The prognostic relevance of FOXA1 and Nestin expression in breast cancer metastases: a retrospective study of 164 cases during a 10-year period (2004–2014)

Immunohistochemical (IHC) markers for breast cancer (e.g. estrogen and progesterone receptors, Ki67 proliferation marker, and HER2/neu testing) are currently used to guide therapeutic decision-making, classify breast cancer subtypes, and act as prognostic and predictive markers [1, 2]. However, these markers are still inadequate in certain subgroups of breast cancer patients. Nevertheless, great efforts have been made to identify novel molecular and IHC markers for clinical management of breast carcinoma that are informative, sensitive, and cost effective.

FOXA1 (forkhead box protein A1) is one of three members in the FOXA related family (forkhead family of transcriptions factors), also known as hepatocyte nuclear factor α (HNF3α). These proteins are often termed “pioneer factors” because of their ability to bind to highly compacted heterochromatin and making genomic regions more accessible to other transcription factors [3, 4]. Namely, FOXA1 can bind to the promotors of more than 100 genes associated with metabolic processes, regulation of the signaling pathways, and the cell cycle [4‐6]. In addition, FOXA1 functions as a critical mediator of nuclear steroid receptor signaling via regulation of both androgen and estrogen receptor activity. FOXA1 is expressed in several organs, including the breast, liver, pancreas, urinary bladder, prostate gland, colon and lung. It has a major role in modulating nuclear steroid receptor activity, particularly in cancers of the breast and prostate, and may contribute to pro-tumorigenic phenotypes [7]. FOXA1 is a critical interacting partner of the nuclear hormone receptors, estrogen receptor (ERα) and androgen receptor (AR), which are associated with hormone-regulated cancers such as breast and prostate cancer [3, 8]. FOXA1 is mutated in 1.8% of breast cancers and 3–5% of prostate cancers [9, 10]. Nakshatri et al. reported that a decrease in FOXA1 expression during cancer progression was due to an increase in polycomb complex activity that plays a role in silencing Hox genes through modulation of chromatin structure during embryonic development [11]. The role of E-cadherin is established as an important player in epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT). FOXA1 promotes E-cadherin expression on the protein level by suppressing Slug expression in breast cancer, suggesting that the balance of Foxa1-slug axis regulates EMT-progression [12]. FOXA1 positivity has also been linked with a more favorable prognosis in breast cancer patients treated with Tamoxifen [13, 14]. Reduction in FOXA1 expression contributes to cancer stem cell-like properties in Tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells through induction of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) [15]. Horimoto et al. reported that breast cancer patients with high FOXA1 expression tended to develop late recurrences [16].

There are currently few reports on the structure, function and clinical importance of Nestin in breast cancer. Nestin is a type VI intermediate filament protein encoded by the NES gene (identified originally as a neural stem cell marker) and participates in cytoskeleton organization [17]. It is expressed in proliferating progenitor cells in embryonic tissues, some adult stem/progenitor cells, and can even be re-expressed in neoplasia [18]. Triple-negative breast cancers have significantly higher NES (nestin) mRNA expression than the other breast carcinoma subtypes [19]. Nestin might participate in neovascularization through cytoskeletal changes promoted by the interaction between cancer cells with stem cell properties and endothelial cells lining blood vessels in the tumor stroma. Nowak et al. reported that Nestin expression in endothelial cells lining newly formed breast tumor-associated blood vessels was shown to be associated with the triple-negative subtype, lymph node metastases and shorter overall survival [17, 20]. Nestin contributes to activation of the EMT pathway by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway [21] and may therefore play a role not only in the regulation of mitosis, but in tumor invasiveness [18]. Piras et al. proposed Nestin-positivity in peritumoral stroma, in cells with fibroblast morphology, as evidence of epithelial-stromal interactions [22]. Nestin was significantly associated with angiogenesis and vascular invasion as a sign of early hematogenous spread, but not with lymphatic involvement [23]. In addition, Nestin-positive breast carcinomas lacked CCND1 and TOPA2A gene amplification and occasionally harbored MYC gene amplification. There was no correlation between Nestin expression and Topoisomerase IIα expression [18]. Knockdown of Nestin inhibited breast cancer stem cell invasiveness and led to up-regulation of E-cadherin. Simultaneously, mesenchymal markers such as N-cadherin and vimentin were down-regulated [19]. Feng et al. reported that enforced Nestin expression partly counteracted the effect of SOX10 knockdown on reducing cancer stem cell (CSC) properties.

In this present study, FOXA1 and Nestin expression were examined using immunohistochemistry for 164 breast cancer metastases, followed by Cox regression analysis to assess their prognostic significance in breast cancer.

To date, immunohistochemical analysis of FOXA1 and Nestin expression has only been performed using primary breast carcinomas. In the present study, only the breast cancer metastases were available, all of which had been diagnosed at Sahlgrenska University Hospital (Gothenburg, Sweden). Unfortunately, the FFPE samples for the primary breast carcinomas were more difficult to retrieve and the patients had been diagnosed and operated for the primary tumors at different hospitals in Western Sweden. It was therefore not possible to evaluate FOXA1 and Nestin expression in the primary tumor at this time. In future studies, it would be interesting to investigate FOXA1 and Nestin expression in the primary breast carcinoma corresponding to the 164 metastatic breast carcinomas investigated here. This is the first report, to our knowledge, showing FOXA1 and Nestin expression in breast cancer metastases.

Previous studies have shown that FOXA1 expression was inversely associated with tumor size, histological grade, lymph node status, HER2 expression and lymph vascular invasion, while GATA3 expression showed an inversed association with tumor histological grade and HER2 status [24, 25]. Both FOXA1 and GATA3 were associated with ERα and progesterone positivity. Over 80% of FOXA1 and GATA3-positive breast carcinomas belonged to the luminal A subtype. FOXA1 have been shown to have a dual role, either as a growth stimulator or a repressor. It functions as a tumor promotor in initial stages, but as a tumor repressor in the later stages [4, 5]. Cross talk between FOXA1 and ER can favor the expression of differentiation-associated genes, and not the proliferation-associated genes that results in well differentiated breast carcinomas with estrogen receptor positivity, which per se indicates a good prognosis [5] [26]. As a tumor suppressor, FOXA1 overexpression might block metastatic progression by influencing the expression of p27 (BRCA1 associated cell cycle inhibitor) and promoting E-Cadherin expression [4].

According to the statistical analysis, our results correlated well with the data reported in the literature. Breast cancer patients with tumors expressing FOXA1 may have a better clinical outcome because FOXA1 and GATA3 are expressed in close association with ERα (Estrogen receptor α), by encoding for transcription factors and have a potential involvement in ERα-mediated breast cancer development [24]. Because FOXA1 was clinically relevant in several studies, its practical application in routine pathology might be advisable. Ademuyiwa et al. suggested that FOXA1 immunostaining could function as a more cost effective pathological marker than the Oncotype DX multigene prognosis assay, because FOXA1 negatively correlated with the recurrence score [27]. FOXA1 is already included in PAM50, which is also a gene profiling kit for breast cancer patients. A decade has passed since Thorat et al. suggested FOXA1 be used in treatment decision making, as it showed a prognostic ability in low-risk breast cancer [26]. Moreover, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) could be recommended for breast cancer patients with low FOXA1 expression [16]. FOXA1 expression was also been evaluated after NAC, which was significantly associated with distant disease-free survival, both by univariate and multivariate analyses [28].

FOXA1 expression has also been assessed in primary carcinomas from other anatomic sites than breast carcinoma. Interestingly, FOXA1 DNA amplification was only observed in metastatic prostate cancer samples, which was associated with increased proliferation and tumor size [10, 29]. In breast cancer, FOXA1 amplification was a marker of favorable prognosis [3, 13]. Molecular classification of breast cancer is a helpful tool with respect to patient clinical outcome. Robinson et al. reported that the majority of breast cancers expressing FOXA1 were mainly of Luminal A type (5/8), Luminal B type (2/8), and HER2 positive subtype (1/8). Robinson et al. also reported that breast cancer patients with FOXA1 amplification have a much better prognosis and treatment response [3]. Decreased FOXA1 levels in pleural metastases was associated with endocrine therapy resistance [30].

While FOXA1 and GATA3 are significant predictors of favorable outcome in breast carcinoma (longer disease-free interval and overall survival), Nestin expression is associated with a more unfavorable prognosis [13, 24, 31]. Our results correlated well with these findings, as FOXA1 expression was associated with both better OS and DMFS. According to our data, Nestin was not associated with OS and DMFS, but was correlated with triple-negative status which is generally connected with poor patient outcome. Moreover, Nestin might become a potential treatment target because knockdown of Nestin demonstrated reduced cell motility in several different carcinomas, including prostate, colorectal-, nasopharyngeal- and lung carcinoma [23]. Here, we show FOXA1 expression in breast cancer metastases, but it is still unclear whether other FOXA family members such as FOXA2 and FOXA3 also play a role in breast cancer.

In the present study, FOXA1 and Nestin expression in breast cancer metastases was associated with specific breast cancer subtypes (luminal phenotype versus triple-negative breast cancer metastases). GATA3 has been already used as a specific marker to identify breast cancer metastases [32]. We propose the inclusion of FOXA1 and Nestin immunohistochemical evaluation in current immune panels for breast carcinoma to improve prognostication and therapy choice.