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Erschienen in: Der Gynäkologe 11/2015

01.11.2015 | Leitthema

Vaginale Mikrobiota – ein Update

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. W. Mendling

Erschienen in: Die Gynäkologie | Ausgabe 11/2015

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund und Methoden

Das Verständnis der normalen und gestörten vaginalen Mikrobiota hat sich in den letzten Jahren stark gewandelt. Kulturelle Methoden sind nicht geeignet, um zwischen normal und abnormal zu unterscheiden. Nichtkulturelle moderne Bestimmungsmethoden lassen ein komplexes dynamisches System mit individuellen und genetisch beeinflussten Varianten unter Dominanz von Laktobazillen erkennen. Der aktuelle Wissensstand soll anhand der Literatur zusammenfassend dargestellt werden.

Ergebnisse

Das normale und das abnormale vaginale Mikrobiom sind komplexe Ökosysteme aus mehr als 200 Bakterienarten, die von Genen, ethnischen und äußeren Faktoren sowie vom Verhalten beeinflusst werden. Meist dominieren Laktobazillen, i.d.R. mehrere Arten pro Individuum, die gesunde Vagina. Zusammen mit antibakteriellen Substanzen, Zytokinen, Defensinen u. a., unterstützen sie ein Abwehrsystem gegen Dysbiose und Infektionen, ferner eine normale Schwangerschaft ohne Frühgeburt. Im Fall einer Dysbiose nimmt die Zahl von Lactobacillus (L.) iners zu. Bakterielle-Vaginose-assoziierte Bakterien (BVAB), ein oder 2 von 4 Gardnerella-vaginalis-Stämmen, Atopobium vaginae und Clostridiales führen in bestimmter Zusammensetzung und Menge zur bakteriellen Vaginose (BV) mit Bildung von polymikrobiellen Biofilmen an der Vaginalwand. Diese lösen sich unter der leitliniengerechten Antibiotikatherapie nicht auf und provozieren so die häufigen Rezidive. Die aerobe Vaginitis (AV) scheint eine immunologische Störung in der Vaginalwand mit Einfluss auf die Mikrobiota zu sein, die von Aerobiern wie Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli u. a. dominiert wird. Ihre Rolle bei der AV ist unklar. Die vaginale bzw. orale Zufuhr von Laktobazillen verbessert die Heilungsquoten bei BV/Dysbiose.

Fazit

Die normale vaginale Mikrobiota besteht aus einer grossen Zahl verschiedener Bakterien, die von verschiedenen Laktobazillusarten in einem ausbalancierten Gleichgewicht gehalten werden.
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Metadaten
Titel
Vaginale Mikrobiota – ein Update
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. W. Mendling
Publikationsdatum
01.11.2015
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Die Gynäkologie / Ausgabe 11/2015
Print ISSN: 2731-7102
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7110
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00129-015-3743-7

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