides of the MCP and PIP joints in PD to be more frequently affected by synovitis. Thus, palmar examination of the finger joints should be included in an optimal ultrasound score for RA.
Furthermore, only the most affected hand/foot has been examined in our study in contrast to the USRA9 score including bilateral examination. The US7 score was developed according to RAMRIS [39] which showed the same results when only the clinically dominant hand (instead of both hands) was examined to detect disease activity in RA. We concluded that, without losing crucial information, an unilateral examination saves time in daily practice, improving feasibility.
Further studies on whether to scan the dorsal or palmar side are needed, as our study lacks the examination of both sides in GS mode.
The definition of paratenonitis according to Grassi et al. [33] of the extensor tendons of MCP2,3 was used in the first publication on the US7 score as the extensor tendons of MCP2,3 were thought to have no tendon sheath. In contrast to that, just recently, a publication by Dakkak et al. [40] showed that the extensor tendons do have a tendon sheath. In our study, we compared the frequency of tenosynovitis of the extensor tendon vs. flexor tendon at the level of MCP2,3 and found that the flexor tendons were more frequently affected, independently from RA disease duration.
Several reduced ultrasound scores using different methods to identify essential joints to be included have been published, like the twelve-joint score by Naredo et al. [30], the 6 -joint score by Perricone et al. [20], the US10 Score by Luz et al. [24], and the eight-joint score by Yoshimi et al. [41]. All of them included the wrist and MCP2 as they counted to the joint regions that were most frequently affected and also responsive to therapy in data driven approaches, which is also supported by the data of our study. Therefore, these two joints and the EDC and ECU tendons are-according to the results of this analysis-essential to be included in an optimal scoring system.
Based on this, we have investigated the performance of reduced (US7) scores, among which a score including the dorsal wrist, MCP2, EDC, and ECU showed SRMs around 0.4. Other scores, such as the USRA9, had higher SRMs but also included more joint regions, resulting in a longer scanning duration. A lower SRM could be accounted for by a smaller number of parameters included in the SRM analysis. The SRM calculated for DAS28 at 3 and 6 months was around 0.7 in our study, showing a good sensitivity to change of the clinical response, as could be expected because of combination of several variables. However, the DAS28 has a subjective aspect including the patient’s global score on disease activity. The added value of ultrasound examination is its ability to objectify joint pain and visualize inflammation as well as the severity of inflammation. It is therefore an important tool for therapeutic decisions and the monitoring of therapy.
We also investigated the impact of disease duration (early vs. established RA) on the performance of the US7 score to explore if the score is appropriate to be used at all stages of disease. No major differences were found when analyzing the individual joint or tendon regions. Concerning the reduced (US7) score, its performance was slightly better in patients with early RA regarding the responsiveness and at about the same level concerning the percentage of information retained from the original US7 score. In this analysis we found no major impact of the disease duration on the performance of the score.
Conclusions
To summarize, the MCP2, the dorsal wrist and extensor compartments IV and VI were the joint/tendon regions most frequently affected and responsive to therapy. A reduced score including those joint and tendon regions is sensitive to change and should be very feasible (3-5 min. examination time), especially in daily practice of a rheumatologist. Therefore, a global composite ultrasound score for therapy monitoring of patients with RA should at least include the dorsal wrist and MCP2 as well as extensor compartments IV and VI.
Acknowledgements
We thank Gabriela Schmittat for logistical support in the study.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was approved by the ethical committee of the University of Tuebingen Germany (199/2007BO2).
All patients signed an informed consent upon inclusion.
Consent for publication
All patients provided informed consent to publish the data.
Competing interests
This study was funded by AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG. AbbVie supported study logistics. AbbVie had no influence on study design, data, analysis, or interpretation of data. HBH is a paid speaker for Lilly, Novartis and AbbVie and employee of the advisory board for AbbVie. ABA is a paid speaker for AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB and consultant of AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB. SR is a paid speaker for Eli Lilly, MSD, Novartis, and UCB and consultant of AbbVie, Eli Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, and Sanofi and receives research support from AbbVie, Galapagos, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB. MB is a paid speaker for AbbVie, BMS, Galapagos, UCB, and Novartis. AFP, A-MG, IF, GAWB, PH, EAH, GRB, and SO declare that they have no competing interests.
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The MCP2 and the wrist plus two extensor compartments are the most affected and responsive joints/tendons out of the US7 score in patients with rheumatoid arthritis-an observational study
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