Introduction
Study 1: agreement of repeated measurements within Preventiometers (Reliability)
Materials and methods
Study sample
Preventiometer
Examination | Variable | Preventiometer | SHIP |
---|---|---|---|
Somatometry
| Body height | Seca 213 stadiometer | Body length measuring device SOEHNLE |
Body weight | A&D UC-321PL | SOEHNLE S20 | |
Waist circumference | Seca 201 tape | Schneider tape | |
Hip circumference | |||
Blood pressure measurement
| Systolic blood pressure | HealthGuard-15 Portable Health Kiosk OEM | Omron 705 IT |
Diastolic blood pressure | |||
Body fat measurement
| Body fat (%) | Futrex PM 860 | Bod Pod (Cosmed) |
Pulse measurement
| Heart rate | Nonin 3231 USB | Omron 705 IT |
Spirometry
| Peak Flow (PEF) | Carefusion SpiroUSB | Viasys Healthcare Masterscreen |
Vital capacity (FVC) |
Design
Statistical analysis
Results
Variable | n | 1st Meas M (SD) | 2nd Meas M (SD) | Mean difference [CI] | SMD | Lower LoA [CI] | Upper LoA [CI] | ICC [CI] | VC persons | VC methods | VC residuals | SEM agreement |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Systolic blood pressure in mmHg | ||||||||||||
Mobile
| 45 | 120.5 (13.8) | 122.1 (13.8) | 1.6 [-0.2; 3.5] | 0.27 | -13.8 [-17; -10.6] | 10.5 [7.3; 13.7] | .90 [.82; .94] | 171.96 | 0.93 | 19.21 | 4.49 |
Stationary
| 31 | 122.5 (12.9) | 121.9 (13.2) | -0.6 [-2.8; 1.6] | -0.1 | -11.3 [-15.1; -7.5] | 12.5 [8.6; 16.3] | .89 [.79; .95] | 152.14 | 0 | 17.94 | 4.24 |
Diastolic blood pressure in mmHg | ||||||||||||
Mobile
| 45 | 79.5 (9.4) | 81.1 (9.6) | 1.6 [0.5; 2.8] | 0.42 | -9.2 [-11.2; -7.2] | 6 [4; 8] | .91 [.82; .95] | 82.68 | 1.15 | 7.48 | 2.94 |
Stationary
| 31 | 79.1 (8.8) | 80.7 (9.6) | -1.6 [-0.2; 3.5] | 0.32 | -11.5 [-14.7; -8.3] | 8.3 [5.1; 11.5] | .84 [.69; .92] | 71.96 | 0.89 | 12.82 | 3.70 |
Body fat in % | ||||||||||||
Mobile
| 45 | 29.6 (8.7) | 30 (8.6) | 0.4 [-0.3; 1.1] | 0.19 | -4.8 [-6; -3.6] | 4 [2.8; 5.1] | .97 [.94; .98] | 71.78 | 0.03 | 2.51 | 1.59 |
Stationary
| 31 | 28.3 (9.5) | 29.1 (9.5) | 0.7 [-0.1; 1.5] | 0.34 | -4.8 [-6.2; -3.5] | 3.4 [2.1; 4.7] | .97 [.94; .99] | 87.69 | 0.19 | 2.21 | 1.55 |
Heart rate in bpm | ||||||||||||
Mobile
| 44 | 70.2 (11.9) | 67.6 (10.9) | -2.6 [-4; -1.2] | -0.58 | -6.3 [-8.7; -3.9] | 11.6 [9.2; 14] | .90 [.75; .95] | 120.33 | 3.24 | 10.40 | 3.69 |
Stationary
| 30 | 74.2 (10.6) | 73.1 (10) | -1 [-2.8; 0.8] | -0.21 | -8.4 [-11.5; -5.3] | 10.5 [7.4; 13.6] | .89 [.78; .95] | 94.77 | 0.15 | 11.60 | 3.43 |
Vital capacity (FVC) in l | ||||||||||||
Mobile
| 46 | 4.3 (1.1) | 4.3 (1.1) | 0 [0; 0] | -0.01 | -0.2 [-0.3; -0.2] | 0.2 [0.2; 0.3] | .99 [.99; 1] | 1.20 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
Stationary
| 29 | 4.5 (1.2) | 4.5 (1.2) | 0 [-0.1; 0] | -0.16 | -0.2 [-0.3; -0.1] | 0.3 [0.2; 0.3] | 1 [.99; 1] | 1.44 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
Peak flow (PEF) in l | ||||||||||||
Mobile
| 46 | 7.8 (2.1) | 7.8 (2.3) | 0 [-0.1; 0.2] | 0.08 | -1.2 [-1.5; -0.9] | 1.1 [0.8; 1.4] | .97 [.94; .98] | 4.63 | 0 | 0.17 | 0.41 |
Stationary
| 29 | 7.8 (2) | 7.7 (1.9) | -0.1 [-0.3; 0.1] | -0.24 | -0.9 [-1.2; -0.5] | 1.1 [0.8; 1.4] | .97 [.93; .98] | 3.79 | 0 | 0.12 | 0.36 |
Discussion
Study | Devices | Comparison | Variable | n | ICC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Burkard et al. 2018 [31] | Omron HBP-1300 | First vs. mean of second to fourth measurement | Systolic BP | 802 | .85 |
Diastolic BP | 802 | .87 | |||
Stanforth et al. 2000 [26] | Colin STBP-780 | Means of measurements (4 – 8) between two consecutive days | Systolic BP | 822 | .84 |
Diastolic BP | 822 | .79 | |||
Nielsen et al. 1992 [27] | Futrex-5000 | within-day | % body fat | 34 | .91 |
between-day | % body fat | 34 | .95 | ||
Mitchell et al. 2016 [4] | Android app | Test–retest with 5 min interval | Heart rate | 111 | .82 |
iOS app | Heart rate | 111 | .76 | ||
Polar watch | Heart rate | 111 | .84 | ||
Losa-Iglesias et al. 2016 [28] | Radial pulse | Test–retest with 3 consecutive measurements | Heart rate | 46 | .99 |
Pulsoximeter | Heart rate | 46 | .99 | ||
App | Heart rate | 46 | .97 | ||
Krug et al. 2011 [29] | not specified | Repeated measurement between 3 to 16 days apart | FVC | 633 | .87 |
Fonseca et al. 2005 [30] | PiKo-1 | Within-session reliability of two best maneuvers | PEF | 38 | .96 |
Spirotel | PEF | 38 | .97 | ||
Mini-Wright | PEF | 38 | .95 |
Study 2: agreement between Preventiometer and SHIP measurements (validity)
Materials and methods
Study sample
Design
Examinations
Statistical analysis
Variable | n | Prev M (SD) | SHIP M (SD) | Bias [CI] | SMD | Lower LoA [CI] | Upper LoA [CI] | ICC [CI] | VC persons | VC methods | VC residuals | SEM agreement |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body height in cm | ||||||||||||
Mobile
| 44 | 171 (9.2) | 170.8 (8.8) | -0.2 [-0.5; 0] | -0.25 | -1.4 [-1.8; -1] | 1.8 [1.4; 2.3] | 1 [.99; 1] | 80.83 | 0.01 | 0.34 | 0.59 |
Stationary
| 102 | 171.2 (9.4) | 171.1 (9.1) | -0.1 [-0.3; 0.2] | -0.06 | -2.1 [-2.5; -1.8] | 2.3 [1.9; 2.7] | .99 [.99; .99] | 85.29 | 0 | 0.64 | 0.80 |
Body weight in kg | ||||||||||||
Mobile
| 44 | 83.7 (16.1) | 82.6 (16) | -1.1 [-1.4; -0.8] | -1.13 | -0.8 [-1.4; -0.3] | 3.1 [2.6; 3.6] | 1 [.94; 1] | 257.04 | 0.63 | 0.50 | 1.06 |
Stationary
| 101 | 85.6 (16) | 85.2 (16.1) | -0.4 [-0.5; -0.2] | -0.56 | -1 [-1.2; -0.7] | 1.7 [1.5; 1.9] | 1 [1; 1] | 257.21 | 0.07 | 0.23 | 0.55 |
Waist circumference in cm | ||||||||||||
Mobile
| 46 | 94.5 (13.9) | 96.6 (13.2) | 2.1 [0.9; 3.4] | 0.5 | -10.4 [-12.6; -8.3] | 6.2 [4; 8.4] | .94 [.87; .97] | 175.65 | 2.05 | 9 | 3.32 |
Stationary
| 100 | 97.7 (14.9) | 99.1 (14.6) | 1.4 [0.5; 2.3] | 0.3 | -10.5 [-12.1; -8.9] | 7.7 [6.1; 9.2] | .95 [.92; .97] | 207.55 | 0.89 | 10.73 | 3.41 |
Hip circumference in cm | ||||||||||||
Mobile
| 46 | 101.4 (10.4) | 101.8 (10.5) | 0.4 [-1; 1.7] | 0.08 | -9.2 [-11.5; -6.9] | 8.5 [6.2; 10.8] | .91 [.84; .95] | 99.17 | 0 | 9.97 | 3.16 |
Stationary
| 100 | 103.3 (10.8) | 103.7 (10.7) | 0.4 [-0.3; 1.2] | 0.11 | -7.9 [-9.2; -6.6] | 7 [5.7; 8.3] | .94 [.91; .96] | 107.58 | 0.02 | 7.26 | 2.70 |
Systolic blood pressure in mmHg | ||||||||||||
Mobile
| 44 | 123.6 (14.7) | 121.6 (13.1) | -2.1 [-4.8; 0.6] | -0.23 | -15.4 [-20.1; -10.7] | 19.6 [14.9; 24.2] | .79 [.65; .88] | 153.44 | 1.23 | 39.79 | 6.41 |
Stationary
| 99 | 131.9 (17.7) | 127.8 (16.9) | -4.2 [-6.8; -1.5] | -0.31 | -21.9 [-26.5; -17.4] | 30.3 [25.7; 34.8] | .69 [.55; .78] | 211.07 | 7.78 | 88.68 | 9.82 |
Diastolic blood pressure in mmHg | ||||||||||||
Mobile
| 44 | 80.2 (11.1) | 72.8 (8.5) | -7.4 [-9.9; -4.8] | -0.88 | -9.1 [-13.5; -4.7] | 23.9 [19.5; 28.3] | .50 [.04; .75] | 62.75 | 26.47 | 35.36 | 7.86 |
Stationary
| 99 | 80.3 (8.9) | 75.2 (9.6) | -5.2 [-6.6; -3.7] | -0.7 | -9.3 [-11.8; -6.8] | 19.6 [17.1; 22.1] | .59 [.25; .77] | 58.09 | 13.02 | 27.19 | 6.34 |
Body fat in % | ||||||||||||
Mobile
| 33 | 33.3 (7.8) | 33.3 (9.4) | 0 [-1.7; 1.7] | 0 | -9.5 [-12.4; -6.5] | 9.5 [6.5; 12.4] | .85 [.71; .92] | 62.59 | 0 | 11.31 | 3.36 |
Stationary
| 97 | 33.2 (8.6) | 34.9 (10) | 1.7 [0.6; 2.8] | 0.3 | -12.7 [-14.6; -10.8] | 9.3 [7.4; 11.2] | .81 [.71; .87] | 70.81 | 1.29 | 15.73 | 4.13 |
Heart rate in bpm | ||||||||||||
Mobile
| 44 | 74.9 (11.4) | 72.3 (11.6) | -2.6 [-4.9; -0.2] | -0.33 | -12.6 [-16.7; -8.6] | 17.8 [13.7; 21.8] | .76 [.59; .86] | 101.75 | 2.61 | 30.10 | 5.72 |
Stationary
| 99 | 70 (10.9) | 70.1 (9.4) | 0.2 [-1.4; 1.7] | 0.02 | -15.3 [-18; -12.7] | 15 [12.4; 17.6] | .71 [.60; .80] | 73.09 | 0 | 29.63 | 5.44 |
Vital capacity (FVC) in l | ||||||||||||
Mobile
| 37 | 4 (0.9) | 4.2 (1) | 0.2 [0.1; 0.3] | 0.58 | -0.9 [-1.1; -0.7] | 0.5 [0.3; 0.7] | .92 [.80; .97] | 0.90 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.27 |
Stationary
| 86 | 4 (1.1) | 4.1 (1.2) | 0.1 [0.1; 0.2] | 0.51 | -0.7 [-0.8; -0.6] | 0.4 [0.3; 0.5] | .97 [.93; .98] | 1.23 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.21 |
Peak flow (PEF) in l | ||||||||||||
Mobile
| 37 | 7 (1.9) | 7.2 (2.2) | 0.2 [-0.2; 0.6] | 0.17 | -2.4 [-3.1; -1.8] | 2 [1.4; 2.7] | .85 [.72; .92] | 3.54 | 0 | 0.64 | 0.80 |
Stationary
| 86 | 7.4 (2.3) | 7.5 (2.3) | 0.1 [-0.2; 0.4] | 0.09 | -2.6 [-3; -2.1] | 2.3 [1.9; 2.8] | .85 [.78; .90] | 4.57 | 0 | 0.79 | 0.89 |
Results
Discussion
Authors | Device(s) | Comparison | Variable | Subgroup | n | Bias | LoAa
| ICC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jaeschke et al. 2015 [40] | Vitus Smart XXL | Manual measurement vs. Bodyscanner (see device) | height | Men | 27 | 0.6 | 1.8 | |
waist | Men | 27 | 1.5 | 5 | ||||
hip | Men | 27 | 2.3 | 2.6 | ||||
height | Women | 32 | 1.2 | 2 | ||||
waist | Women | 32 | 4.7 | 6.6 | ||||
hip | Women | 32 | 3 | 3.6 | ||||
McEneaney & Lennie 2011 [41] | Self- vs. professional measurement / Self-measurement: Written vs. video instructions | waist | Written instructions | 29 | 1.75 | 6.4 | ||
hip | Written | 29 | -0.35 | 7.2 | ||||
waist | Video | 28 | 0.95 | 8 | ||||
hip | Video | 28 | -0.75 | 6.65 | ||||
Dekkers et al. 2008 [42] | Self-reported vs. manual measurement | height | 1298 | -0.7 | 3 | .99 | ||
weight | 1298 | 1.4 | 3.8 | 1 | ||||
waist | 1298 | -1.1 | 7.9 | .96 | ||||
Ross & Wing 2016 [43] | BodyTrace smart scale, BWB-800 | Home scale vs. clinical measurement | weight | 58 | 1.1 | 1.6 | ||
Jensky-Squires et al. 2008 [44] | BioSpace InBody 320 (BIA1), Omron (BIA2), Bod-eComm (NIA), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) | BIA1 vs. DXA | body fat% | Men | 254 | -2 | 6.4 | |
BIA2 vs. DXA | body fat% | Men | 217 | -1 | 8.4 | |||
NIA vs. DXA | body fat% | Men | 252 | -1.8 | 9.4 | |||
BIA1 vs. DXA | body fat% | Women | 254 | -3.6 | 6.6 | |||
BIA2 vs. DXA | body fat% | Women | 217 | -3.3 | 7.8 | |||
NIA vs. DXA | body fat% | Women | 252 | -4.8 | 10.5 | |||
Williams & Bale 1998 [45] | Harpenden skinfold caliper (SKF), BIA 101 (BIA), Hydrostatic weighing (HYD) | HYD vs. BIA | body fat% | female | 115 | -1.2 | 4.9 | |
HYD vs. SKF | body fat% | female | 115 | -1.4 | 4.4 | |||
HYD vs. BIA | body fat% | male | 117 | 0.6 | 4 | |||
HYD vs. SKF | body fat% | male | 117 | 0.1 | 3.7 | |||
Cassidy & Jones 2001 [46] | right-left arm, 1st vs. 2nd measurement | Syst. BP | 237 | 4.77 | 27 | |||
Diast. BP | 237 | 3.73 | 20.6 | |||||
Christofaro et al. 2009 [47] | Omron MX3 Plus vs. Mercury | ICC from first measurement, measurement were taken simultaneously | Syst. BP | 165 | 2.1 | 10.1 | .80 | |
Diast. BP | 165 | 0.8 | 10.3 | .71 | ||||
Agarwal 2016 [48] | Omron HEM 907, Omron HEM 705 CP | Measurement under research vs. clinical conditions | Syst. BP | 275 | -12.7 | 33.4 | ||
Diast. BP | 275 | -12 | 22.1 | |||||
Vera-Cara et al. 2011 [49] | Omron HEM-705-CP | mean of 3 auscultatory vs. mean of 2 oscillometric measurements | Syst. BP | 1084 | 1.80 | 11.9 | ||
Diast. BP | 1084 | -1.60 | 10.8 | |||||
Smith & Hofmeyr 2019 [50] | Contec CMS50D, Nihon Kohden Life Scope MU-631 RK | Fingertip pulse oximeter vs. conventional bedside monitor | Heart rate | 220 | -0.43 | 5.2 | ||
Mitchell et al. 2016 [4] | Polar watch, Android App, iPhone App | Polar vs. android | Heart rate | 111 | -1.75 | 7.5 | .95 | |
Polar vs. iphone | Heart rate | 111 | -1 | 5.9 | .97 | |||
Losa-Iglesias et al. 2016 [28] | Radial pulse (RAD), Nonin GO2 (OXI), Heart Rate Plus (APP) | RAD vs. OXI | Heart rate | 46 | -0.21 | 2.95 | .99 | |
RAD vs. APP | Heart rate | 46 | 3.12 | 5.12 | .95 | |||
OXI vs. APP | Heart rate | 46 | 3.24 | 5.21 | .94 | |||
Liistro et al. 2006 [51] | Vmax 20C, Morgan TLC, Datospir 70, Microloop, Spirobank | Datospir 70 | FVCb | 399 | -0.07 | 0.54 | ||
Microloop | FVCb | 399 | -0.03 | 0.44 | ||||
Spirobank | FVCb | 399 | -0.04 | 0.52 | ||||
Gerbase et al. 2013 [52] | SM 2200 (SM), EasyOne handhelds (EO1-EO3) | EO1 vs. SM | FVCb | 82 | -0.13 | 0.31 | ||
EO2 vs. SM | FVCb | 82 | -0.02 | 0.3 | ||||
EO3 vs. SM | FVCb | 82 | -0.07 | 0.3 | ||||
Wiltshire & Kendrick 1994 [53] | Escort spirometer, Model S wedge bellows spirometer, Wright peak flow meter | Escort vs. Wedge | FVCb | 113 | 0.03 | 0.56 | ||
Escort vs. Wright | PEF | 113 | 0.03 | 1.7 | ||||
Swart et al. 2003 [54] | Spirospec desktop spirometer, Masterlab 4.0 standard spirometer | FVCb | 45 | 0.03 | 0.24 | |||
PEF | 45 | -0.41 | 1.12 | |||||
Rebuck et al. 1996 [55] | Welch-Allyn Pneumocheck, P.K. Morgan Sprioflow 12 | FVCb | 75 | 0.06 | 0.56 | |||
PEF | 75 | 0.44 | 1.9 | |||||
Maree et al. 2001 [56] | Diagnosa, Masterlab 4.0 | FVCb | 45 | -0.1 | 0.22 | |||
PEF | 45 | -0.03 | 1.18 | |||||
Fonseca et al. 2005 [30] | PiKo-1, Spirotel, Mini-Wright, Vitalograph 2120 (reference) | PiKo-1 vs. reference | PEF | 38 | 0.22 | 1.48 | .90 | |
Spirotel vs. reference | PEF | 38 | -0.35 | 1.53 | .95 | |||
Mini-Wright vs. reference | PEF | 38 | -1.15 | 2.9 | .87 |