Background
Methods
Study design
Sample size
Survey design and data collection
Survey validation and pilot test
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics | Total (n = 1,930; 100%) | Vaccinated (n = 1,802; 93.4%) | Unvaccinated (n = 128; 6.6%) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD), years | 40 (17) | 40 (17) | 42 (16) | 0.118* |
Gender, n (%) | 0.037† | |||
Female | 1,298 (67.3) | 1,223 (67.9) | 75 (58.6) | |
Male | 627 (32.5) | 575 (31.9) | 52 (40.6) | |
Non-binary | 5 (0.3) | 4 (0.2) | 1 (0.8) | |
Marital status, n (%) | 0.074† | |||
Single | 1,013 (52.5) | 957 (53.1) | 56 (43.8) | |
Married | 519 (26.9) | 482 (26.7) | 37 (28.9) | |
Cohabiting (common-law) | 210 (10.9) | 189 (10.5) | 21 (16.4) | |
Divorced | 129 (6.7) | 117 (6.5) | 12 (9.4) | |
Widowed | 59 (3.1) | 57 (3.2) | 2 (1.6) | |
Education level, n (%) | 0.005‡§ | |||
Primary school | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0) | |
High school | 388 (20.1) | 363 (20.1) | 25 (19.5) | |
Associate degree | 178 (9.2) | 154 (8.5) | 24 (18.8) | |
University | 1,362 (70.6) | 1,283 (71.2) | 79 (61.7) | |
Occupation, n (%) | < 0.001†|| | |||
Employee | 477 (24.7) | 444 (24.6) | 33 (25.8) | |
Healthcare worker | 470 (24.4) | 454 (25.2) | 16 (12.5) | |
Self-employed | 402 (20.8) | 357 (19.8) | 45 (35.2) | |
Student | 394 (20.4) | 374 (20.8) | 20 (15.6) | |
Retired | 142 (7.4) | 131 (7.3) | 11 (8.6) | |
Unemployed | 45 (2.3) | 42 (2.3) | 3 (2.3) | |
Monthly income, n (%) | 0.524† | |||
≤$100 | 563 (29.2) | 521 (28.9) | 42 (32.8) | |
$101–200 | 427 (22.1) | 396 (22) | 31 (24.2) | |
$201–300 | 253 (13.1) | 236 (13.1) | 17 (13.3) | |
>$300 | 687 (35.6) | 649 (36) | 38 (29.7) | |
Information sources about the COVID-19 vaccine, yes (%) | ||||
Internet (Google information search) | 1,127 (58.4) | 1042 (57.8) | 85 (66.4) | 0.057† |
Advice from healthcare workers | 1,037 (53.7) | 989 (54.9) | 48 (37.5) | < 0.001† |
Journals and/or scientific articles | 819 (42.4) | 770 (42.7) | 49 (38.3) | 0.325† |
Instagram | 611 (31.7) | 569 (31.6) | 42 (32.8) | 0.771† |
Television | 527 (27.3) | 490 (27.2) | 37 (28.9) | 0.674† |
Twitter | 415 (21.5) | 386 (21.4) | 29 (22.7) | 0.742† |
Educational lectures | 393 (20.4) | 369 (20.5) | 24 (18.8) | 0.639† |
Advice from family, friends and/or neighbors | 391 (20.3) | 355 (19.7) | 36 (28.1) | 0.022† |
YouTube | 274 (14.2) | 242 (13.4) | 32 (25) | < 0.001† |
Radio | 205 (10.6) | 185 (10.3) | 20 (15.6) | 0.057† |
Newspapers | 149 (7.7) | 130 (7.2) | 19 (14.8) | 0.002† |
Facebook | 144 (7.5) | 130 (7.2) | 14 (10.9) | 0.121† |
TikTok | 81 (4.2) | 72 (4) | 9 (7) | 0.098† |
Other | 36 (1.9) | 30 (1.7) | 6 (4.7) | 0.015† |
Information sources on COVID-19 vaccine
Knowledge about the COVID-19 vaccine
Knowledge | Total (n = 1,930; 100%) | Vaccinated (n = 1,802; 93.4%) | Unvaccinated (n = 128; 6.6%) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge, mean (SD), points | 7.5 (2.5) | 7.79 (2.33) | 3.94 (1.95) | < 0.001* |
Knowledge, n (%) | ||||
Low (≤ 7 points) | 830 (43.0) | 709 (39.3) | 121 (94.5) | < 0.001† |
Moderate (8–9 points) | 65 (33.7) | 643 (35.7) | 7 (5.5) | < 0.001† |
High (≥ 10 points) | 450 (23.3) | 450 (25) | 0 (0) | < 0.001† |
COVID-19 vaccine decreases the risk of developing severe COVID-19 and dying, correct (%) | 1,596 (82.7) | 1,570 (87.1) | 26 (20.3) | < 0.001† |
COVID-19 vaccine helps protect the community against the virus, correct (%) | 1,565 (81.1) | 1,542 (85.6) | 23 (18) | < 0.001† |
It is possible to become sick with COVID-19 because of vaccination, correct (%) | 675 (35) | 658 (36.5) | 17 (13.3) | < 0.001† |
The COVID-19 vaccine may cause minor side effects, such as fatigue, fever, and malaise, correct (%) | 1,745 (90.4) | 1,642 (91.1) | 103 (80.5) | < 0.001† |
Some COVID-19 vaccines are more effective than others, correct (%) | 1,024 (53.1) | 995 (55.2) | 29 (22.7) | < 0.001† |
Available COVID-19 vaccines are less effective against newer variants of the virus (e.g., Omicron), correct (%) | 672 (34.8) | 632 (35.1) | 40 (31.3) | 0.38† |
Vaccination against COVID-19 has more risks than benefits, correct (%) | 1,350 (69.9) | 1,339 (74.3) | 11 (8.6) | < 0.001† |
Booster doses of COVID-19 vaccine increase protection against the virus, correct (%) | 1,424 (73.8) | 1,407 (78.1) | 17 (13.3) | < 0.001† |
It is recommended that people with risk factors for developing severe COVID-19, such as hypertension and diabetes, be vaccinated against COVID-19, correct (%) | 1,550 (80.3) | 1,504 (83.5) | 46 (35.9) | < 0.001† |
Natural immunity (catching the virus) may be boosted with the COVID-19 vaccine, correct (%) | 1,157 (59.9) | 1,136 (63) | 21 (16.4) | < 0.001† |
Starting at six months of age, all persons may receive the COVID-19 vaccine, such as Pfizer or Moderna, correct (%) | 492 (25.5) | 477 (26.5) | 15 (11.7) | < 0.001† |
Pregnant women may be vaccinated against COVID-19, correct (%) | 1,071 (55.5) | 1,040 (57.7) | 31 (24.2) | < 0.001† |
Attitudes towards the COVID-19 vaccine
Practices related to the COVID-19 vaccine
Factors associated with KAP outcomes
Factors | β | P-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Low knowledge | |||
Marital status: Married | -1.294 | 0.011 | 0.274 (0.101–0.743) |
Marital status: Single | -1.188 | 0.025 | 0.305 (0.108–0.862) |
Education level: Associate degree | 1.151 | < 0.001 | 3.161 (1.71–5.845) |
Occupation: Student | -1.145 | < 0.001 | 0.318 (0.181–0.561) |
Occupation: Healthcare worker | -2.472 | < 0.001 | 0.084 (0.054–0.132) |
Religion: Atheist | -1.282 | 0.037 | 0.278 (0.083–0.927) |
State: Carabobo | 2.162 | 0.009 | 8.686 (1.699–44.406) |
State: Merida | 2.132 | 0.018 | 8.43 (1.446–49.133) |
State: Sucre | 2.121 | 0.043 | 8.337 (1.073–64.76) |
Monthly income: >$300 | -0.704 | < 0.001 | 0.495 (0.343–0.713) |
Moderate knowledge | |||
Marital status: Married | -1.042 | 0.04 | 0.353 (0.13–0.953) |
Education level: Associate degree | 0.765 | 0.017 | 2.149 (1.146–4.029) |
Occupation: Student | -0.592 | 0.036 | 0.553 (0.318–0.961) |
Occupation: Healthcare worker | -1.304 | < 0.001 | 0.271 (0.181–0.408) |
Negative attitudes | |||
Age | 0.019 | 0.043 | 1.019 (1.001–1.038) |
Not vaccinated | 6.761 | < 0.001 | 863.127 (116.765–6380.247) |
Occupation: Healthcare worker | -1.127 | < 0.001 | 0.324 (0.179–0.586) |
Pathological history: no chronic kidney disease | -3.194 | 0.002 | 0.041 (0.005–0.309) |
Pathological history: no asthma | -1.238 | 0.002 | 0.29 (0.135–0.624) |
Pathological history: None | -0.896 | 0.014 | 0.408 (0.199–0.836) |
State: Sucre | 2.485 | 0.036 | 12.003 (1.169–123.199) |
Monthly income: >$300 | -0.628 | 0.014 | 0.533 (0.323–0.881) |
Indifferent attitudes | |||
Age | -0.013 | 0.032 | 0.987 (0.976–0.999) |
Not vaccinated | 3.833 | < 0.001 | 46.221 (6.187–345.304) |
Education level: High school | -0.36 | 0.038 | 0.698 (0.497–0.98) |
Education level: Associate degree | -0.573 | 0.009 | 0.564 (0.367–0.867) |
Occupation: Healthcare worker | -0.891 | < 0.001 | 0.41 (0.291–0.579) |
Pathological history: no hypertension | -0.513 | 0.019 | 0.599 (0.39–0.919) |
Pathological history: no chronic kidney disease | -1.833 | 0.045 | 0.16 (0.027–0.963) |
Pathological history: no asthma | -0.584 | 0.018 | 0.557 (0.343–0.905) |
State: Lara | 1.674 | 0.028 | 5.336 (1.197–23.789) |
State: Merida | 1.873 | 0.022 | 6.508 (1.31–32.336) |
State: Sucre | 2.317 | 0.008 | 10.145 (1.838–56.01) |
Monthly income: >$300 | -0.634 | < 0.001 | 0.53 (0.394–0.714) |
Inappropriate practices | |||
Age | -0.031 | < 0.001 | 0.97 (0.957–0.983) |
Occupation: Healthcare worker | -2.362 | < 0.001 | 0.094 (0.062–0.143) |
State: La Guaira | 3.034 | 0.034 | 20.776 (1.251–345.101) |
Monthly income: >$300 | -0.426 | 0.016 | 0.653 (0.461–0.924) |
Indifferent practices | |||
Occupation: Retired | 0.602 | 0.039 | 1.826 (1.032–3.229) |
Occupation: Employee | 0.599 | 0.004 | 1.82 (1.207–2.743) |
Occupation: Healthcare worker | -0.989 | < 0.001 | 0.372 (0.249–0.555) |
Pathological history: no obesity | 0.576 | 0.027 | 1.779 (1.066–2.968) |
KAP associations
Factors | β | P-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Low knowledge | |||
Negative attitudes | 3.725 | < 0.001 | 41.475 (12.804–134.345) |
Indifferent attitudes | 1.565 | < 0.001 | 4.783 (3.438–6.654) |
Inappropriate practices | 2.166 | < 0.001 | 8.72 (5.95–12.781) |
Indifferent practices | 1.153 | < 0.001 | 3.168 (2.251–4.458) |
Moderate knowledge | |||
Indifferent attitudes | 0.679 | < 0.001 | 1.971 (1.426–2.724) |
Inappropriate practices | 1.069 | < 0.001 | 2.914 (2.044–4.155) |
Indifferent practices | 0.648 | < 0.001 | 1.912 (1.444–2.531) |
Negative attitudes | |||
Inappropriate practices | 4.279 | < 0.001 | 72.142 (22.406–232.273) |
Indifferent practices | 1.329 | 0.042 | 3.779 (1.049–13.608) |
Low knowledge | 3.725 | < 0.001 | 41.475 (12.804–134.345) |
Indifferent attitudes | |||
Inappropriate practices | 2.103 | < 0.001 | 8.191 (6.074–11.046) |
Indifferent practices | 0.706 | < 0.001 | 2.025 (1.489–2.754) |
Low knowledge | 1.565 | < 0.001 | 4.783 (3.438–6.654) |
Moderate knowledge | 0.679 | < 0.001 | 1.971 (1.426–2.724) |
Inappropriate practices | |||
Low knowledge | 2.166 | < 0.001 | 8.72 (5.95–12.781) |
Moderate knowledge | 1.069 | < 0.001 | 2.914 (2.044–4.155) |
Negative attitudes | 4.279 | < 0.001 | 72.142 (22.406–232.273) |
Indifferent attitudes | 2.103 | < 0.001 | 8.191 (6.074–11.046) |
Indifferent practices | |||
Low knowledge | 1.153 | < 0.001 | 3.168 (2.251–4.458) |
Moderate knowledge | 0.648 | < 0.001 | 1.912 (1.444–2.531) |
Negative attitudes | 1.329 | 0.042 | 3.779 (1.049–13.608) |
Indifferent attitudes | 0.706 | < 0.001 | 2.025 (1.489–2.754) |