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Erschienen in: Die Diabetologie 2/2024

27.02.2024 | Typ-2-Diabetes | Leitthema

Ursachen, Klinik und Folgen der Insulinresistenz bei Typ-2-Diabetes

verfasst von: Georgia Xourafa, MD, Prof. Dr. med. univ. Michael Roden, MD

Erschienen in: Die Diabetologie | Ausgabe 2/2024

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Zusammenfassung

Insulinresistenz beschreibt die verminderte Wirkung von Insulin an seinen Zielorganen und ist einerseits ein physiologisches Phänomen wie bei Dehydratation oder Fieber, andererseits ein zentrales Merkmal häufiger Stoffwechselkrankheiten wie Adipositas und Typ-2-Diabetes. Sie entsteht v. a. durch hyperkalorische Ernährung und Bewegungsmangel auf Basis eines polygenen Risikos. Konzeptionell führt die Funktionsstörung des expandierenden Fettgewebes zur Freisetzung von Lipiden und Zytokinen. Dies bewirkt in anderen Geweben Lipotoxizität, Störung der mitochondrialen Funktionalität, oxidativen Stress und endoplasmatischen Retikulum-Stress sowie subklinische Inflammation. In der Folge definiert die komplexe Kommunikation zwischen vielen Geweben durch Hormone und Organokine das Spektrum klinischer Merkmale und die Entstehung von Folgekrankheiten des Typ-2-Diabetes. So fördert die Insulinresistenz über ektope Lipidspeicherung, Inflammation und Fibrose die Progression von steatotischen Lebererkrankungen (SLD [„steatotic liver disease“]), Nieren- sowie Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen. Laut aktueller Forschungsergebnisse sind insulinresistente Endotypen des Diabetes mit einem besonders hohen Risiko für bestimmte Folgeerkrankungen assoziiert. Das Vorliegen des sog. metabolischen Syndroms spricht für das Vorhandensein einer Insulinresistenz, die klinisch mittels des HOMA-IR-Index (HOMA-IR: HOMA [„homeostasis model assessment“] für Insulinresistenz) einfach bestimmt werden kann. Die Prävention bzw. Therapie der Insulinresistenz basiert auf Gewichtsreduktion mittels hypokalorischer Ernährung oder Pharmakotherapie bei Übergewicht, die sogar zur Diabetesremission führen kann. Insulinsensitizer verbessern die Insulinresistenz zwar direkt, sind aber aufgrund von Nebenwirkungen bei Typ-2-Diabetes nur eingeschränkt einsetzbar.
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Metadaten
Titel
Ursachen, Klinik und Folgen der Insulinresistenz bei Typ-2-Diabetes
verfasst von
Georgia Xourafa, MD
Prof. Dr. med. univ. Michael Roden, MD
Publikationsdatum
27.02.2024
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Die Diabetologie / Ausgabe 2/2024
Print ISSN: 2731-7447
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7455
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11428-024-01155-3

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