Background
The intervention, design and outcomes
Housing and area outcomes
|
The home environment (including warmth, damp, mould, space and privacy; The affordability of rent and utility payments |
Neighbourhood outcomes
|
Satisfaction with the area; Problems with the area; Friendliness of local people; Antisocial behaviour; Physical environment; Participation in local activities; Relationships with others in the local community (including social capital); Sense of "belonging" to the community; Use of local services and amenities |
General physical and mental health and wellbeing
|
Long-standing illness (LSI) and common symptoms; Respiratory conditions; Health behaviours; Child health and school attendance; Health-related quality of life (SF-36);[19‐21]; Accidents in and outside the home; The use of health and community services, such as GP consultations, hospital visits (emergency, out-patients and admittances) and use of medications |
Other psychosocial outcomes
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Sense of control over circumstances; Social participation, including social interactions with family, friends and neighbours; Sense of community; Perceptions of safety; Social capital; Psychosocial benefits of the home (e.g., privacy, identity, status) |
Context: Health improvement in regeneration areas
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The extent to which rehousing into a new socially rented dwelling delivers improvements (or indeed deteriorations) for occupants in terms of housing conditions, neighbourhood conditions, housing management performance and sense of community;
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Whether these improvements are associated with changes in a person's neighbourhood and landlord as well as rehousing itself; and
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To what extent people who are rehoused experience changes in their physical health, health behaviours and mental health and wellbeing, whether these health changes are sustained over time, and how they relate to changes in residential circumstances.
Methods
Eligibility & Recruitment
Survey methods
Statistical analysis
Qualitative data collection
Results
Achieved samples
Wave 1: Pre-Rehousing
Comparability of Intervention and Comparison groups at Wave 1
Intervention group n (%) | Comparison group n (%) | Chi-squared | |
---|---|---|---|
Sex
| |||
Male
| 77 (23.1) | 117 (30.4) | χ2 = 4.52, p = 0.034 |
Female
| 257 (76.9) | 268 (69.6) | |
Age(years) | |||
Mean
| 43.2 | 49.7 | F = 29.8, p < 0.001; U = 46225.5, p < 0.001 |
Median
| 41 | 47.5 | |
Tenure
| |||
Council/Housing association
| 239 (71.6) | 373 (97.1) | χ2 = 90.6, p < 0.001 |
Other
| 95 (28.4) | 11 (2.9) | |
Marital status
| |||
Married or with partner
| 117 (35) | 155 (39.9) | χ2 = 18.4, |
Other
| 217 (65) | 234 (60.1) | p < 0.001 |
Family unit type
| |||
Family
| 206 (61.7) | 174 (44.7) | χ2 = 6.6, |
Adult
| 96 (28.7) | 133 (34.2 | p < 0.001 |
Older
| 32 (9.6) | 82 (21.1 | |
Ethnicity
| |||
White
| 327 (97.9) | 382 (98.2) | χ2 = 14.2, p = 0.028 |
Education (highest level)
| |||
School leaving certificate
| 49 (18.7) | 62 (21.8) | χ2 = 0.82, p = 0.364 |
χ2 = 8.63, p = 0.003 | |||
O Grade/Standard Grade/GCSE/CSE/Senior Certificate
| 112 (41.7) | 87 (30.6) | |
GSVQ foundation or intermediate/SVQ Level 1 or 2, SCOTVEC module or equivalent
| χ2 = 3.47, p = 0.062 | ||
Higher Grade/CSYS/
| 44 (16.8) | 32 (11.3) | |
A level/Advanced Senior Certificate or equivalent
| |||
χ2 = 2.31, p = 0.129 | |||
GSVQ Advanced/SVQ Level 3/ONC/OND/SCOTVEC National Diploma or equivalent
| |||
City & Guilds
| 39 (14.9) | 39 (10.6) | χ2 = 5.39, p = 0.020 |
HNC/HND/SVQ Level 4 or 5 or equivalent
| |||
24 (9.2) | 12 (4.2) | χ2 = 0.586, p = 0.444 | |
First or higher degree
| |||
χ2 = 6.83, p = 0.009 | |||
Professional qualification (e.g., teaching, accountancy)
| χ2 = 0.04, p = 0.847 | ||
20 (7.6) | 17 (6.0) | ||
Other qualification
| χ2 = 0.02, p = 0.898 | ||
26 (9.9) | 12 (4.2) | χ2 < 0.001, p = 0.986 | |
None
| |||
χ2 = 5.223, p = 0.022 | |||
11 (4.2) | 11 (3.9) | ||
5 (1.9) | 5 (1.8) | ||
13 (5.0) | 14 (4.9) | ||
78 (29.8) | 111 (39.1) | ||
Employment status
| |||
Currently working*
| 126 (37.7) | 111 (28.5) | * χ2 = 6.48, p = 0.01 |
Unemployed
| 36 (11) | 44 (11.3) | |
Sick/disabled
| 61 (18.7) | 67 (17.3) | |
Retired
| 38 (11.6) | 101 (26) | |
Median income/week
| £178.80 | £175.12 | U = 15245.5, p = 0.74 |
In SIP*
| 170 (50.9) | 183 (47.2) | χ2 = 0.93, |
p = 0.335 | |||
Median number of people living in household
| 3 | 2 | U = 54681.5, |
p < 0.001 | |||
Housing type
| |||
Detached/semi-detached/terraced house
| |||
Tenement or flat
| 94 (28.2) | 186 (47.8) | χ2 = 1.31, |
Other
| 230 (69.1) | 184 (47.3) | p < 0.001 |
9 (2.7) | 19 (95.1) | ||
General self-reported health:
| |||
Good, very good or excellent
| |||
197 (58) | 221 (56.8) | χ2 = 1.05, | |
p = 0.9 | |||
Long-standing illness
| 185 (55.4) | 242 (62.2) | χ2 = 3.2, |
p = 0.07 |
Geographical distribution: Urban/Rural, and SIP/non-SIP classification
Accommodation characteristics
Health
Changes between Wave 1 and Wave 2: Postal Survey (Intervention group only)
Short-term effects of housing change at 1 year (Wave 1 vs. Wave 2)
Housing and residential change
Problems with the home
Number (%) claiming this is a problem | |||
---|---|---|---|
Problem | Baseline Survey (Wave 1) | Postal Survey (Wave 2) | Percentage decrease (n), t statistics |
Damp | 94 (36.0) | 8 (3.1) | 32.9% (261) (t = 9.96; p < 0.0001) |
Keeping home warm in winter | 110 (41.4) | 38 (14.5) | 26.9% (266) (t = 6.29; p < 0.0001) |
Not enough privacy | 97 (36.9) | 59 (22.4) | 14.5% (263) (t = 3.11; p = 0.02) |
Problems getting in or out of home | 55 (22.7) | 24 (9.7) | 13.0% (243) (t = 3.66; p = 0.0003) |
Smells and fumes | 52 (21.4) | 21 (8.6) | 12.8% (243) (t = 3.75; p = 0.0002) |
Noise from other household members | 59 (26.8) | 31 (14.2) | 12.6% (220) (t = 2.98; p = 0.003) |
Rooms too small | 113 (42.0) | 84 (31.2) | 10.8% (269) (t = 2.09; p = 0.04) |
Accidents outside the home | 49 (18.4) | 25 (9.4) | 9.0% (266) (t = 2.83; p = 0.005) |
Noise from neighbours | 104 (38.7) | 81 (30.1) | 8.6% (269) (t = 1.71; p = 0.09) |
Accidents inside the home | 35 (13.1) | 14 (5.2) | 7.9% (267) (t = 3.07; p = 0.002) |
Rooms too large | 6 (2.4) | 2 (0.8) | 1.6% (254) (t = 1.43; p = 0.15) |
Affordability
Neighbourhood change, antisocial behaviour and friendliness
Problem | Percentage of households claiming this is a problem (either a minor or serious problem). In italics: % reporting serious problem % (n)
| ||
---|---|---|---|
Baseline Survey (Wave 1) | Postal Survey (Wave 2) | Percentage change (n) | |
Antisocial Behaviours
Vandalism/graffiti | 63.6 (38.0% 127/332)
| 47.6 (10.2% 34/267)
| -16.0% Δ = -27.8 (t = 7.75;p < 0.0001)
|
Drug dealing/taking | 61.8 (37.7%; 126/301)
| 50.8 (17.1%; 57/266)
| -11.0% Δ = -20.6; t = 5.45; p < 0.0001
|
Assaults or mugging | 40.7 (17.7%; 59/317)
| 32.6 (5.4%; 18/267)
| -8.1% Δ = -8.1; t = 4.54; p < 0.0001
|
People drinking alcohol in public places | 56.1 (33.2%; 111/328)
| 49.8 (12.3%; 41/269)
| -6.3% Δ = -20.9; t = 5.97; p < 0.0001
|
Burglaries | 33.0 (9.6%; 31/318)
| 27.8 (2.1%; 7/266)
| -5.2% Δ = -5.2; t = 3.75; p = 0.0002
|
People hanging round | 45.6 (31.7%; 106/333)
| 54.6 (15.3%; 51/271)
| +1.0% Δ = -16.4; t = 4.67; p < 0.0001
|
The people round here |
31.3 (9.6%; 32/332)
| 30.9 (3.3%; 11/269)
| -0.4% Δ = -6.6; t = 3.06; p = 0.002
|
Domestic abuse | 19.4 (3.6%; 12/263)
| 19.5 (2.7%; 9/256)
| +0.1% Δ = -0.9; t = 0.59; p = 0.56
|
Disturbance by children/youngsters | 55.3 (23.1%; 77/333)
| 61.6 (12.9%; 43/271)
| +6.3% Δ = -10.2%; t = 3.21; p = 0.001
|
Nuisance from dogs | 40.3 (17.1%; 57/330)
| 49.6 (14.4%; 48/272)
| +9.3% Δ = -2.7%; t = 0.90; p = 0.37
|
Environmental Aspects & Services
| |||
General appearance of area | 51.8 (24.3%; 81/332)
| 30.8 (4.2%; 14/273)
| -21.0% Δ = -21%; t = 6.85; p < 0.0001
|
Uneven/dangerous pavements | 50.3 (21.6; 72/332)
| 36.1 (9.6%; 32/269)
| -14.2% Δ = 12%; t = 3.97; p = 0.0001
|
Level of police presence/response speed | 60.5 (36.8; 123/299)
| 49.4 (15.6%; 52/267)
| -11.1% Δ = -11.1%; t = 5.69; p < 0.0001
|
Adequate street lighting | 22.1 (6%; 20/331)
| 15.1 (3.6%; 12/272)
| -7.0% Δ = -7%; t = 2.18; p = 0.03
|
Reputation of area | 52.3 (29.3%; 98/331)
| 43.2 (12.3%; 41/271)
| -9.1% Δ = -17%; t = 5.04; p < 0.0001
|
Litter and rubbish | 60.1 (26.9%; 90/333)
| 53.6 (9.9%; 33/272)
| -6.5% Δ = -17%; t = 5.28; p < 0.0001
|
Air quality/pollution | 29.1 (9.3%; 31/327)
| 23.5 (3.6%; 12/272)
| -5.6% Δ = -5.6%; t = 2.78; p = 0.006
|
Public transport services | 35.6 (16.8%; 56/320)
| 31.4 (10.5%; 35/271)
| -4.2% Δ = -4.2%; t = 2.21; p = 0.03
|
Security levels of houses, closes, courts and gardens | 40.3 19.2% (64/330)
| 37.1 7.2% (24/267)
| -3.2% Δ = -12%; t = 4.22; p < 0.0001
|
Facilities for children/young people | 86.7 (63.5%; 212/309)
| 84.3 (41.9%; 140/267)
| -2.4% Δ = -2.4%; t = 5.18; p < 0.0001
|
Speeding traffic/amount of traffic | 60.7 (30.8%; 103/333)
| 60.4 (13.8%; 46/270)
| -0.3% Δ = -17%; t = 4.92; p < 0.0001
|
Safe children's play areas | 65.4 (42.2%; 141/315)
| 65.1 (27.5%; 92/269)
| -0.3% Δ = -14.7%; t = 3.7; p = 0.0002
|
Noise e.g. factories, traffic, shouting | 40.2 (12.9%; 43/333)
| 46.7 (9.6%; 32/272)
| +6.5% Δ = -3.3%; t = 1.27; p = 0.21
|
Changes in self-reported health and wellbeing
Percentage (number) claiming this is a problem | |||
---|---|---|---|
Symptom | Baseline Survey (Wave 1) | Postal Survey (Wave 2) | Change % |
Hay fever | 14.7 (334) | 11.4 (259) | Δ = -3.3 (t = 1.18; p = 0.24) |
Difficulty sleeping | 63.2 (333) | 45.8 (263) | Δ = -17.4 (t = 4.24; p < 0.0001) |
Indigestion/stomach trouble | 37.7 (334) | 32.9 (260) | Δ = -4.8 (t = 1.21; p = 0.23) |
Eye trouble | 25.7 (334) | 18.3 (255) | Δ = -7.4 (t = 2.13; p = 0.03) |
Painful joints | 50.3 (334) | 41.6 (265) | Δ = -8.7 (t = 2.12; p = 0.03) |
Palpitations/breathlessness | 39.2 (334) | 31.4 (265) | Δ = -7.8 (t = 1.98; p = 0.048) |
Ear trouble | 21.0 (334) | 15.3 (259) | Δ = -5.7 (t = 1.77; p = 0.08) |
Sinus trouble/catarrh | 29.6 (334) | 24.9 (261) | Δ = -4.7 (t = 1.27; p = 0.20) |
Persistent cough | 24.3 (334) | 22.2 (261) | Δ = -2.1 (t = 0.6; p = 0.55) |
Faints/dizziness | 21 (334) | 15.3 (257) | Δ = -5.7 (t = 1.77; p = 0.08) |
Statement | Percentage (number) claiming this is a problem | ||
---|---|---|---|
Baseline Survey: % agreeing (n) | Postal survey (Wave 2) % agreeing (n) | Percentage change (absolute difference) | |
My home makes me feel like I'm doing well in my life | 30.6 (102) | 65.1 (179) | +34.5 (t = 8.48; p < 0.0001) |
My home expresses my personality and values | 43.1 (143) | 72.8 (201) | +29.7 (t = 7.33; p p < 0.0001) |
I feel in control of my home | 57.5 (191) | 79.4 (216) | +21.9 (t = 5.71; p p < 0.0001) |
I can do what I want, when I want in my home | 61.3 (204) | 81.2 (224) | +19.9 (t = 5.35; p p < 0.0001) |
I can get away from it all in my home | 56.3 (187) | 75.7 (206) | +19.4 (t = 4.97; p p < 0.0001) |
I feel I have privacy in my home | 67.9 (226) | 83.2 (227) | +15.3 (t = 4.31; p p < 0.0001) |
My home feels safe | 75.9 (252) | 87.5 (239) | +11.6 (t = 3.63; p p < 0.0001) |
My life has a sense of routine | 79.2 (262) | 78.5 (215) | -0.7 (t = 0.21; p = 0.58) |
I worry about losing my home | 21.0 (70) | 26.6 (71) | +5.6 (t = 1.61; p = 0.95) |