nach oben

Cardiovascular Toxicology

Erschienen in:

01.04.2015

Tobacco and Cardiovascular Health

verfasst von: Prajeena Mainali, Sadip Pant, Alexis Phillip Rodriguez, Abhishek Deshmukh, Jawahar L. Mehta

Erschienen in: Cardiovascular Toxicology | Ausgabe 2/2015

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Tobacco consumption has been inextricably intertwined with society and its evolution. At one time, centuries ago, thought to be a sign of refinement and nobility, fortunately, this perception has been changing worldwide. Currently, this change in perception has been so dramatic that laws are enacted to limit tobacco exposure through second-hand smokers. Countless studies continue to emerge on tobacco’s healthcare toll to the point that we now consider indisputable facts that smokers have a higher incidence of coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, among many others. However, there are other less well-known emerging facts that still require close attention such as the effect on the immune and hematopoietic systems. Tobacco smoke is injurious to all major organs in our bodies. With over 30 known carcinogens, it should not be surprising that it affects all aspects of human health. In this chapter, we will focus on the effects of tobacco on cardiovascular health.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US), Office on Smoking and Health (US). (2010). How tobacco smoke causes disease: The biology and behavioral basis for smoking-attributable disease. A report of the surgeon general. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53012. Accessed 8 Aug 2014.

Lien, G., & DeLand, K. (2011). Translating the WHO framework convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC): Can we use tobacco control as a model for other non-communicable disease control? Public Health, 125(12), 847–853.CrossRefPubMed

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2008). Smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and productivity losses–United States, 2000–2004. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 57(45), 1226–1228. PubMed PMID: 19008791. Epub 2008/11/15. eng.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), Office on Smoking and Health (US). (2004). The health consequences of smoking: A report of the surgeon general. Reports of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US).

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), Office on Smoking and Health (US). (2006). The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke: A report of the surgeon general. Publications and Reports of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US).

Perk, J., De Backer, G., Gohlke, H., Graham, I., Reiner, Z., Verschuren, M., et al. (2012). European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). European Heart Journal, 33(13), 1635–1701.CrossRefPubMed

Ross, R. (1999). Atherosclerosis—an inflammatory disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 340(2), 115–126.CrossRefPubMed

Groppelli, A., Giorgi, D. M., Omboni, S., Parati, G., & Mancia, G. (1992). Persistent blood pressure increase induced by heavy smoking. Journal of Hypertension, 10(5), 495–499.CrossRefPubMed

Rahman, M. M., & Laher, I. (2007). Structural and functional alteration of blood vessels caused by cigarette smoking: An overview of molecular mechanisms. Current Vascular Pharmacology, 5(4), 276–292.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Bermudez, E. A., Rifai, N., Buring, J. E., Manson, J. E., & Ridker, P. M. (2002). Relation between markers of systemic vascular inflammation and smoking in women. The American Journal of Cardiology, 89(9), 1117–1119.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Grundtman, C., Kreutmayer, S. B., Almanzar, G., Wick, M. C., & Wick, G. (2011). Heat shock protein 60 and immune inflammatory responses in atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 31(5), 960–968.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

12.

Tracy, R. P., Psaty, B. M., Macy, E., Bovill, E. G., Cushman, M., Cornell, E. S., et al. (1997). Lifetime smoking exposure affects the association of C-reactive protein with cardiovascular disease risk factors and subclinical disease in healthy elderly subjects. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 17(10), 2167–2176.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Chen, H. W., Lii, C. K., Ku, H. J., & Wang, T. S. (2009). Cigarette smoke extract induces expression of cell adhesion molecules in HUVEC via actin filament reorganization. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 50(2), 96–104.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Adams, D. H., & Lloyd, A. R. (1997). Chemokines: Leucocyte recruitment and activation cytokines. Lancet, 349(9050), 490–495.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Arcavi, L., & Benowitz, N. L. (2004). Cigarette smoking and infection. Archives of Internal Medicine, 164(20), 2206–2216.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Duan, M. C., Zhong, X. N., He, Z. Y., Tang, H. J., & Huang, Y. (2011). [Effect of interleukin-17-producing CD4 + T helper lymphocytes on cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation and emphysema in mice]. Zhonghua jie he he hu xi za zhi = Zhonghua jiehe he huxi zazhi = Chinese Journal of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, 34(4), 259–264.

17.

Pinkney, J. H., Stehouwer, C. D., Coppack, S. W., & Yudkin, J. S. (1997). Endothelial dysfunction: Cause of the insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes, 46(Suppl 2), S9–S13.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Yu, X. L., Jin, X. R., & Wang, D. X. (1992). Effects of cigarette smoking on the function of metabolizing arachidonic acid and angiotensin I in the isolated perfused rat lungs. Journal of Tongji Medical University = Tong ji yi ke da xue xue bao, 12(4), 201–204.PubMed

19.

Griendling, K. K., Minieri, C. A., Ollerenshaw, J. D., & Alexander, R. W. (1994). Angiotensin II stimulates NADH and NADPH oxidase activity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation Research, 74(6), 1141–1148.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Yokode, M., Kita, T., Arai, H., Kawai, C., Narumiya, S., & Fujiwara, M. (1988). Cholesteryl ester accumulation in macrophages incubated with low density lipoprotein pretreated with cigarette smoke extract. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 85(7), 2344–2348.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

21.

Chen, H. J., & Chen, Y. C. (2012). Reactive nitrogen oxide species-induced post-translational modifications in human hemoglobin and the association with cigarette smoking. Analytical Chemistry, 84(18), 7881–7890.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Pignatelli, B., Li, C. Q., Boffetta, P., Chen, Q., Ahrens, W., Nyberg, F., et al. (2001). Nitrated and oxidized plasma proteins in smokers and lung cancer patients. Cancer Research, 61(2), 778–784.PubMed

23.

Martin, J. L., Wilson, J. R., Ferraro, N., Laskey, W. K., Kleaveland, J. P., & Hirshfeld, J. W, Jr. (1984). Acute coronary vasoconstrictive effects of cigarette smoking in coronary heart disease. The American Journal of Cardiology, 54(1), 56–60.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Downey, H. F., Crystal, G. J., & Bashour, F. A. (1982). Regional renal and splanchnic blood flows during nicotine infusion: Effects of alpha and of combined alpha and beta adrenergic blockade. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 220(2), 375–381.PubMed

25.

Krivokapich, J., Schneider, N. G., Child, J. S., & Jarvik, M. E. (1985). Cardiovascular effects of nicotine gum and cigarettes assessed by ECG and echocardiography. NIDA Research Monograph, 53, 42–55.PubMed

26.

Jolma, C. D., Samson, R. A., Klewer, S. E., Donnerstein, R. L., & Goldberg, S. J. (2002). Acute cardiac effects of nicotine in healthy young adults. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, NY), 19(6), 443–448.CrossRef

27.

Burgess, M. I., Mogulkoc, N., Bright-Thomas, R. J., Bishop, P., Egan, J. J., & Ray, S. G. (2002). Comparison of echocardiographic markers of right ventricular function in determining prognosis in chronic pulmonary disease. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 15(6), 633–639.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). (2010). State-specific prevalence of cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use among adults—United States, 2009. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 59(43),1400–1406. PubMed PMID: 21048561. Epub 2010/11/05. eng.

29.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. (2012). Preventing tobacco use among youth and young adults: A report of the surgeon general. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US).

30.

Gepner, A. D., Piper, M. E., Johnson, H. M., Fiore, M. C., Baker, T. B., & Stein, J. H. (2011). Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on lipids and lipoproteins: Outcomes from a randomized clinical trial. American Heart Journal, 161(1), 145–151.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

31.

Kennon, S., Suliman, A., MacCallum, P. K., Ranjadayalan, K., Wilkinson, P., & Timmis, A. D. (1998). Clinical characteristics determining the mode of presentation in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 32, 2018–2022.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Feldman, J., Shenker, I. R., Etzel, R. A., Spierto, F. W., Lilienfield, D. E., Nussbaum, M., et al. (1991). Passive smoking alters lipid profiles in adolescents. Pediatrics, 88(2), 259–264.PubMed

33.

Navab, M., Ananthramaiah, G. M., Reddy, S. T., Van Lenten, B. J., Ansell, B. J., Fonarow, G. C., et al. (2004). The oxidation hypothesis of atherogenesis: The role of oxidized phospholipids and HDL. Journal of Lipid Research, 45(6), 993–1007.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Maeda, K., Noguchi, Y., & Fukui, T. (2003). The effects of cessation from cigarette smoking on the lipid and lipoprotein profiles: A meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine, 37(4), 283–290.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Singh, I. M., Shishehbor, M. H., & Ansell, B. J. (2007). High-density lipoprotein as a therapeutic target: A systematic review. JAMA: The journal of the American Medical Association, 298(7), 786–798.CrossRef

36.

Ambrose, J. A., & Barua, R. S. (2004). The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: An update. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 43(10), 1731–1737. PMID: 15145091.CrossRefPubMed

37.

Filozof, C., Fernandez Pinilla, M. C., & Fernandez-Cruz, A. (2004). Smoking cessation and weight gain. Obesity Reviews, 5(2), 95–103.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Tamura, U., Tanaka, T., Okamura, T., Kadowaki, T., Yamato, H., Tanaka, H., et al. (2010). Changes in Weight, cardiovascular risk factors and estimated risk of coronary heart disease following smoking cessation in Japanese male workers: HIPOP-OHP study. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 17(1), 12–20.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Lobo Torres, L. H., Moreira, W. L., Tamborelli Garcia, R. C., Annoni, R., Nicoletti Carvalho, A. L., Teixeira, S. A., et al. (2012). Environmental tobacco smoke induces oxidative stress in distinct brain regions of infant mice. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A, 75(16–17), 971–980.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Adnot, S. (1998). Tobacco: An atherogenic, thrombogenic or spasmogenic factor? Archives des Maladies du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, 5, 53–58.

41.

Clarkson, T. B., Weingand, K. W., Kaplan, J. R., & Adams, M. R. (1987). Mechanisms of atherogenesis. Circulation, 76(1 Pt 2), I20–I28.PubMed

42.

Csordas, A., & Bernhard, D. (2013). The biology behind the atherothrombotic effects of cigarette smoke. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 10(4), 219–230.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Wissler, R. W. (1994). New insights into the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis as revealed by PDAY. Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth. Atherosclerosis, 108(Suppl), S3–S20.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Newby, D. E., Wright, R. A., Labinjoh, C., Ludlam, C. A., Fox, K. A., Boon, N. A., et al. (1999). Endothelial dysfunction, impaired endogenous fibrinolysis, and cigarette smoking: A mechanism for arterial thrombosis and myocardial infarction. Circulation, 99(11), 1411–1415.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Al Suwaidi, J., Al Habib, K., Singh, R., Hersi, A., Al Nemer, K., Asaad, N., et al. (2012). Tobacco modalities used and outcome in patients with acute coronary syndrome: An observational report. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 88(1044), 566–574.CrossRefPubMed

46.

D’Alessandro, A., Boeckelmann, I., Hammwhoner, M., Goette, A. (2011). Nicotine, cigarette smoking and cardiac arrhythmia: An overview. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. PubMed PMID: 21613318. Epub 2011/05/27. Eng.

47.

Piano, M. R., Benowitz, N. L., Fitzgerald, G. A., Corbridge, S., Heath, J., Hahn, E., et al. (2010). Impact of smokeless tobacco products on cardiovascular disease: Implications for policy, prevention, and treatment: A policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 122(15), 1520–1544.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Barbash, G. I., Reiner, J., White, H. D., Wilcox, R. G., Armstrong, P. W., Sadowski, Z., et al. (1995). Evaluation of paradoxic beneficial effects of smoking in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: Mechanism of the “smoker’s paradox” from the GUSTO-I trial, with angiographic insights. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue-Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 26(5), 1222–1229.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Aune, E., Roislien, J., Mathisen, M., Thelle, D. S., & Otterstad, J. E. (2011). The “smoker’s paradox” in patients with acute coronary syndrome: A systematic review. BMC Medicine, 9, 97.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

50.

Blankenhorn, D. H., Johnson, R. L., Mack, W. J., el Zein, H. A., & Vailas, L. I. (1990). The influence of diet on the appearance of new lesions in human coronary arteries. JAMA The Journal of the American Medical Association, 263(12), 1646–1652.CrossRef

51.

Hilleman, D. E., Mohiuddin, S. M., & Packard, K. A. (2004). Comparison of conservative and aggressive smoking cessation treatment strategies following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Chest, 125(2), 435–438.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Wallentin, L., Becker, R. C., Budaj, A., Cannon, C. P., Emanuelsson, H., Held, C., et al. (2009). Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. The New England Journal of Medicine, 361(11), 1045–1057.CrossRefPubMed

53.

Assali, A. R., Moustapha, A., Sdringola, S., Denktas, A. E., Willerson, J. T., Holmes, D. R, Jr, et al. (2006). Acute coronary syndrome may occur with in-stent restenosis and is associated with adverse outcomes (the PRESTO trial). The American Journal of Cardiology, 98(6), 729–733.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Bates, E. R., Lau, W. C., & Angiolillo, D. J. (2011). Clopidogrel-drug interactions. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 57(11), 1251–1263.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Al-Safi, S. A. (2005). Does smoking affect blood pressure and heart rate? European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 4(4), 286–289.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Ji, J., Benishin, C. G., & Pang, P. K. (1998). Nitric oxide selectively inhibits intracellular Ca++ release elicited by inositol trisphosphate but not caffeine in rat vascular smooth muscle. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 285(1), 16–21.PubMed

57.

Garcia Calzado, M. C., Garcia Rojas, J. F., Mangas Rojas, A., & Millan, J. (1990). Tobacco and arterial pressure (II.). The acute effects on the angiotensin-converting enzyme. Anales de Medicina Interna (Madrid, Spain : 1984), 7(8), 392–395.

58.

Li, Q., & Forsberg, E. J. (1996). Catecholamine secretion induced by nicotine is due to Ca++ channel but not Na+ channel activation in porcine adrenal chromaffin cells. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 277(3), 1209–1214.PubMed

59.

Weddle, D. L., Tithoff, P., Williams, M., & Schuller, H. M. (2001). Beta-adrenergic growth regulation of human cancer cell lines derived from pancreatic ductal carcinomas. Carcinogenesis, 22(3), 473–479.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Ward, K. D., Garvey, A. J., Bliss, R. E., Sparrow, D., Young, J. B., & Landsberg, L. (1991). Changes in urinary catecholamine excretion after smoking cessation. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 40(4), 937–940.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Bowman, T. S., Gaziano, J. M., Buring, J. E., & Sesso, H. D. (2007). A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of incident hypertension in women. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 50(21), 2085–2092.CrossRefPubMed

62.

Jatoi, N. A., Jerrard-Dunne, P., Feely, J., & Mahmud, A. (2007). Impact of smoking and smoking cessation on arterial stiffness and aortic wave reflection in hypertension. Hypertension, 49(5), 981–985.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Planas, A., Clara, A., Marrugat, J., Pou, J. M., Gasol, A., de Moner, A., et al. (2002). Age at onset of smoking is an independent risk factor in peripheral artery disease development. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 35(3), 506–509.CrossRefPubMed

64.

Malecki, R., Zdrojowy, K., & Adamiec, R. (2009). Thromboangiitis obliterans in the 21st century—a new face of disease. Atherosclerosis, 206(2), 328–334.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Pope, J. E. (2007). The diagnosis and treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon: A practical approach. Drugs, 67(4), 517–525.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Olin, J. W. (2000). Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease). The New England Journal of Medicine, 343(12), 864–869.CrossRefPubMed

67.

Pope, J. E., Ouimet, J. M., & Krizova, A. (2006). Scleroderma treatment differs between experts and general rheumatologists. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 55(1), 138–145.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Matucci-Cerinic, M., Denton, C. P., Furst, D. E., Mayes, M. D., Hsu, V. M., Carpentier, P., et al. (2011). Bosentan treatment of digital ulcers related to systemic sclerosis: Results from the RAPIDS-2 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 70(1), 32–38.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

69.

Hirsch, A. T., Haskal, Z. J., Hertzer, N. R., Bakal, C. W., Creager, M. A., Halperin, J. L., et al. (2006). ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): Executive summary a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease) endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 47(6), 1239–1312.CrossRefPubMed

70.

Brewstera, D. C., Cronenwett, J. L., Hallett, J. W., Johnston, K. W., Krupski, W. C., & Matsumura, J. S. (2003). Guidelines for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms: Report of a subcommittee of the Joint Council of the American Association for Vascular Surgery and Society for Vascular Surgery. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 37(5), 1106–1117.CrossRef

71.

Scott, R. A., Wilson, N. M., Ashton, H. A., & Kay, D. N. (1995). Influence of screening on the incidence of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: 5-year results of a randomized controlled study. The British Journal of Surgery, 82(8), 1066–1070.CrossRefPubMed

72.

Stolle, K., Berges, A., Lietz, M., Lebrun, S., & Wallerath, T. (2010). Cigarette smoke enhances abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in angiotensin II-treated apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Toxicology Letters, 199(3), 403–409.CrossRefPubMed

73.

Carty, C. S., Soloway, P. D., Kayastha, S., Bauer, J., Marsan, B., Ricotta, J. J., et al. (1996). Nicotine and cotinine stimulate secretion of basic fibroblast growth factor and affect expression of matrix metalloproteinases in cultured human smooth muscle cells. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 24(6), 927–934. discussion 34-5.CrossRefPubMed

74.

Pyo, R., Lee, J. K., Shipley, J. M., Curci, J. A., Mao, D., Ziporin, S. J., et al. (2000). Targeted gene disruption of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (gelatinase B) suppresses development of experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 105(11), 1641–1649.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

75.

Jin, J., Arif, B., Garcia-Fernandez, F., Ennis, T. L., Davis, E. C., Thompson, R. W., et al. (2012). Novel mechanism of aortic aneurysm development in mice associated with smoking and leukocytes. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 32(12), 2901–2909.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

76.

Frost, P. H., Davis, B. R., Burlando, A. J., Curb, J. D., Guthrie, G. P., Isaacsohn, J. L., et al. (1996). Coronary heart disease risk factors in men and women aged 60 years and older: Findings from the systolic hypertension in the elderly program. Circulation, 94(1), 26–34.CrossRefPubMed

77.

Lightwood, J. M., & Glantz, S. A. (1997). Short-term economic and health benefits of smoking cessation: Myocardial infarction and stroke. Circulation, 96(4), 1089–1096.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Wilson, K., Gibson, N., Willan, A., & Cook, D. (2000). Effect of smoking cessation on mortality after myocardial infarction: Meta-analysis of cohort studies. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160(7), 939–944.CrossRefPubMed

79.

Hu, N., Han, X., Lane, E. K., Gao, F., Zhang, Y., & Ren, J. (2013). Cardiac-specific overexpression of metallothionein rescues against cigarette smoking exposure-induced myocardial contractile and mitochondrial damage. PLoS One, 8, e57151.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

80.

Hu, N., Guo, R., Han, X., Zhu, B., & Ren, J. (2011). Cardiac-specific overexpression of metallothionein rescues nicotine-induced cardiac contractile dysfunction and interstitial fibrosis. Toxicology Letters, 202(1), 8–14.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

81.

Henley, S. J., Thun, M. J., Connell, C., & Calle, E. E. (2005). Two large prospective studies of mortality among men who use snuff or chewing tobacco (United States). Cancer Causes & Control: CCC, 16(4), 347–358.CrossRefPubMed

82.

Hackshaw, A., Rodeck, C., & Boniface, S. (2011). Maternal smoking in pregnancy and birth defects: A systematic review based on 173 687 malformed cases and 11.7 million controls. Human Reproduction Update, 17, 589–604.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Titel: Tobacco and Cardiovascular Health
verfasst von: Prajeena Mainali
Sadip Pant
Alexis Phillip Rodriguez
Abhishek Deshmukh
Jawahar L. Mehta
Publikationsdatum: 01.04.2015
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Cardiovascular Toxicology / Ausgabe 2/2015
Print ISSN: 1530-7905
Elektronische ISSN: 1559-0259
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-014-9280-0

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2015

Analysis of an ECG Record Database Reveals QT Interval Prolongation Potential of Famotidine in a Large Korean Population

Antithetical Regulation of α-Myosin Heavy Chain Between Fetal and Adult Heart Failure Though Shuttling of HDAC5 Regulating YY-1 Function

Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Potently Affect Cardiovascular System in Mammals: Review of the Literature

The Effects of High Glucose Levels on Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced Apoptosis and Involved Signaling in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells

Left Atrial Function by Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography in Chronic Asymptomatic Alcoholic Patients

Chronic Cardiovascular Disease-Associated Gene Network Analysis in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Exposed to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin