The role of preemptive liver transplantation in primary hyperoxaluria type 1

In primary hyperoxaluria the deficiency or mistargeting of hepatic alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT) leads to the overproduction of oxalate resulting in hyperoxaluria and renal damage due to urolithiasis and/or nephrocalcinosis. Presently, the cure of the metabolic defect can be achieved only by liver transplantation. While for patients with end-stage renal disease combined hepatorenal transplantation is recommended, the concept of preemptive liver transplantation (PLTX), i.e. cure of the metabolic defect before renal damage occurs, has received considerable attention. Due to the heterogenous clinical course in PH1, optimal timing of PLTX is a matter of debate. Advocators of PLTX would consider a patient with a slowly declining GFR, reaching levels of 40–60 ml/min/1.73 m², as an ideal candidate, while others would continue medical treatment in these patients and opt for rapid combined liver-kidney transplantation if GFR reaches even lower levels. This review will discuss the background and rationale of PLTX and gives an update on 11 patients with PLTX who have been reported in the literature to date.