Background
Methods
Ethics
Study design
Instruments
Headache diagnosis
Statistics
Results
Variable | Sample | National population [20] |
---|---|---|
n (%) | % | |
Gender | ||
Male | 861 (41.0) | 46.6 |
Female | 1,239 (59.0) | 53.4 |
Age (years) | ||
18–25 | 489 (23.3) | 27.7 |
26–35 | 657 (31.3) | 26.1 |
36–45 | 438 (20.8) | 20.4 |
46–55 | 298 (14.2) | 14.8 |
56-65 | 218 (10.4) | 11.0 |
Household consumption (USD/year) | ||
<950 | 822 (39.1) | Data not available |
950–1200 | 806 (38.4) | |
>1,200 | 472 (22.5) | |
Habitation | ||
Rural | 1,328 (63.2) | 72.8 |
Urban | 772 (36.8) | 27.2 |
Household altitude | ||
<1,000 m | 1,000 (47.6) | Data not available |
≥1,000 m | 1,100 (52.4) |
Headache prevalences
All headache
Migraine
All headache | Migraine | Tension-type headache | All headache on ≥15 days/month | Probable medication-overuse headache | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||
Male | 80.0 [77.2–82.6] | 28.9 [25.9–31.9] | 44.6 [41.3–47.9] | 5.1 [3.6–6.6] | 1.3 [0.5–2.1] |
Female | 89.2 [87.3–90.8] | 38.2 [35.5–40.9] | 38.7 [36.0–41.4] | 9.4 [7.8–11.0] | 2.8 [1.9–3.7] |
Age (years) | |||||
18–25 | 87.1 [83.7–89.9] | 31.3 [27.2–35.4] | 48.3 [43.9–52.7] | 5.9 [3.8–8.0] | 1.0 [0.1–1.9] |
26–35 | 88.4 [85.8–90.7] | 36.7 [33.0–40.4] | 40.6 [36.8–44.4] | 7.8 [5.8–9.8] | 2.7 [1.5–3.9] |
36–45 | 81.7 [77.7–85.2] | 36.1 [31.6–40.6] | 36.8 [32.3–41.3] | 7.8 [5.3–10.3] | 1.6 [0.4–2.8] |
46–55 | 86.6 [82.1–90.1] | 33.9 [28.5–39.3] | 41.9 [36.3–47.5] | 9.7 [6.3–13.1] | 2.6 [0.8–4.4] |
56–65 | 78.4 [72.3–83.6] | 34.4 [28.1–40.7] | 33.9 [27.6–40.2] | 8.3 [4.6–12.0] | 3.7 [1.2–6.2] |
Household consumption (USD/year) | |||||
950–1,200 | 85.2 [82.6–87.6] | 34.4 [31.1–37.7] | 41.4 [38.0–44.8] | 7.3 [5.5–9.1] | 2.2 [1.2–3.2] |
<950 | 83.5 [80.7–85.9] | 35.2 [31.9–38.5] | 39.2 [35.9–42.2] | 7.2 [5.4–9.0] | 1.5 [0.7–2.3] |
>1,200 | 89.2 [85.9–91.7] | 34.3 [30.0–38.6] | 43.9 [39.4–48.4] | 9.1 [6.5–11.7] | 3.4 [1.8–5.0] |
Habitation | |||||
Rural | 83.4 [81.3–85.4] | 35.2 [32.6–37.7] | 38.0 [35.4–40.6] | 8.1 [6.6–9.6] | 2.0 [1.3–2.7] |
Urban | 88.9 [86.4–90.9] | 33.8 [30.5–37.1] | 46.5 [43.0–50.0] | 7.0 [5.1–8.8] | 2.6 [1.5–3.7] |
Household altitude | |||||
<1,000 m | 84.5 [82.3–86.7] | 28.7 [25.9–31.5] | 46.4 [43.3–49.5] | 8.2 [6.5–9.9] | 1.8 [1.0–2.6] |
≥1,000 m | 86.3 [84.3–88.3] | 40.1 [37.2–43.0] | 36.3 [33.5–39.1] | 9.7 [7.9–11.4] | 2.5 [1.6–3.4] |
Migraine | Tension-type headache | Probable medication-overuse headache | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR [95 % CI] |
p
| OR [95 % CI] |
p
| OR [95 % CI] |
p
| |
Gender | ||||||
Male | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
Female | 1.6 [1.3–1.9] | <0.001 | 0.7 [0.6–0.9] | 0.002 | 2.2 [1.1–4.4] | 0.020 |
Age (years) | ||||||
18–25 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
26–35 | 1.3 [0.99–1.6] | 0.057 | 0.7 [0.6–0.9] | 0.010 | 2.7 [1.01–7.4] | 0.049 |
36–45 | 1.2 [0.9–1.6] | 0.12 | 0.6 [0.5–0.8] | <0.001 | 1.6 [0.5–4.9] | 0.44 |
46–55 | 1.1 [0.8–1.5] | 0.45 | 0.8 [0.6–1.1] | 0.085 | 2.7 [0.9–8.2] | 0.088 |
56–65 | 1.1 [0.8–1.6] | 0.41 | 0.6 [0.4–0.8] | <0.001 | 3.7 [1.2–11.4] | 0.023 |
Household consumption (USD/year) | ||||||
950–1,200 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
<950 | 1.1 [0.8–1.3] | 0.74 | 0.9 [0.7–1.1] | 0.35 | 0.6 [0.3–1.4] | 0.25 |
>1,200 | 0.99 [0.8–1.3] | 0.99 | 1.1 [0.9–1.4] | 0.40 | 1.5 [0.8–3.0] | 0.22 |
Habitation | ||||||
Rural | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
Urban | 0.9 [0.8–1.1] | 0.53 | 1.4 [1.2–1.7] | <0.001 | 1.3 [0.7–2.4] | 0.34 |
Household altitude | ||||||
<1,000 m | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
≥1,000 m | 1.7 [1.4–2.0] | <0.001 | 0.7 [0.6–0.8] | <0.001 | 1.4 [0.8–2.6] | 0.25 |
Migraine | Tension–type headache | Probable medication–overuse headache | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOR [95 % CI] |
p
| AOR [95 % CI] |
p
| AOR [95 % CI] |
p
| |
Gender | ||||||
Male | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
Female | 1.5 [1.2–1.8] | <0.001 | 0.7 [0.6–0.9] | 0.003 | 2.6 [1.2–5.3] | 0.010 |
Age (years) | ||||||
18–25 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
26–35 | 1.3 [1.0–1.6] | 0.060 | 0.8 [0.6–0.9] | 0.023 | 2.7 [0.9–7.5] | 0.054 |
36–45 | 1.2 [0.9–1.6] | 0.19 | 0.7 [0.5–0.8] | 0.004 | 1.5 [0.5–4.8] | 0.52 |
46–55 | 1.1 [0.8–1.4] | 0.75 | 0.9 [0.7–1.2] | 0.44 | 2.1 [0.7–6.8] | 0.21 |
56–65 | 1.1 [0.8–1.6] | 0.57 | 0.6 [0.4–0.9] | 0.008 | 2.6 [0.8–8.8] | 0.11 |
Household consumption (USD/year) | ||||||
950–1,200 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
<950 | 1.0 [0.8–1.2] | 0.94 | 1.0 [0.8–1.2] | 0.76 | 0.6 [0.3–1.2] | 0.16 |
>1,200 | 1.1 [0.8–1.4] | 0.66 | 1.1 [0.8–1.2] | 0.58 | 1.3 [0.7–2.4] | 0.44 |
Habitation | ||||||
Rural | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
Urban | 1.0 [0.8–1.2] | 0.81 | 1.3 [1.1–1.6] | 0.003 | 1.3 [0.7–2.4] | 0.44 |
Household altitude | ||||||
<1,000 m | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
≥1,000 m | 1.6 [1.3–2.0] | <0.001 | 0.7 [0.6–0.8] | <0.001 | 1.4 [0.8–2.6] | 0.29 |
Tension-type headache
Headache on ≥15 days/month and pMOH
Associations with household consumption, habitation, and household altitude
Physiographic division and altitude | Observed prevalence in sample | Standardised prevalence* [20] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N
| All n (%) | Male n (%) | Female n (%) | All % | Male % | Female % | |
Terai <500 m | 1,000 | 287 (28.7) | 86 (22.0) | 201 (33.0) | 27.9 | 22.1 | 32.9 |
Hill | |||||||
1,000–1,499 m | 470 | 176 (37.7) | 57 (31.1) | 119 (41.5) | 36.5 | 31.6 | 40.7 |
1,500–1,999 m | 160 | 68 (42.5) | 31 (39.7) | 37 (45.1) | 44.4 | 41.3 | 47.0 |
Mountain | |||||||
2,000–2,499 m | 254 | 116 (45.7) | 46 (41.1) | 70 (49.3) | 45.5 | 40.8 | 49.6 |
≥2,500 m | 216 | 81 (37.5) | 29 (29.9) | 52 (43.7) | 37.9 | 31.4 | 43.6 |