Introduction
Country | Socio-demographic index (0–1)* | Health coverage index (0–100)** | CHD incidence*** | CHD prevalence*** | CHD deaths*** | DALY due to CHD#,*** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
North Africa and Middle East | 0.66 | – | 2,550,432 (2,287,730–2,826,390) | 19,979,927 (18,501,725–21,563,635) | 799,484 (706,349–909,787) | 17,994,822 (15,580,582–20,811,862) |
Afghanistan | 0.34 | 37 | 79,901 (71,092–89,426) | 580,638 (535,688–628,880) | 34,628 (26,989–42,665) | 984,230 (750,693–1,275,467) |
Algeria | 0.65 | 75 | 179,174 (159,671–199,669) | 1,447,170 (1,337,136–1,562,325) | 58,692 (47,673–71,563) | 1,167,612 (927,774–1,464,819) |
Bahrain | 0.75 | 71 | 6,461 (5,475–7,566) | 49,534 (45,552–54,048) | 863 (698–1,060) | 23,147 (18,662–28,406) |
Egypt | 0.66 | 70 | 450,548 (411,983–491,750) | 3,263,746 (3,033,581–3,513,428) | 181,885 (138,959–233,632) | 4,419,938 (3,313,613–5,806,684) |
Iran | 0.67 | 77 | 593,001 (515,830–676,050) | 4,335,510 (3,950,113–4,761,788) | 102,799 (94,455–111,215) | 2,025,424 (1,898,318–2,228,261) |
Iraq | 0.67 | 55 | 140,746 (125,823–156,094) | 1,141,916 (1,054,979–1,233,916) | 46,848 (38,263–55,511) | 1,070,932 (845,995–1,307,890) |
Jordan | 0.73 | 60 | 37,937 (32,682–43,525) | 310,388 (286,477–336,917) | 6,111 (5,196–7,286) | 147,481 (124,436–177,498) |
Kuwait | 0.85 | 70 | 16,837 (14,644–19,359) | 136,260 (125,999–147,518) | 2,599 (2,165–3,105) | 71,677 (59,489–86,115) |
Lebanon | 0.71 | 72 | 32,025 (28,355–35,958) | 257,386 (238,945–276,978) | 12,251 (8,866–14,092) | 233,372 (171,955–270,077) |
Libya | 0.71 | 60 | 29,205 (25,487–33,143) | 234,280 (217,472–253,277) | 7,827 (6,177–10,363) | 183,159 (144,662–247,389) |
Morocco | 0.55 | 73 | 190,736 (173,097–211,943) | 1,530,983 (1,412,023–1,666,262) | 72,012 (56,906–84,501) | 1,551,023 (1,191,649–1,885,658) |
Oman | 0.78 | 69 | 12,346 (10,824–14,055) | 92,282 (85,361–100,197) | 3,412 (3,046–3,828) | 83,213 (72,529–95,690) |
Palestine | 0.59 | 13,978 (12,080–16,022) | 108,744 (100,339–117,400) | 3,810 (3,326–4,366) | 86,705 (75,038–99,657) | |
Qatar | 0.83 | 74 | 6,440 (5,456–7,538) | 46,196 (42,121–50,305) | 830 (631–1,068) | 24,220 (18,355–31,467) |
Saudi Arabia | 0.81 | 73 | 108,673 (96,041–122,753) | 835,249 (771,862–903,746) | 29,689 (24,089–36,176) | 883,559 (702,673–1,099,540) |
Sudan | 0.52 | 44 | 113,150 (101,102–126,115) | 880,414 (812,354–950,643) | 43,187 (33,613–54,936) | 1,019,494 (771,849–1,347,945) |
Syrian Arab Republic | 0.62 | 56 | 80,332 (71,888–89,818) | 586,347 (544,902–633,879) | 33,542 (26,239–43,170) | 765,019 (586,984–1,001,672) |
Tunisia | 0.67 | 70 | 68,220 (60,187–77,244) | 546,939 (506,332–589,711) | 21,457 (16,189–27,281) | 408,688 (304,296–531,700) |
Turkey | 0.75 | 79 | 281,417 (252,886–312,699) | 2,785,049 (2,532,630–3,082,413) | 99,046 (80,454–120,867) | 1,847,044 (1,491,707–2,245,824) |
United Arab Emirates | 0.88 | 78 | 27,614 (23,612–32,368) | 197,600 (180,763–216,933) | 4,880 (3,504–6,755) | 174,392 (124,284–243,500) |
Yemen | 0.41 | 44 | 79,100 (70,449–88,561) | 592,996 (547,709–641,372) | 32,305 (26,020–42,118) | 806,211 (620,074–1,081,163) |
The Pandemic of Coronary Heart Disease in the MENA
The Incidence of CHD in the MENA
The Prevalence of CHD in the MENA
CHD Mortality and its Attributable Risk Factors in the MENA
Disability-adjusted Life Years due to CHD in the MENA
Age and Gender Regional Unique Characteristics of Patients with CHD
Public Awareness and Behavior Toward CHD and its Associated Risk Factors in the MENA
Current Status of CHD Prevention in the MENA
Gaps in CHD Prevention in the MENA
Status of Cardiac Rehabilitation in the MENA
Addressing Metabolic Risk Factors of CHD in the MENA
Hypertension in the MENA: High Burden, Low Awareness, and Poor Control
Dyslipidemia: a Highly Prevalent Undertreated Risk Factor for CHD in the MENA
Study | Publication date | Number of patients, country | Inclusion criteria | CVD risk stratification | Achieving LDL-C target/ hypercholesterolemia control |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DYSIS-Egypt[60]* | 2013 | 1466, Egypt | Age ≥45 years, and treated for ≥ 3 months with statins | Very high: 85% High: 2.9% Moderate: 8.2% Low: 3.8% | Very high and high (both): 28% Moderate: 50% Overall: 32.8%% |
Saudi MOH Survey [61]# | 2014 | 10,735, Saudi Arabia | Age≥ 15 | – | 28.3%# |
DYSIS [59]* | 2014 | 2,182, four MENA countries | Age ≥45 years, and treated for ≥ 3 months with statins | Very high: 82.6% High: 2.7% Moderate: 10.3% Low: 4.4% | Very high: 30.5% High: 43.1% Moderate: 71% Low: 100% Overall: 38.2% |
CEPHEUS [62]$ | 2014 | 5276, Arabian Gulf Countries | Age≥ 18, taking LLT for 3 months, | Very high: 32.9% High: 44.3% Medium-high:3.3% Medium-low:7.5% Low: 12.1% | Very high: 31.9% High: 52.7% Medium-high:33% Medium-low: 81% Low: 91% Overall: 52% |
CEPHEUS I Egypt [63]$ | 2014 | 1034, Egypt | Age≥ 18, taking LLT for 3 months | Very high: 37.7% High: 34.7% Medium-high: 3.6% Medium-low: 16.0% Low: 8% | Very high: 10.7% High: 34.2% Medium-high:7.9% Medium-low: 66.5% Low: 71.1% Overall: 32.5% |
CEPHEUS II Egypt [64]* | 2017 | 1127, Egypt | Age≥ 18, taking LLT for 3 months, | Very high: 65.2% High: 2.5% Moderate: 20% Low: 12.4% | Very high: 22.3% High: 18.2% Moderate: 44.7% Low: 84.7% Overall: 34.4% |
DYSIS II—Egypt [65]* | 2018 | 199, Egypt | Age≥ 18, hospitalized for ACS | – | Very High: 5.1% High: 27.3% Moderate: 32.3% Low: 14.3% Overall: – |
ICLPS [51]* | 2018 | 9049, 26.2% of them were from the MENA | Treated for ≥ 3 months with any LLT | Very high: 60.9% High: 33% Moderate: 5.2% Low: 0.9% | Very high: 32.1% High: 51.9% Moderate: 55.7% Low: – Overall: 39.9% |
Aghasizadeh et al. [66]+ | 2021 | 576, Iran | Treated with a statin for 12 months | Extreme: 1.6% Very high: 58.5% High: 9.5% Moderate: 30.4% | Extreme: 0% Very high: 28.2% High: 70.9% Moderate: 64.6% Overall: 42.9% |
PACT-MEA [56] ++ | 2023 | 3726, 6/7 countries were from the MENA | Age≥ 18 years were diagnosed with T2D ≥ 180 days prior to study | Very high: 29.9% High: 69.4%% | High/very high: 30% |
Diabetes Mellitus: a High Prevalence of CHD and the Need to Adapt Novel Cardioprotective Therapies in the MENA
Unraveling the Impact of Obesity, Physical Inactivity, and Dietary Patterns on CHD Risk
Smoking: a Major Modifiable Risk Factor for CHD in the MENA
Suboptimal Management of ACS in the MENA
Underutilization of Emergency Medical Services in the Setting of ACS
Limited Availability of pPCI for Patients with STEMI in the MENA
Study | Publication year, country | Number of STEMI patients | Rate of pPCI% |
---|---|---|---|
Gulf RACE [103] | 2008, Gulf Area | 549 | 7% |
ACCESS Registry [102] | 2011, 28% of patients were from the Middle East | 5411 | 40% |
SPACE Registry [101] | 2011, Saudi Arabia | 2096 | 17.5% |
Gulf RACE II [96] | 2014, Gulf region | 3432 | 11% |
Gulf RACE-3Ps [99] | 2016, Gulf region | 2928 | 46% |
STARS-1 Program [105] | 2019, Saudi Arabia | 1471 | 42.5% |
Shaheen et al. [106] | 2020, Egypt | 1356 | 49.1% |
PEACE MENA Registry [104] | 2021, MENA | 312 | 56.4% |