Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Indian Journal of Gastroenterology 1/2020

09.03.2020 | Review Article

Treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease — Current perspectives

verfasst von: Anshuman Elhence, Shalimar

Erschienen in: Indian Journal of Gastroenterology | Ausgabe 1/2020

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Therapeutics aimed at treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) target the pathogenic process from deranged metabolism leading to steatosis to cell stress and death, leading to a cascade of inflammation and fibrosis, ultimately culminating into cirrhosis. The development of drugs for management of NAFLD has bloomed over the past decade, although at present there is no approved pharmacological agent for its management. Not all patients with the disease progress to cirrhosis and decompensation; hence, treatment specifically is provided for those with a high risk of progression such as those with biopsy-proven steatohepatitis or fibrosis. Along with disease-specific management, all patients must receive therapies directed at risk factors such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, sleep apnoea and chronic kidney disease need management. A current perspective on the therapeutic options is detailed in this review.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, et al. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016;64:73–84.PubMed Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, et al. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016;64:73–84.PubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2018;67:328–57.PubMed Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2018;67:328–57.PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Fan J-G, Kim S-U, Wong VW-S. New trends on obesity and NAFLD in Asia. J Hepatol. 2017;67:862–73.PubMed Fan J-G, Kim S-U, Wong VW-S. New trends on obesity and NAFLD in Asia. J Hepatol. 2017;67:862–73.PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Duseja A, Singh SP, Saraswat VA, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome-position paper of the Indian National Association for the Study of the Liver, Endocrine Society of India, Indian College of Cardiology and Indian Society of Gastroenterology. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2015;5:51–68. Duseja A, Singh SP, Saraswat VA, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome-position paper of the Indian National Association for the Study of the Liver, Endocrine Society of India, Indian College of Cardiology and Indian Society of Gastroenterology. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2015;5:51–68.
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Chang Y, Jung H-S, Cho J, et al. Metabolically healthy obesity and the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111:1133–40.PubMed Chang Y, Jung H-S, Cho J, et al. Metabolically healthy obesity and the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111:1133–40.PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Subichin M, Clanton J, Makuszewski M, et al. Liver disease in the morbidly obese: a review of 1000 consecutive patients undergoing weight loss surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2015;11:137–41.PubMed Subichin M, Clanton J, Makuszewski M, et al. Liver disease in the morbidly obese: a review of 1000 consecutive patients undergoing weight loss surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2015;11:137–41.PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Rout G, Kedia S, Nayak B, et al. Controlled attenuation parameter for assessment of hepatic steatosis in Indian patients. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2019;9:13–21.PubMed Rout G, Kedia S, Nayak B, et al. Controlled attenuation parameter for assessment of hepatic steatosis in Indian patients. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2019;9:13–21.PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Masuoka HC, Chalasani N. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an emerging threat to obese and diabetic individuals. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;1281:106–22.PubMedPubMedCentral Masuoka HC, Chalasani N. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an emerging threat to obese and diabetic individuals. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;1281:106–22.PubMedPubMedCentral
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Duseja A. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in India - a lot done, yet more required! Indian J Gastroenterol. 2010;29:217–25.PubMed Duseja A. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in India - a lot done, yet more required! Indian J Gastroenterol. 2010;29:217–25.PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Singh SP, Nayak S, Swain M, et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in coastal eastern India: a preliminary ultrasonographic survey. Trop Gastroenterol. 2004;25:76–9.PubMed Singh SP, Nayak S, Swain M, et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in coastal eastern India: a preliminary ultrasonographic survey. Trop Gastroenterol. 2004;25:76–9.PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Das K, Das K, Mukherjee PS, et al. Nonobese population in a developing country has a high prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver and significant liver disease. Hepatology. 2010;51:1593–602.PubMed Das K, Das K, Mukherjee PS, et al. Nonobese population in a developing country has a high prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver and significant liver disease. Hepatology. 2010;51:1593–602.PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Prashanth M, Ganesh HK, Vima MV, et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Assoc Physicians India. 2009;57:205–10.PubMed Prashanth M, Ganesh HK, Vima MV, et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Assoc Physicians India. 2009;57:205–10.PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Sayiner M, Otgonsuren M, Cable R, et al. Variables associated with inpatient and outpatient resource utilization among Medicare beneficiaries with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with or without cirrhosis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2017;51:254–60.PubMed Sayiner M, Otgonsuren M, Cable R, et al. Variables associated with inpatient and outpatient resource utilization among Medicare beneficiaries with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with or without cirrhosis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2017;51:254–60.PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Sayiner M, Koenig A, Henry L, Younossi ZM. Epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in the United States and the rest of the world. Clin Liver Dis. 2016;20:205–14.PubMed Sayiner M, Koenig A, Henry L, Younossi ZM. Epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in the United States and the rest of the world. Clin Liver Dis. 2016;20:205–14.PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Younossi ZM, Otgonsuren M, Henry L, et al. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States from 2004 to 2009. Hepatology. 2015;62:1723–30.PubMed Younossi ZM, Otgonsuren M, Henry L, et al. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States from 2004 to 2009. Hepatology. 2015;62:1723–30.PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Mittal S, El-Serag HB, Sada YH, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of cirrhosis in United States veterans is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14:124–131.e1.PubMed Mittal S, El-Serag HB, Sada YH, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of cirrhosis in United States veterans is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14:124–131.e1.PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Ekstedt M, Hagström H, Nasr P, et al. Fibrosis stage is the strongest predictor for disease-specific mortality in NAFLD after up to 33 years of follow-up. Hepatology. 2015;61:1547–54.PubMed Ekstedt M, Hagström H, Nasr P, et al. Fibrosis stage is the strongest predictor for disease-specific mortality in NAFLD after up to 33 years of follow-up. Hepatology. 2015;61:1547–54.PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Oseini A, Sanyal AJ. Therapies in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Liver Int. 2017;37:97–103. Oseini A, Sanyal AJ. Therapies in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Liver Int. 2017;37:97–103.
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Diehl AM, Day C. Cause, pathogenesis, and treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:2063–72. Diehl AM, Day C. Cause, pathogenesis, and treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:2063–72.
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M, Pagano G. A meta-analysis of randomized trials for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2010;52:79–104.PubMed Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M, Pagano G. A meta-analysis of randomized trials for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2010;52:79–104.PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Lassailly G, Caiazzo R, Pattou F, Mathurin P. Perspectives on treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:1835–48.PubMed Lassailly G, Caiazzo R, Pattou F, Mathurin P. Perspectives on treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:1835–48.PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Vilar-Gomez E, Martinez-Perez Y, Calzadilla-Bertot L, et al. Weight loss through lifestyle modification significantly reduces features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2015;149:367–78.e5 quiz e14–15. Vilar-Gomez E, Martinez-Perez Y, Calzadilla-Bertot L, et al. Weight loss through lifestyle modification significantly reduces features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2015;149:367–78.e5 quiz e14–15.
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, et al. Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:229–41.PubMed Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, et al. Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:229–41.PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Ryan MC, Itsiopoulos C, Thodis T, et al. The Mediterranean diet improves hepatic steatosis and insulin sensitivity in individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2013;59:138–43.PubMed Ryan MC, Itsiopoulos C, Thodis T, et al. The Mediterranean diet improves hepatic steatosis and insulin sensitivity in individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2013;59:138–43.PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Wijarnpreecha K, Thongprayoon C, Ungprasert P. Coffee consumption and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;29:e8–12.PubMed Wijarnpreecha K, Thongprayoon C, Ungprasert P. Coffee consumption and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;29:e8–12.PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Tendler D, Lin S, Yancy WS, et al. The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a pilot study. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52:589–93.PubMed Tendler D, Lin S, Yancy WS, et al. The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a pilot study. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52:589–93.PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang H-J, He J, Pan L-L, et al. Effects of moderate and vigorous exercise on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:1074–82.PubMed Zhang H-J, He J, Pan L-L, et al. Effects of moderate and vigorous exercise on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:1074–82.PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Oh S, Shida T, Yamagishi K, et al. Moderate to vigorous physical activity volume is an important factor for managing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a retrospective study. Hepatology. 2015;61:1205–15.PubMed Oh S, Shida T, Yamagishi K, et al. Moderate to vigorous physical activity volume is an important factor for managing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a retrospective study. Hepatology. 2015;61:1205–15.PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Fakhry TK, Mhaskar R, Schwitalla T, et al. Bariatric surgery improves nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a contemporary systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2019;15:502–11.PubMed Fakhry TK, Mhaskar R, Schwitalla T, et al. Bariatric surgery improves nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a contemporary systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2019;15:502–11.PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Garg H, Aggarwal S, Null S, et al. Utility of transient elastography (fibroscan) and impact of bariatric surgery on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in morbidly obese patients. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2018;14:81–91.PubMed Garg H, Aggarwal S, Null S, et al. Utility of transient elastography (fibroscan) and impact of bariatric surgery on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in morbidly obese patients. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2018;14:81–91.PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Mosko JD, Nguyen GC. Increased perioperative mortality following bariatric surgery among patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9:897–901.PubMed Mosko JD, Nguyen GC. Increased perioperative mortality following bariatric surgery among patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9:897–901.PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanyal AJ, Chalasani N, Kowdley KV, et al. Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1675–85.PubMedPubMedCentral Sanyal AJ, Chalasani N, Kowdley KV, et al. Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1675–85.PubMedPubMedCentral
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Bril F, Kalavalapalli S, Clark VC, et al. Response to pioglitazone in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with vs without type 2 diabetes. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16:558–66.e2. Bril F, Kalavalapalli S, Clark VC, et al. Response to pioglitazone in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with vs without type 2 diabetes. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16:558–66.e2.
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Ratziu V, Giral P, Jacqueminet S, et al. Rosiglitazone for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: one-year results of the randomized placebo-controlled Fatty Liver Improvement with Rosiglitazone Therapy (FLIRT) Trial. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:100–10.PubMed Ratziu V, Giral P, Jacqueminet S, et al. Rosiglitazone for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: one-year results of the randomized placebo-controlled Fatty Liver Improvement with Rosiglitazone Therapy (FLIRT) Trial. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:100–10.PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Nissen SE, Wolski K. Rosiglitazone revisited: an updated meta-analysis of risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:1191–201.PubMed Nissen SE, Wolski K. Rosiglitazone revisited: an updated meta-analysis of risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:1191–201.PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaul U, Parmar D, Manjunath K, et al. New dual peroxisome proliferator activated receptor agonist-Saroglitazar in diabetic dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: integrated analysis of the real world evidence. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019;18:80.PubMedPubMedCentral Kaul U, Parmar D, Manjunath K, et al. New dual peroxisome proliferator activated receptor agonist-Saroglitazar in diabetic dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: integrated analysis of the real world evidence. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019;18:80.PubMedPubMedCentral
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Ratziu V, Harrison SA, Francque S, et al. Elafibranor, an agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α and -δ, induces resolution of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis without fibrosis worsening. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:1147–59.e5. Ratziu V, Harrison SA, Francque S, et al. Elafibranor, an agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α and -δ, induces resolution of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis without fibrosis worsening. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:1147–59.e5.
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Armstrong MJ, Gaunt P, Aithal GP, et al. Liraglutide safety and efficacy in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (LEAN): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study. Lancet. 2016;387:679–90.PubMed Armstrong MJ, Gaunt P, Aithal GP, et al. Liraglutide safety and efficacy in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (LEAN): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study. Lancet. 2016;387:679–90.PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Alkhouri N, Feldstein AE. The TONIC trial: a step forward in treating pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2012;55:1292–5.PubMed Alkhouri N, Feldstein AE. The TONIC trial: a step forward in treating pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2012;55:1292–5.PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Sato K, Gosho M, Yamamoto T, et al. Vitamin E has a beneficial effect on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition. 2015;31:923–30.PubMed Sato K, Gosho M, Yamamoto T, et al. Vitamin E has a beneficial effect on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition. 2015;31:923–30.PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Bril F, Biernacki DM, Kalavalapalli S, et al. Role of vitamin E for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:1481–8.PubMed Bril F, Biernacki DM, Kalavalapalli S, et al. Role of vitamin E for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:1481–8.PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Du J, Ma Y-Y, Yu C-H, Li Y-M. Effects of pentoxifylline on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:569–77.PubMedPubMedCentral Du J, Ma Y-Y, Yu C-H, Li Y-M. Effects of pentoxifylline on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:569–77.PubMedPubMedCentral
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Friedman SL, Ratziu V, Harrison SA, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of cenicriviroc for treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with fibrosis. Hepatology. 2018;67:1754–67.PubMed Friedman SL, Ratziu V, Harrison SA, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of cenicriviroc for treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with fibrosis. Hepatology. 2018;67:1754–67.PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Ratziu V, Sheikh MY, Sanyal AJ, et al. A phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of GS-9450 in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 2012;55:419–28.PubMed Ratziu V, Sheikh MY, Sanyal AJ, et al. A phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of GS-9450 in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 2012;55:419–28.PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Loomba R, Lawitz E, Mantry PS, et al. The ASK1 inhibitor selonsertib in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a randomized, phase 2 trial. Hepatology. 2018;67:549–59.PubMed Loomba R, Lawitz E, Mantry PS, et al. The ASK1 inhibitor selonsertib in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a randomized, phase 2 trial. Hepatology. 2018;67:549–59.PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Loomba R, Sanyal AJ, et al. Farnesoid X nuclear receptor ligand obeticholic acid for non-cirrhotic, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (FLINT): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;385:956–65.PubMed Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Loomba R, Sanyal AJ, et al. Farnesoid X nuclear receptor ligand obeticholic acid for non-cirrhotic, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (FLINT): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;385:956–65.PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Younossi ZM, Ratziu V, Loomba R, et al. Obeticholic acid for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: interim analysis from a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2019;394:2184–96.PubMed Younossi ZM, Ratziu V, Loomba R, et al. Obeticholic acid for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: interim analysis from a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2019;394:2184–96.PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Harrison SA, Abdelmalek MF, Caldwell S, et al. Simtuzumab is ineffective for patients with bridging fibrosis or compensated cirrhosis caused by nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2018;155:1140–53.PubMed Harrison SA, Abdelmalek MF, Caldwell S, et al. Simtuzumab is ineffective for patients with bridging fibrosis or compensated cirrhosis caused by nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2018;155:1140–53.PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Harrison SA, Dennis A, Fiore MM, et al. Utility and variability of three non-invasive liver fibrosis imaging modalities to evaluate efficacy of GR-MD-02 in subjects with NASH and bridging fibrosis during a phase-2 randomized clinical trial. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0203054.PubMedPubMedCentral Harrison SA, Dennis A, Fiore MM, et al. Utility and variability of three non-invasive liver fibrosis imaging modalities to evaluate efficacy of GR-MD-02 in subjects with NASH and bridging fibrosis during a phase-2 randomized clinical trial. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0203054.PubMedPubMedCentral
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Harrison SA, Bashir MR, Guy CD, et al. Resmetirom (MGL-3196) for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2019;394:2012–24.PubMed Harrison SA, Bashir MR, Guy CD, et al. Resmetirom (MGL-3196) for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2019;394:2012–24.PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Blais P, Lin M, Kramer JR, et al. Statins are underutilized in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and dyslipidemia. Dig Dis Sci. 2016;61:1714–20.PubMed Blais P, Lin M, Kramer JR, et al. Statins are underutilized in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and dyslipidemia. Dig Dis Sci. 2016;61:1714–20.PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Dongiovanni P, Petta S, Mannisto V, et al. Statin use and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in at risk individuals. J Hepatol. 2015;63:705–12.PubMed Dongiovanni P, Petta S, Mannisto V, et al. Statin use and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in at risk individuals. J Hepatol. 2015;63:705–12.PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Alkhouri N, Lawitz E, Noureddin M, et al. GS-0976 (Firsocostat): an investigational liver-directed acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitor for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2019:1–7. Alkhouri N, Lawitz E, Noureddin M, et al. GS-0976 (Firsocostat): an investigational liver-directed acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitor for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2019:1–7.
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang H, Wang L, Cheng Y, et al. Efficacy of orlistat in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomed Rep. 2018;9:90–6.PubMedPubMedCentral Wang H, Wang L, Cheng Y, et al. Efficacy of orlistat in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomed Rep. 2018;9:90–6.PubMedPubMedCentral
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Koopman N, Molinaro A, Nieuwdorp M, Holleboom AG. Review article: can bugs be drugs? The potential of probiotics and prebiotics as treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;50:628–39.PubMed Koopman N, Molinaro A, Nieuwdorp M, Holleboom AG. Review article: can bugs be drugs? The potential of probiotics and prebiotics as treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;50:628–39.PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Gangarapu V, Ince AT, Baysal B, et al. Efficacy of rifaximin on circulating endotoxins and cytokines in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;27:840–5.PubMed Gangarapu V, Ince AT, Baysal B, et al. Efficacy of rifaximin on circulating endotoxins and cytokines in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;27:840–5.PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Vrieze A, Van Nood E, Holleman F, et al. Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2012;143:913–6.e7. Vrieze A, Van Nood E, Holleman F, et al. Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2012;143:913–6.e7.
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Daubioul CA, Horsmans Y, Lambert P, et al. Effects of oligofructose on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59:723–6.PubMed Daubioul CA, Horsmans Y, Lambert P, et al. Effects of oligofructose on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59:723–6.PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu L, Li P, Liu Y, Zhang Y. Efficacy of probiotics and synbiotics in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2019;64:3402–12.PubMed Liu L, Li P, Liu Y, Zhang Y. Efficacy of probiotics and synbiotics in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2019;64:3402–12.PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Duseja A, Acharya SK, Mehta M, et al. High potency multistrain probiotic improves liver histology in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a randomised, double-blind, proof of concept study. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2019;6:e000315.PubMedPubMedCentral Duseja A, Acharya SK, Mehta M, et al. High potency multistrain probiotic improves liver histology in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a randomised, double-blind, proof of concept study. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2019;6:e000315.PubMedPubMedCentral
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Eslamparast T, Poustchi H, Zamani F, et al. Synbiotic supplementation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99:535–42.PubMed Eslamparast T, Poustchi H, Zamani F, et al. Synbiotic supplementation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99:535–42.PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu R, Liu Q, He Y, et al. Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and nonalcoholic fatty liver: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98:e17781. Liu R, Liu Q, He Y, et al. Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and nonalcoholic fatty liver: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98:e17781.
64.
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Scheen AJ. Beneficial effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on fatty liver in type 2 diabetes: a common comorbidity associated with severe complications. Diabetes Metab. 2019;45:213–23.PubMed Scheen AJ. Beneficial effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on fatty liver in type 2 diabetes: a common comorbidity associated with severe complications. Diabetes Metab. 2019;45:213–23.PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat van Baar ACG, Holleman F, Crenier L, et al. Endoscopic duodenal mucosal resurfacing for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: one year results from the first international, open-label, prospective, multicentre study. Gut. 2019;gutjnl-2019-318349. van Baar ACG, Holleman F, Crenier L, et al. Endoscopic duodenal mucosal resurfacing for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: one year results from the first international, open-label, prospective, multicentre study. Gut. 2019;gutjnl-2019-318349.
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Aithal G, Sakai N, Chouhan M, et al. PS-112-Endoscopic duodenal mucosal resurfacing improves hepatic fat fraction, glycemic and lipid profiles in type 2 diabetes. J Hepatol. 2019;70:e70–1. Aithal G, Sakai N, Chouhan M, et al. PS-112-Endoscopic duodenal mucosal resurfacing improves hepatic fat fraction, glycemic and lipid profiles in type 2 diabetes. J Hepatol. 2019;70:e70–1.
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee Y-M, Low HC, Lim LG, et al. Intragastric balloon significantly improves nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score in obese patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;76:756–60.PubMed Lee Y-M, Low HC, Lim LG, et al. Intragastric balloon significantly improves nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score in obese patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;76:756–60.PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Harrison SA, Rinella ME, Abdelmalek MF, et al. NGM282 for treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2018;391:1174–85.PubMed Harrison SA, Rinella ME, Abdelmalek MF, et al. NGM282 for treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2018;391:1174–85.PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2016;64:1388–402. European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2016;64:1388–402.
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Glass LM, Hunt CM, Fuchs M, Su GL. Comorbidities and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the chicken, the egg, or both? Fed Pract. 2019;36:64–71.PubMedPubMedCentral Glass LM, Hunt CM, Fuchs M, Su GL. Comorbidities and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the chicken, the egg, or both? Fed Pract. 2019;36:64–71.PubMedPubMedCentral
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Aron-Wisnewsky J, Clement K, Pépin J-L. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and obstructive sleep apnea. Metab Clin Exp. 2016;65:1124–35.PubMed Aron-Wisnewsky J, Clement K, Pépin J-L. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and obstructive sleep apnea. Metab Clin Exp. 2016;65:1124–35.PubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim D, Kim WR. Nonobese fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15:474–85.PubMed Kim D, Kim WR. Nonobese fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15:474–85.PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Jin Y-J, Kim KM, Hwang S, et al. Exercise and diet modification in non-obese non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: analysis of biopsies of living liver donors. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;27:1341–7.PubMed Jin Y-J, Kim KM, Hwang S, et al. Exercise and diet modification in non-obese non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: analysis of biopsies of living liver donors. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;27:1341–7.PubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Kwak M-S, Kim D, Chung GE, et al. Role of physical activity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in terms of visceral obesity and insulin resistance. Liver Int. 2015;35:944–52.PubMed Kwak M-S, Kim D, Chung GE, et al. Role of physical activity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in terms of visceral obesity and insulin resistance. Liver Int. 2015;35:944–52.PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Colombo M, Pelusi S. Towards precision medicine in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with PNPLA3 as a therapeutic target. Gastroenterology. 2019;157:1156–7.PubMed Colombo M, Pelusi S. Towards precision medicine in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with PNPLA3 as a therapeutic target. Gastroenterology. 2019;157:1156–7.PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Lindén D, Ahnmark A, Pingitore P, et al. Pnpla3 silencing with antisense oligonucleotides ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis in Pnpla3 I148M knock-in mice. Mol Metab. 2019;22:49–61.PubMedPubMedCentral Lindén D, Ahnmark A, Pingitore P, et al. Pnpla3 silencing with antisense oligonucleotides ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis in Pnpla3 I148M knock-in mice. Mol Metab. 2019;22:49–61.PubMedPubMedCentral
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Teilhet C, Morvan D, Joubert-Zakeyh J, et al. Specificities of human hepatocellular carcinoma developed on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in absence of cirrhosis revealed by tissue extracts 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Metabolites. 2017;7. pii: E49. Teilhet C, Morvan D, Joubert-Zakeyh J, et al. Specificities of human hepatocellular carcinoma developed on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in absence of cirrhosis revealed by tissue extracts 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Metabolites. 2017;7. pii: E49.
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Safadi R, Konikoff FM, Mahamid M, et al. The fatty acid-bile acid conjugate Aramchol reduces liver fat content in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:2085–2091.e1.PubMed Safadi R, Konikoff FM, Mahamid M, et al. The fatty acid-bile acid conjugate Aramchol reduces liver fat content in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:2085–2091.e1.PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease — Current perspectives
verfasst von
Anshuman Elhence
Shalimar
Publikationsdatum
09.03.2020
Verlag
Springer India
Erschienen in
Indian Journal of Gastroenterology / Ausgabe 1/2020
Print ISSN: 0254-8860
Elektronische ISSN: 0975-0711
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12664-020-01021-2

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2020

Indian Journal of Gastroenterology 1/2020 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Erhöhte Mortalität bei postpartalem Brustkrebs

07.05.2024 Mammakarzinom Nachrichten

Auch für Trägerinnen von BRCA-Varianten gilt: Erkranken sie fünf bis zehn Jahre nach der letzten Schwangerschaft an Brustkrebs, ist das Sterberisiko besonders hoch.

Hypertherme Chemotherapie bietet Chance auf Blasenerhalt

07.05.2024 Harnblasenkarzinom Nachrichten

Eine hypertherme intravesikale Chemotherapie mit Mitomycin kann für Patienten mit hochriskantem nicht muskelinvasivem Blasenkrebs eine Alternative zur radikalen Zystektomie darstellen. Kölner Urologen berichten über ihre Erfahrungen.

Ein Drittel der jungen Ärztinnen und Ärzte erwägt abzuwandern

07.05.2024 Medizinstudium Nachrichten

Extreme Arbeitsverdichtung und kaum Supervision: Dr. Andrea Martini, Sprecherin des Bündnisses Junge Ärztinnen und Ärzte (BJÄ) über den Frust des ärztlichen Nachwuchses und die Vorteile des Rucksack-Modells.

Vorhofflimmern bei Jüngeren gefährlicher als gedacht

06.05.2024 Vorhofflimmern Nachrichten

Immer mehr jüngere Menschen leiden unter Vorhofflimmern. Betroffene unter 65 Jahren haben viele Risikofaktoren und ein signifikant erhöhtes Sterberisiko verglichen mit Gleichaltrigen ohne die Erkrankung.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.