nach oben

International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries

Erschienen in:

01.09.2015 | Original Article

Trends in diabetes epidemiology in Indian population in spite of regional disparities: a systemic review

verfasst von: Saikat Sen, Raja Chakraborty, Biplab De, N. Devanna

Erschienen in: International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries | Ausgabe 3/2015

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus has emerged as a serious health problem and India has the distinction of having the second largest number of diabetics in world after China. We have performed a systemic review to evaluate the trends of prevalence, extent of diabetic problem in India based on available literatures over a period of 52 years (1960 to 2011). Pertinent literatures providing details of sample size, age group, along with prevalence of any of the three outcomes of interest, i.e. diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance were included. In this report, we have analysed the changes in prevalence of diabetes mellitus and prediabetes in India from 103 potential literatures. A secular trend regarding increase in diabetic prevalence was observed in India, though in rural areas it is slower than urban areas. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose was found high in different parts of India, suggesting the presence of a large pool of people with potential to develop diabetes. Change in lifestyle, food habit, physical inactivity and genetic variation may be responsible for such situation. Extent of lack of awareness and carelessness to undergo screening for diabetes was clearly demonstrated in the recent study. Though regional disparities, lack of well designed studies, differences in diagnostic protocol and lack of follow-up studies are the major limitations to understand the effect of diabetes mellitus throughout the equally. A multidisciplinary approach and situation based policy are needed to combat the pandemic.

King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes 1995–2005; prevalence, numerical estimates and projection. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1414–31.PubMedCrossRef

Ramachandran A, Ma RCW, Snehalatha C. Diabetes in Asia. Lancet. 2010;375:408–18.PubMedCrossRef

Mohan V, Sandeep S, Deepa R, Shah B, Varghese C. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes: Indian scenario. Indian J Med Res. 2007;125:217–30.PubMed

Unnikrishnan R, Mohan V. Everyday practice: diabetes mellitus. Natl Med J India. 2007;20:304–6.PubMed

Misra P, Upadhyay RP, Misra A, Anand K. A review of the epidemiology of diabetes in rural India. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;92:303–1.PubMedCrossRef

Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King G. Global prevalence of diabetes. Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1047–52.PubMedCrossRef

Sicree R, Shaw J, Zimmet P. Prevalence and projections. In: Gan D, editor. Diabetes Atlas. 3rd ed. Belgium: International Diabetes Federation; 2006. p. 16–104.

International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas. 6th ed. Belgium: International Diabetes Federation; 2013. (http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas). (Accessed 16 January 2014).

Gupta R, Misra A. Type 2 diabetes in India: regional disparities. Br J Diabet Vasc Dis. 2007;7:12–6.CrossRef

10.

Patel JC, Dhirawani MK, Nanavathi BH, et al. A sample survey to determine the incidence of diabetes in Bombay. J Indian Med Assoc. 1963;41:448–52.PubMed

11.

Ganguly MM, Prasad BG, Bagchi SC. A survey of diabetes mellitus in the area of the rural health training centre Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow. Indian J Med Res. 1964;52:398–410.PubMed

12.

Vaishnava H, Dixit NS, Solomon SK. A study in retrospect of hospitalized patients of diabetes mellitus in South India. J Assoc Physicians India. 1964;12:255–76.PubMed

13.

Berry JN, Malik K, Gupta HD. Prevalence of postprandial glycosuria in an urban community. J Assoc Physicians India. 1966;14:519–24.PubMed

14.

Ahuja MMS, Varma VM, Shankar U. A pilot study to determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Delhi. J Indian Med Assoc. 1966;46:415–8.PubMed

15.

Gour KN. Epidemiological study of diabetes in the town of Varanasi. In: Patel JC, Talwalker NG, editors. Diabetes in the tropics. Bombay: Diabetic Association of India; 1966. p. 76–9.

16.

Rao PS, Naik BK, Saboo RV, Ramachandran A, Dandelia PR, Parley K. Incidence of diabetes in Hyderabad. In: Patel JC, Talwalker NG, editors. Diabetes in the tropics. Bombay: Diabetic Association of India; 1966. p. 68–75.

17.

Datta SP, Verma NPS, Gopalakrishnan R, Ghosh BN. Survey of diabetes mellitus in Pondicherry. In: Patel JC, Talwalker NG, editors. Diabetes in the tropics. Bombay: Diabetic Association of India; 1966. p. 33.

18.

The KEM Hospital Group. Incidence of diabetes. In: Patel JC, Talwalker NG, editors. Diabetes in the tropics. Bombay: Diabetic Association of India; 1966. p. 1–7.

19.

Sainani GS, Bhimani VR, Chabalani PV. In: Patel JC, Talwalker NG, editors. Diabetes in the tropics. Bombay: Diabetic Association of India; 1966. p. 44.

20.

Mirsa MP, Kohl SC, Srivatsava BN, DeMellow C. Incidence of diabetes in Jabalpur city and adjoining rural areas. In: Patel JC, Talwalker NG, editors. Diabetes in the tropics. Bombay: Diabetic Association of India; 1966. p. 55.

21.

Vishwanathan M, Moses SGP, Krishnamoorty M. Prevalence of diabetes in Madras. In: Patel JC, Talwalker NG, editors. Diabetes in the tropics. Bombay: Diabetic Association of India; 1966. p. 29–32.

22.

Patel JC, Talwalker NG, editors. Diabetes in the tropics. Bombay: Diabetic Association of India; 1966. p. 48.

23.

Pai KN, Roy VEM, Jhon KI. Incidence and pattern of diabetes in Trivandrum. In: Patel JC, Talwalker NG, editors. Diabetes in the tropics. Bombay: Diabetic Association of India; 1966. p. 40.

24.

Tripathy BB, Panda NC, Tej SC, Sahoo GN, Kar BK. Survey for detection of glycosuria, hyperglycaemia and diabetes mellitus in urban and rural areas of Cuttack district. J Assoc Physicians India. 1971;19:681–92.PubMed

25.

Vigg BL, Hrishikesh P, Sahay BK. Survey of diabetes in rural area. Madhumeh. 1972;12:171–4.

26.

Rao KSJ, Mukherjee NR, Rao KV. A survey of diabetes mellitus in rural population of India. Diabetes. 1972;21:1192–6.PubMedCrossRef

27.

Ahuja MMS, Sivaji L, Garg VK, Mitroo P. Prevalence of diabetes in Northen India (Delhi area). Horn Metab Res. 1972;4:321–44.CrossRef

28.

Parameswara A. A diabetes survey. Antiseptic. 1972;70:435–50.

29.

Mukherjee AB, Sen S, Dey P. Epidemiological survey of diabetes mellitus in a mixed population of Calcutta. J Indian Med Assoc. 1973;61:17–22.

30.

Datta SN, Prasad BG, Jain PC. An epidemiological study of diabetes mellitus in defence population in Lucknow Cantonment. J Indian Med Assoc. 1973;61:23–7.PubMed

31.

Varma RN, Boparai MS. Prevalence of asymptomatic diabetes mellitus in army personnel. Indian J Med Res. 1974;62:1104–17.PubMed

32.

Chhetri MK, Raychaudhari B, Bhattacharya B. Epidemiological study of diabetes mellitus in West Bengal. J Diabetic Assoc India. 1975;15:97–104.

33.

Gupta OP, Joshi MH, Dave SK. Prevalence of diabetes in India. In: Miller M, Bennett PH, editors. Advances in metabolic disorders, vol. 9. New York: Academic; 1978. p. 147–65.

34.

Ahuja MMS. Epidemiological studies on diabetes mellitus in India. In: Ahuja MMS, editor. Epidemiology of diabetes in developing countries. New Delhi: Interprint; 1979. p. 29–38.

35.

Govindaraj V, Das AK, Chandrasekar S. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a rural population of Pondicherry. J Diabetic Assoc India. 1984;24:20.

36.

Murthy PD, Pullaiah B, Rao KV. Survey for detection of hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus in Tenali. In: Bajaj JS, editor. Diabetes mellitus in developing countries. New Delhi: Interprint; 1984. p. 55.

37.

Patel JC. Prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in a rural village. J Diabetic Assoc India. 1986;26:68–76.

38.

Varma NPS, Mehta SP, Madhu SV, Mather HM, Keen H. Prevalence of known diabetes mellitus in an urban Indian environment: the Darya Ganji diabetes survey. Br Med J. 1986;293:423–4.CrossRef

39.

Iyer SR, Chauhan RB, Khandwala RM, Shah PC. Diabetes mellitus in and around Bardoli. J Diabetic Assoc India. 1987;27:11–4.

40.

Ramachandran A, Jali MV, Mohan V, Snehalatha C, Viswanathan M. High prevalence of diabetes in an urban population in South India. Br Med J. 1988;297:587–90.CrossRef

41.

Mahra M, Bhatnagar AK, Rao YN, Garg S. A study on the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among family member of known diabetes. Indian J Community Med. 1990;15:87–90.

42.

Ahuja MMS. Recent contributions to the epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in India. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 1991;11:5–9.

43.

Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Dharmaraj D, Viswanathan M. Prevalence of glucose intolerance in Asian Indians. Urban–rural difference and significance of upper body adiposity. Diabetes Care. 1992;15:1348–55.PubMedCrossRef

44.

Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Latha E, Vijay V, Viswanathan M. Rising prevalence of NIDDM in urban population of India. Diabetologia. 1997;40:232–7.PubMedCrossRef

45.

Shah SK, Saikia M, Barman NN, Snehalatha C, Ramachandran A. High prevalence of type 2 diabetes in urban population in north-eastern India. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 1998;18:97–101.

46.

Singh RB, Bajaj S, Niaz MA, Rastogi SS, Moshiri M. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of hypertension and coronary artery disease in rural and urban population with low rates of obesity. Int J Cardiol. 1998;66:65–72.PubMedCrossRef

47.

Bai PV, Krishnaswami CV, Chellamariappan M. Prevalence and incidence of type-2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in a selected Indian urban population. J Assoc Physicians India. 1999;47:1060–4.PubMed

48.

Kutty VR, Joseph A, Soman CR. High prevalence of type 2 diabetes in an urban settlement in Kerala, India. Ethn Health. 1999;4:231–9.CrossRef

49.

Joseph A, Kutty VR, Soman CR. High risk for coronary heart disease in Thiruvananthapuram city: a study of serum lipids and other risk factors. Indian Heart J. 2000;52:29–35.PubMed

50.

Kutty VR, Soman CR, Joseph A, Pisharody R, Vijayakumar K. Type 2 diabetes in southern Kerala: variation in prevalence among geographic divisions within a region. Natl Med J India. 2000;13:287–92.PubMed

51.

Zargar AH, Khan AK, Masoodi SR, Laway BA, Wani AI, Bashir MI, et al. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in the Kashmir Valley of the Indian subcontinent. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2000;47:135–46.PubMedCrossRef

52.

Asha Bai PV, Murthy BN, Chellamariappan M, Gupte MD, Krishnaswami CV. Prevalence of known diabetes in Chennai City. J Assoc Physicians India. 2001;49:974–81.PubMed

53.

Iyer SR, Iyer RR, Upasani SV, et al. Diabetes mellitus in Dombivli—an urban population study. J Assoc Physicians India. 2001;49:713–6.PubMed

54.

Misra A, Pandey RM, Devi JR, Baitule MN. High prevalence of diabetes, obesity and dyslipidaemia in urban slum population in northern India. Int J Obes. 2001;25:1722–9.CrossRef

55.

Mohan V, Shanthirani S, Deepa R, Premalatha G, Sastry NG, Saroja R. Intra-urban differences in the prevalance of the metabolic syndrome in southern India—the Chennai urban population study (CUPS No. 4). Diabetes Med. 2001;18:280–7.CrossRef

56.

Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Kapur A, Vijay V, Mohan V, Das AK, et al. High prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in India: National urban diabetes survey. Diabetologia. 2001;44:1094–101.PubMedCrossRef

57.

Gupta A, Gupta R, Sarna M, Rastogi S, Gupta VP, Kothari K. Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and insulin resistance syndrome in an urban Indian population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2003;61:69–76.PubMedCrossRef

58.

Mohan V, Shanthirani CS, Deepa R. Glucose intolerance (diabetes and IGT) in a selected South Indian population with special reference to family history, obesity and lifestyle factors—the Chennai Urban Population Study. J Assoc Physicians India. 2003;51:771–7.PubMed

59.

Gupta R, Sarna M, Thanvi J, Rastogi P, Kaul V, Gupta VP. High prevalence of multiple coronary risk factors in Punjabi Bhatia community: Jaipur heart watch-3. Indian Heart J. 2004;56:646–52.PubMed

60.

Sadikot SM, Nigam A, Das S, et al. The burden of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in India using the ADA1997 criteria: prevalence of diabetes in India study (PODIS). Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2004;66:293–300.PubMedCrossRef

61.

Sadikot SM, Nigam A, Das S, Bajaj S, Zargar AH, Prasannakumar KM, et al. The burden of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in India using the WHO 1999 criteria: prevalence of diabetes in India study (PODIS). Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2004;66:301–7.PubMedCrossRef

62.

Das S, Maji D, Majumder PP. Prevalence of diabetes in various habitats of West Bengal, India. J Indian Med Assoc. 2005;103:580–4.PubMed

63.

Kothari B, Khinchi A, Pareek A. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus amongst the Bhargavas in India. J Hum Ecol. 2005;17:137–41.

64.

Mohan V, Deepa R, Deepa M, Somannavar S, Datta M. A simplified Indian Diabetes Risk Score for screening for undiagnosed diabetic subjects. J Assoc Physicians India. 2005;53:759–63.PubMed

65.

Prabhakaran D, Shah P, Chaturvedi V, Ramakrishnan L, Manhapra A, Reddy KS. Cardiovascular risk factor prevalence among men in a large industry of northern India. Natl Med J India. 2005;18:59–66.PubMed

66.

Reddy SS, Prabhu GR. Prevalence and risk factors in adults in an urban slum, Tirupati, A.P. Indian J Community Med. 2005;30:84–6.CrossRef

67.

Jali MV, Kambar S. Prevalence of diabetes amongst the family members of known diabetics. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2006;26:81–5.CrossRef

68.

Menon VU, Kumar KV, Gilchrist A, Sugathan TN, Sundaram KR, Nair V, et al. Prevalence of known and undetected diabetes and associated risk factors in central Kerala—ADEPS. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2006;74:289–94.PubMedCrossRef

69.

Mohan V, Deepa M, Deepa R, Shanthirani CS, Farooq S, Ganesan A, et al. Secular trends in the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in urban South India—the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES-17). Diabetologia. 2006;49:1175–8.PubMedCrossRef

70.

Reddy KS, Prabhakaran D, Chaturvedi V, et al. Methods for establishing a surveillance system for cardiovascular diseases in Indian industrial population. Bull World Health Organ. 2006;84:461–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

71.

Gupta R, Kaul V, Bhagat N, Jeemon P, Thankappan KR, Ramakrishnan L, et al. Trends in prevalence of coronary risk factors in an urban Indian population: Jaipur Heart Watch-4. Indian Heart J. 2007;59:346–53.PubMed

72.

Raghupathy P, Antonisamy B, Fall CH, Geethanjali FS, Leary SD, Saperia J, et al. High prevalence of glucose intolerance even among young adults in south India. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;77:269–79.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

73.

Wasir JS, Misra A, Vikram NK, Pandey RM, Luthra K. C-reactive protein, obesity, and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women in urban slums of North India. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2007;1:83–9.CrossRef

74.

Ajay VS, Prabhakaran D, Jeemon P, Thankappan KR, Mohan V, Ramakrishnan L, et al. Prevalence and determinants of diabetes mellitus in the Indian industrial population. Diabetes Med. 2008;25:1187–94.CrossRef

75.

Boddula R, Yadav S, Bhatia V, et al. High prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in affluent urban Indians. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;81:e4–7.PubMedCrossRef

76.

Kumar S, Mukherjee S, Mukhopadhyay P, Pandit K, Raychaudhuri M, Sengupta N, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in a selected population with special reference to influence of family history and anthropometric measurements—the Kolkata policeman study. J Assoc Physicians India. 2008;56:841–4.PubMed

77.

Mohan V, Deepa M, Farooq S, Prabhakaran D, Reddy KS. Surveillance for risk factors of cardiovascular disease among an industrial population in southern India. Natl Med J India. 2008;21:8–13.PubMed

78.

Mohan V, Mathur P, Deepa R, Deepa M, Shukla DK, Menon GR, et al. Urban rural differences in prevalence of self reported diabetes in India—the WHO-ICMR Indian NCD risk factor surveillance. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;80:159–68.PubMedCrossRef

79.

Mohan V, Deepa M, Anjana RM, Lanthorn H, Deepa R. Incidence of diabetes and pre-diabetes in a selected urban south Indian population (Cups-19). J Assoc Physicians India. 2008;56:152–7.PubMed

80.

Nongkynrih B, Acharya A, Ramakrishnan L, Ritvik, Anand K, Shah B. Profile of biochemical risk factors for non communicable diseases in urban, rural and periurban Haryana, India. J Assoc Physicians India. 2008;56:165–70.PubMed

81.

Ramachandran A, Mary S, Yamuna A, Murugesan N, Snehalatha C. High prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors associated with urbanization in India. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:893–8.PubMedCrossRef

82.

Zargar AH, Wani AA, Laway BA, Masoodi SR, Wani AI, Bashir MI, et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and other abnormalities of glucose tolerance in young adults aged 20–40 years in North India (Kashmir Valley). Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;81:276–81.CrossRef

83.

Gupta SK, Singh Z, Purty AJ, Vishwanathan M. Diabetes prevalence and its risk factor in urban Pondicherry. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2009;29:166–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

84.

Purty AJ, Vedapriya DR, Bazroy J, Gupta S, Cherian J, Vishwanathan M. Prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in an urban area of Puducherry, India: time for preventive action. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2009;29:6–11.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

85.

Bharati DR, Pal R, Rekha R, Yamuna TV. Evaluation of the burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus in population of Puducherry, South India. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2011;5:12–6.PubMedCrossRef

86.

Nayak HK, Vyas S, Solanki A, Tiwari H. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes in urban population of Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Indian J Med Spec. 2011;2:101–5.

87.

Ravikumar P, Bhansali A, Ravikiran M, Bhansali S, Walia R, Shanmugasundar G, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of diabetes in a community-based study in North India: the Chandigarh Urban Diabetes Study (CUDS). Diabetes Metab. 2011;37:216–21.PubMedCrossRef

88.

Anjana RM, Pradeepa P, Deepa M, Datta M, Sudha V, Unnikrishnan R, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) in urban and rural India: phase I results of the Indian Council of Medical Research–INdia DIABetes (ICMR–INDIAB) study. Diabetologia. 2011;54:3022–7.PubMedCrossRef

89.

Tiwari AK, Bissaraya BN. An epidemiologic survey of diabetes mellitus in and around Rewa. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1988;5 suppl 1:S634.

90.

Rao PV, Usabala P, Seshaiah V, Ahuja MMS, Mather HM. The Eluru survey: prevalence of known diabetes in a rural Indian population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1989;7:29–31.PubMedCrossRef

91.

Patandin S, Bots ML, Abel R, Valkenburg HA. Impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus in a rural population in south India. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1994;24:47–53.PubMedCrossRef

92.

Wander GS, Khurana SB, Gulati R, Sachar RK, Gupta RK, Khurana S, et al. Epidemiology of coronary heart disease and risk factors in a rural Punjab population: prevalence and correlation with various risk factors. Indian Heart J. 1994;46:319–23.PubMed

93.

Kodali VRR, Alberti KGMM. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension in rural-rural migrants in South India. Ecol Food Nutr. 1995;33:149–61.CrossRef

94.

Singh TP, Singh AD, Singh TB. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Manipur. In: Shah SK, editor. Diabetes update. Guwahati: North Eastern Diabetes Society; 2001. p. 13–9.

95.

Agrawal RP, Singh G, Nayak KC, Kochar DK, Beniwall R, Rostogi P, et al. Prevalence of diabetes in camel milk consuming ‘RAICA’ rural community of north-west Rajasthan. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2004;24:109–14.

96.

Nirmalan PK, Katz J, Robin AL, Tielsch JM, Namperumalsamy P, Kim R, et al. Prevalence of vitreoretinal disorders in a rural population of southern India. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122:581–6.PubMedCrossRef

97.

Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Baskar AD, Mary S, Kumar CK, Selvam S, et al. Temporal changes in prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance associated with lifestyle transition occurring in the rural population in India. Diabetologia. 2004;47:860–5.PubMedCrossRef

98.

Basavanagowdappa H, Prabhakar AK, Prasannaraj P, Gurudev KC, Virupaksha S. Study of prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose in a rural population. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2005;25:98–101.CrossRef

99.

Chow CK, Raju PK, Raju R, Reddy KS, Cardona M, Celermajer DS, et al. The prevalence and management of diabetes in rural India. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1717–8.PubMedCrossRef

100.

Deo SS, Zantye A, Mokal R, Mithbawkar S, Rane S, Thakur K. To identify the risk factors for high prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in Indian rural population. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2006;26:19–23.CrossRef

101.

Agrawal RP, Budania S, Sharma P, Gupta R, Kochar DK, Panwar RB, et al. Zero prevalence of diabetes in camel milk consuming Raica community of north-west Rajasthan, India. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;76:290–6.PubMedCrossRef

102.

Kokiwar PR, Gupta S, Durge PM. Prevalence of diabetes in a rural area of central India. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2007;27:8–10.CrossRef

103.

Prabhakaran D, Chaturvedi V, Shah P, Manhapra A, Jeemon P, Shah B, et al. Difference in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in urban and rural India; a problem of urbanisation. Chron Illn. 2007;3:8–19.CrossRef

104.

Balagopal P, Kamalamma N, Patel TG, Misra R. A community based diabetes prevention and management education program in a rural village in India. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:1097–104.PubMedCrossRef

105.

Khatib NM, Quazi ZS, Gaidhane AM, Waghmare TS, Goyal RC. Risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus in rural Wardha: a community based study. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2008;28:79–82.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

106.

Todkar SS, Gujarathi VV, Tapare VS. Period of prevalence and sociodemographic factors of hypertension in rural Maharashtra: a cross sectional study. Indian J Community Med. 2009;34:183–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

107.

Vijayakumar G, Arun R, Kutty VR. High prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and other metabolic disorders in rural central Kerala. J Assoc Physicians India. 2009;57:563–7.PubMed

108.

Gupta SK, Singh Z, Purty AJ, Kar M, Vedapriya DR, Mahajan P, et al. Diabetes prevalence and its risk factors in rural area of Tamilnadu. Indian J Community Med. 2010;3:396–9.CrossRef

109.

Jonas JB, Panda-Jonas S, Nangia V, Joshi PP, Matin A. Diabetes mellitus in rural India. Epidemiology. 2010;21:754–5.PubMedCrossRef

110.

Rao CR, Kamath VG, Shetty A, Kamath A. A study on the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in costal Karnataka. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2010;30:80–5.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

111.

Ahmad J, Masoodi MA, Ashraf M, Rashid R, Ahmed R, Ahmed A, et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its associated risk factors in age group of 20 years and above in Kashmir, India. Al Ameen J Med Sci. 2011;4:38–44.

112.

Vaz NC, Ferreira AM, Kulkarni MS, Vaz FS, Pinto NR. Prevalence of diabetic complications in rural Goa, India. Indian J Community Med. 2011;36:283–6.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

113.

Unwin N, Shaw J, Zimmet P, Alberti KG. Impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glycaemia: the current status on definition and intervention. Diabet Med. 2002;19:708–23.PubMedCrossRef

114.

Nathan MD, Henry RR, Davidson MB, DeFronzo RA, Heine RJ, Henry RR, et al. Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:753–9.PubMedCrossRef

115.

Hu FB. Globalization of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:1249–57.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

116.

Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Viswanathan V. Burden of type 2 diabetes and its complications—the Indian scenario. Curr Sci. 2002;83:1471–6.

117.

Kapur A. Economic analysis of diabetes care. Indian J Med Res. 2007;125:473–82.PubMed

118.

Ramachandran A, Ramachandran S, Snehalatha C, Augustine C, Murugesan N, Visanathan V, et al. Increasing expenditure on health care incurred by diabetic subjects in a developing country. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:252–6.PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Trends in diabetes epidemiology in Indian population in spite of regional disparities: a systemic review
verfasst von: Saikat Sen
Raja Chakraborty
Biplab De
N. Devanna
Publikationsdatum: 01.09.2015
Verlag: Springer India
Erschienen in: International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries / Ausgabe 3/2015
Print ISSN: 0973-3930
Elektronische ISSN: 1998-3832
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-014-0269-9

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2015

In vivo and in vitro antidiabetic effects of citrus flavonoids; a study on the mechanism of action

Assessment of depression among type 2 diabetic patients with complications and without complications

Development and validation of a simple risk score for prevalent undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in Southern Chinese population

Blood glucose not hemoglobin influenced glycosylated hemoglobin in type 2 diabetes patients on plateau of China

Relation between mental health-related variables and glycemic control in Malaysian women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)

Secretion of adiponectin from human subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue: effects of ramipril and TNFα