Background
Methods
Study design
Patient and public involvement statement
Participants
Headache diary
Anxiety and depressive symptoms
Trait and state anxiety levels
Burden of headache
Sleep quality
Pressure pain sensitivity
Statistical analysis
Results
Clinical data of the sample
Total sample (n = 168) | Taking medication (n = 136) | No taking medication (n = 32) | |
---|---|---|---|
Clinical Pain Features | |||
Gender (male/female) n (%) | 45 (27%) / 123 (73%) | 36 (27%) / 100 (73%) | 9 (31%) / 23 (72%) |
FETTH / CTTH n (%)a | 94 (56%) / 74 (44%) | 82 (60%) / 54 (40%) | 12 (38%) / 20 (62%) |
Age (years) | 46 (44, 48) | 45 (42, 48) | 48 (43, 53) |
Headache history (years) | 10.5 (8.9, 12.1) | 10.8 (8.8, 12.8) | 10.2 (7.1, 13.3) |
Headache intensity (0–10) | 6.1 (5.7, 6.5) | 6.0 (5.4, 6.6) | 6.6 (5.8, 7.4) |
Headache frequency (days/month) a | 16.7 (12.5, 20.9) | 16.2 (14.0, 18.4) | 19.3 (17.8, 20.8) |
Headache duration (hours per attack) | 7.3 (6.6, 8.0) | 7.2 (6.4, 8.0) | 7.6 (6.0, 9.2) |
Prophylactic medication n (%) | 40 (25%) | 16 (12%) | 24 (75%) |
Psychological and disability-related outcomes | |||
HADS-D (0–21) a | 8.4 (7.7, 9.1) | 7.5 (6.7, 8.3) | 9.5 (8.0, 11.0) |
HADS-A (0–21) | 10.7 (9.7, 11.7) | 10.7 (9.8, 11.6) | 10.6 (9.0, 12.2) |
HDI-P (0–48) | 23.0 (21.8, 24.2) | 22.5 (20.2, 24.8) | 23.2 (18,6, 27.8) |
HDI-E (0–52) | 19.7 (17.5, 21.9) | 18.0 (15.5, 20.5) | 22.2 (16.5, 27.9) |
STAI-T (0–60) | 23.9 (22.7, 25.1) | 23.8 (22.4, 25.2) | 24.2 (21.3, 27.3) |
STAI-S (0–60) | 21.8 (20.8, 22.8) | 21.6 (20.5, 22.7) | 22.2 (20.3, 24.1) |
PSQI (0–21) | 8.0 (7.2, 8.8.) | 8.2 (7.5, 8.9) | 7.8 (5.8, 9.8) |
Taking symptomatic or not taking symptomatic medication
Temporalis muscle | C5-C6 zygapophyseal joint | Second metacarpal | Tibialis anterior muscle | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Taking medication (n = 136) | ||||
Right side | 210.4 (193.5, 227.3) | 204.8 (185.0, 224.6) | 248.3 (231.0, 265.6) | 402.8 (368.1, 437.5) |
Left side | 191.9 (177.2, 206.6) | 197.5 (180.0, 215.0) | 240.0 (223.0, 257.0) | 394.1 (360.0, 428.2) |
No taking medication (n = 32) | ||||
Right side | 220.8 (192.8, 248.8) | 209.9 (179.8, 240.0) | 272.7 (237.0, 308.5) | 428.8 (367.2, 490.4) |
Left side | 199.7 (167.8, 231.6) | 195.5 (162.0, 229.0) | 260.3 (227.0, 293.6) | 434.8 (368.0, 501.6) |
Self-reported effectiveness of symptomatic treatment
No Relief (n = 16) | Moderate Relief (n = 81) | Total Relief (n = 39) | |
---|---|---|---|
Clinical Pain Features | |||
Gender (male/female) n (%) | 5 (31%) / 11 (69%) | 22 (27%) / 59 (73%) | 9 (23%) / 30 (77%) |
FETTH / CTTH n (%)a | 10 (62%) / 6 (38%) | 40 (49%) / 41 (51%) | 32 (82%) / 7 (18%) |
Age (years) | 44 (40, 48) | 47 (44, 52) | 46 (42, 50) |
Headache history (years) a | 13.5 (9.6, 17.4) | 9.8 (7.5, 12.1) | 4.2 (2.1, 6.3) |
Headache intensity (0–10) | 6.0 (5.5, 6.5) | 6.2 (5.8, 6.6) | 6.0 (5.5, 6.5) |
Headache frequency (days/) a | 18.2 (13.5, 22.9) | 19.0 (17.2, 20.8) | 11.8 (8.4, 15.2) |
Headache duration (hours per attack) a | 9.2 (7.2, 11.2) | 8.1 (7.1, 9.1) | 5.2 (4.0, 6.4) |
Psychological and disability-related outcomes | |||
HADS-D (0–21) | 8.9 (5.7, 12.1) | 8.4 (7.4, 9.4) | 7.7 (6.4, 9.0) |
HADS-A (0–21) | 9.8 (6.7, 12.9) | 9.9 (8.9, 10.9) | 11.0 (9.7, 12.3) |
HDI-P (0–48) | 24.0 (20.7, 27.3) | 24.1 (21.2, 27.0) | 21.1 (17.1, 25.1) |
HDI-E (0–52) a | 26.6 (20.4, 32.8) | 20.8 (17.8, 23.8) | 14.7 (10.7, 18.7) |
STAI-T (0–60) | 23.1 (19.9, 26.3) | 23.8 (22.3, 25.3) | 24.4 (22.0, 26.8) |
STAI-S (0–60) | 20.8 (16.8, 24.8) | 21.5 (20.4, 22.6) | 22.4 (20.7, 24.1) |
PSQI (0–21) | 7.0 (5.2, 8.8) | 8.8 (7.8, 9.8) | 7.3 (6.1, 8.5) |
Temporalis muscle | C5-C6 zygapophyseal joint | Second metacarpal | Tibialis anterior muscle | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No Relief (n = 16) | ||||
Right side | 220.6 (201.4, 239.8) | 221.9 (191.9, 251.9) | 288.0 (264.1, 311.9) | 415.7 (381.5, 449.9) |
Left side | 215.4 (194.4, 236.4) | 215.6 (182.1, 249.1) | 284.1 (254.4, 313.8) | 424.9 (395.4, 454.4) |
Moderate Relief (n = 81) | ||||
Right side | 215.7 (197.4, 234.0) | 208.9 (184.8, 233.0) | 253.6 (234.5, 272.7) | 416.5 (377.2, 455.8) |
Left side | 194.8 (177.8, 211.8) | 205.6 (183.8, 227.4) | 243.4 (224.4, 262.4) | 400.6 (364.4, 436.8) |
Total Relief (n = 39) | ||||
Right side | 217.1 (190.8, 243.4) | 198.2 (175.2, 221.3) | 238.9 (210.2, 267.6) | 417.8 (379.8, 455.8) |
Left side | 198.3 (179.4, 217.2) | 193.4 (171.9, 214.9) | 231.9 (210.2, 253.6) | 404.7 (367.6, 441.8) |
Taking ‘early symptomatic’ or ‘late symptomatic’ medication
Early medication (n = 58) | Late medication (n = 78) | |
---|---|---|
Clinical Pain Features | ||
Gender (male/female) n (%) | 16 (27%) / 42 (73%) | 20 (26%) / 58 (74%) |
FETTH / CTTH n (%) | 38 (65%) / 20 (35%) | 44 (56%) / 34 (46%) |
Age (years) | 45 (42, 48) | 45 (41, 49) |
Headache history (years) | 12.5 (9.0, 15.0) | 9.8 (7.4, 12.2) |
Headache intensity (0–10) | 6.0 (5.5, 6.5) | 6.0 (5.6, 6.4) |
Headache frequency (days/) | 14.9 (12.6, 17.2) | 17.0 (15.2, 18.8) |
Headache duration (hours per attack) | 7.4 (6.2, 8.6) | 7.1 (6.1, 8.1) |
Psychological and disability-related outcomes | ||
HADS-D (0–21) | 7.1 (6.0, 8.2) | 7.7 (7.0, 8.4) |
HADS-A (0–21) | 10.6 (9.2, 11.0) | 10.8 (10.0, 11.6) |
HDI-P (0–48) | 23.9 (20.0, 27.8) | 22.0 (19.7, 24.3) |
HDI-E (0–52) | 18.9 (15.3, 22.5) | 17.4 (14.6, 20.2) |
STAI-T (0–60) | 23.4 (21.3, 25.5) | 24.0 (22.3, 25.7) |
STAI-S (0–60) | 21.2 (19.8, 22.6) | 21.7 (20.3, 23.1) |
PSQI (0–21) | 7.7 (6.5, 8.9) | 8.5 (7.4, 9.6) |
Temporalis musclea | C5-C6 zygapophyseal joint | Second metacarpala | Tibialis anterior muscle a | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Early medication (n = 58) | ||||
Right side | 231.5 (201.4, 261.6) | 228.4 (192.3, 264.5) | 268.7 (237.5, 299.9) | 449.7 (385.5, 513.9) |
Left side | 202.4 (176.7, 228.1) | 219.9 (186.4, 253.4) | 257.6 (227.6, 287.6) | 441.7 (376.8, 506.6) |
Late medication (n = 78) | ||||
Right side | 194.5 (176.2, 212.8) | 185.4 (167.5, 203.3) | 232.8 (212.3, 253.3) | 358.2 (322.0, 394.4) |
Left side | 183.0 (167.0, 199.0) | 180.5 (162.8, 198.2) | 227.3 (207.3, 247.3) | 359.5 (324.3, 394.7) |