Introduction
Methods
Study design and sampling
Data collection
Anthropometric measurements
Variable definitions
Statistical analysis
Results
Participants’ characteristics
Women N = 2863 | Men N = 1193 | Total | P-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | N | ||
Age (year) | < 0.001 | |||||
< 50 | 1966 | 68.8 | 648 | 54.4 | 2614 | |
≥ 50 | 890 | 31.2 | 543 | 45.6 | 1433 | |
Marital status | < 0.001 | |||||
Single | 462 | 16.1 | 144 | 12.1 | 606 | |
Married | 2401 | 83.9 | 1049 | 87.9 | 3450 | |
Region | < 0.001 | |||||
North | 922 | 32.2 | 390 | 32.7 | 1312 | |
Middle | 1295 | 45.2 | 471 | 39.5 | 1766 | |
South | 646 | 22.6 | 332 | 27.8 | 978 | |
Smoking status | < 0.001 | |||||
None smoker | 2628 | 91.8 | 592 | 49.6 | 3220 | |
Past smoker | 46 | 1.6 | 206 | 17.3 | 252 | |
Current smoker | 189 | 6.6 | 395 | 33.1 | 584 | |
High triglycerides level | 1036 | 36.2 | 647 | 54.2 | 1683 | < 0.001 |
Low HDL | 1659 | 57.9 | 732 | 61.4 | 2391 | < 0.001 |
Previously diagnosed diabetes | 433 | 15.1 | 326 | 27.3 | 759 | < 0.001 |
Recently diagnosed diabetes | 64 | 2.2 | 44 | 3.7 | 108 | < 0.001 |
Previously diagnosed hypertension | 614 | 21.4 | 336 | 28.2 | 950 | < 0.001 |
Recently diagnosed hypertension | 529 | 18.5 | 323 | 27.1 | 852 | < 0.001 |
Women N = 2827 | Men N = 1185 | P-value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anthropometric measures | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | |||
Waist Circumference (cm) | 92.7 | 92.1 | 93.4 | 98.9 | 98.0 | 99.8 | < 0.001 |
Hip Circumference (cm) | 108.3 | 107.8 | 108.8 | 104.7 | 104.1 | 105.4 | < 0.001 |
Body Mass Index (Kg/m2) | 30.0 | 29.8 | 30.2 | 28.4 | 28.2 | 28.7 | < 0.001 |
Waist to Hip Ratio | 0.86 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.95 | < 0.001 |
Waist to Height Ratio | 0.59 | 0.58 | 0.59 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.58 | < 0.001 |
Women | Men | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AUC | 95% confidence interval | AUC | 95% confidence interval | |||
Recently diagnosed diabetes | ||||||
Waist Circumference | 0.80 | 0.74 | 0.83 | 0.70 | 0.62 | 0.76 |
Hip Circumference | 0.68 | 0.62 | 0.74 | 0.60 | 0.51 | 0.68 |
Body Mass Index | 0.74 | 0.69 | 0.79 | 0.68 | 0.60 | 0.76 |
Waist to Hip Ratio | 0.75 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 0.69 | 0.64 | 0.78 |
Waist to Height Ratio | 0.81 | 0.76 | 0.85 | 0.72 | 0.66 | 0.79 |
Previously diagnosed diabetes | ||||||
Waist Circumference | 0.78 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.67 | 0.63 | 0.65 |
Hip Circumference | 0.62 | 0.59 | 0.61 | 0.54 | 0.50 | 0.52 |
Body Mass Index | 0.70 | 0.67 | 0.69 | 0.63 | 0.59 | 0.61 |
Waist to Hip Ratio | 0.80 | 0.77 | 0.78 | 0.69 | 0.65 | 0.67 |
Waist to Height Ratio | 0.81 | 0.77 | 0.78 | 0.73 | 0.70 | 0.71 |
Recently diagnosed hypertension | ||||||
Waist Circumference | 0.71 | 0.69 | 0.74 | 0.64 | 0.60 | 0.68 |
Hip Circumference | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.71 | 0.59 | 0.55 | 0.63 |
Body Mass Index | 0.71 | 0.69 | 0.74 | 0.63 | 0.59 | 0.67 |
Waist to Hip Ratio | 0.71 | 0.69 | 0.74 | 0.64 | 0.60 | 0.68 |
Waist to Height Ratio | 0.72 | 0.69 | 0.74 | 0.66 | 0.62 | 0.69 |
Previously diagnosed hypertension | ||||||
Waist Circumference | 0.80 | 0.78 | 0.82 | 0.70 | 0.67 | 0.74 |
Hip Circumference | 0.69 | 0.67 | 0.72 | 0.60 | 0.56 | 0.64 |
Body Mass Index | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.78 | 0.66 | 0.62 | 0.70 |
Waist to Hip Ratio | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.78 | 0.96 | 0.68 | 0.75 |
Waist to Height Ratio | 0.82 | 0.80 | 0.83 | 0.73 | 0.70 | 0.77 |
Women | Men | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cut-off value | Sensitivity | Specificity | Cut-off value | Sensitivity | Specificity | |
Waist Circumference | ||||||
Recently diagnosed diabetes | 92.0 | 81% | 66% | 100.0 | 65% | 66% |
Previously diagnosed diabetes | 92.0 | 82% | 62% | 100.0 | 71% | 53% |
Recently diagnosed hypertension | 90.0 | 76% | 58% | 100.0 | ||
Previously diagnosed hypertension | 92.0 | 82% | 65% | 100.0 | 64% | 65% |
Hip Circumference | ||||||
Recently diagnosed diabetes | 104.0 | 88% | 46% | 104.0 | 58% | 60% |
Previously diagnosed diabetes | 100.0 | 82% | 37% | 100.0 | 94% | 55% |
Recently diagnosed hypertension | 104.0 | 73% | 57% | 104.0 | 54% | 60% |
Previously diagnosed hypertension | 104.0 | 77% | 51% | 102.0 | 62% | 51% |
Body Mass Index | ||||||
Recently diagnosed diabetes | 30.0 | 56% | 77% | 27.0 | 63% | 68% |
Previously diagnosed diabetes | 28.0 | 77% | 54% | 27.0 | 77% | 50% |
Recently diagnosed hypertension | 30.0 | 68% | 66% | 27.0 | 77% | 50% |
Previously diagnosed hypertension | 30.0 | 72% | 67% | 27.0 | 82% | 50% |
Waist to Hip Ratio | ||||||
Recently diagnosed diabetes | 0.85 | 75% | 65% | 0.93 | 75% | 65% |
Previously diagnosed diabetes | 0.85 | 76% | 68% | 0.93 | 65% | 69% |
Recently diagnosed hypertension | 0.85 | 61% | 62% | 0.93 | 64% | 57% |
Previously diagnosed hypertension | 0.85 | 72% | 68% | 0.93 | 69% | 64% |
Waist to Height Ratio | ||||||
Recently diagnosed diabetes | 0.60 | 84% | 64% | 0.57 | 80% | 73% |
Previously diagnosed diabetes | 0.60 | 83% | 63% | 0.57 | 68% | 60% |
Recently diagnosed hypertension | 0.60 | 71% | 63% | 0.57 | 70% | 67% |
Previously diagnosed hypertension | 0.60 | 81% | 69% | 0.57 | 71% | 65% |
Women | Men | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | p-value | Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | p-value | |||
Recently diagnosed diabetes | ||||||||
Waist Circumference | 5.1 | 2.3 | 11.0 | < 0.001 | 3.2 | 1.6 | 6.5 | 0.001 |
Hip Circumference | 3.1 | 1.5 | 6.7 | 0.003 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 3.3 | 0.157 |
Body Mass Index | 3.3 | 1.8 | 6.2 | < 0.001 | 2.7 | 1.3 | 5.8 | 0.011 |
Waist to Hip Ratio | 2.9 | 1.5 | 5.4 | 0.001 | 2.7 | 1.3 | 5.8 | 0.011 |
Waist to Height Ratio | 5.1 | 2.4 | 10.9 | < 0.001 | 4.0 | 1.8 | 8.6 | 0.001 |
Previously diagnosed diabetes | ||||||||
Waist Circumference | 3.1 | 2.3 | 4.2 | < 0.001 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 3.2 | < 0.001 |
Hip Circumference | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.9 | 0.019 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 0.147 |
Body Mass Index | 1.8 | 1.4 | 2.4 | < 0.001 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 3.3 | < 0.001 |
Waist to Hip Ratio | 3.2 | 2.4 | 4.3 | < 0.001 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 3.3 | < 0.001 |
Waist to Height Ratio | 3.3 | 2.5 | 4.5 | < 0.001 | 2.5 | 1.4 | 3.1 | < 0.001 |
Recently diagnosed hypertension | ||||||||
Waist Circumference | 2.8 | 1.8 | 3.1 | < 0.001 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 3.1 | < 0.001 |
Hip Circumference | 2.6 | 2.0 | 3.3 | < 0.001 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 2.6 | < 0.001 |
Body Mass Index | 2.7 | 2.2 | 3.3 | < 0.001 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 2.9 | < 0.001 |
Waist to Hip Ratio | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.9 | < 0.001 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 2.3 | < 0.001 |
Waist to Height Ratio | 2.8 | 2.0 | 3.2 | < 0.001 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 3.1 | < 0.001 |
Previously diagnosed hypertension | ||||||||
Waist Circumference | 3.3 | 2.5 | 4.4 | < 0.001 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 3.6 | < 0.001 |
Hip Circumference | 2.4 | 1.8 | 3.1 | < 0.001 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 2.6 | < 0.001 |
Body Mass Index | 2.8 | 2.2 | 3.6 | < 0.001 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 3.5 | < 0.001 |
Waist to Hip Ratio | 2.1 | 1.6 | 2.6 | < 0.001 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 2.8 | < 0.001 |
Waist to Height Ratio | 3.4 | 2.6 | 4.4 | < 0.001 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 3.7 | < 0.001 |