Introduction
Subjects and methods
Subjects
Physical function tests
Questionnaires
Vertebral fracture assessment
Statistical analyses
Results
Characteristics of the cohort
No VF | One VF | Two VFs | More than two VFs |
p values,t
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 750 |
N = 194 |
N = 56 |
N = 27 | ||
Age, years | 77.7 ± 1.6 | 77.8 ± 1.4 | 77.8 ± 1.4 | 77.9 ± 1.4 | 0.690 |
Height (cm) | 162.4 ± 5.9 | 161.4 ± 5.3§
| 161.6 ± 6.1 | 159.8 ± 4.9* |
0.014
|
Height at age 25 (cm) | 165.6 ± 5.6i
| 165.5 ± 4.9 | 165.2 ± 5.6 | 166.3 ± 4.8 | 0.872 |
Weight (kg) | 68.5 ± 11.8 | 67.8 ± 10.9 | 71.2 ± 14.5 | 66.3 ± 11.0 | 0.193 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.0 ± 4.3 | 26.0 ± 3.8 | 27.3 ± 5.1 | 25.9 ± 3.9 | 0.187 |
Physical activity (PASE) | 110.3 ± 53.7j
| 101.7 ± 45.1o
| 110.9 ± 53.4q
| 100.5 ± 69.3 | 0.181 |
Fall accident last year, % (n) | 29.7 (223) | 33.0 (64) | 39.3 (22) | 37.0 (10) | 0.366 |
Calcium intake (mg/day) | 695.5 ± 386.1k
| 707.2 ± 414.4 | 708.4 ± 389.3 | 897.9 ± 434.0 | 0.075 |
Self-reported fracture, % (n)a
| 34.7 (259)k
| 39.4 (76)o
| 60.7 (34) | 66.7 (18) |
< 0.001
|
Smoking, % (n)b
| 6.6 (50) | 6.2 (12) | 3.6 (2) | 7.4 (2) | 0.827 |
Alcohol, % (n)c
| 0.1 (1)l
| 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.946 |
Pharmacological treatment | |||||
Glucocorticoids, previous use, % (n)d
| 2.3 (17)m
| 2.1 (4)p
| 7.3 (4)q
| 7.7 (2)r
| 0.060 |
Glucocorticoids, current use % (n)e
| 2.4 (18) | 3.1 (6) | 5.4 (3) | 11.1 (3) |
0.040
|
Osteoporosis medication, previous use % (n)f
| 13.1 (98) | 19.6 (38) | 29.1 (16)q
| 63.0 (17) |
< 0.001
|
Osteoporosis medication, current use % (n)g
| 0.1 (36) | 5.2 (10) | 17.9 (10) | 22.2 (6) |
< 0.001
|
Medical history | |||||
Parkinson’s disease, % (n) | 0.5 (4) | 0.5 (1) | 0.0 (0) | 3.7 (1) | 0.179 |
Rheumatoid Arthritis, % (n) | 3.3 (25)n
| 4.6 (9) | 1.8 (1) | 0.0 (0) | 0.513 |
Stroke, % (n) | 8.3 (62) | 7.2 (14) | 3.6 (2) | 25.9 (7) |
0.005
|
Hypothyroidism, % (n) | 13.3 (99)k
| 10.9 (21)o
| 19.6 (11) | 11.1 (3) | 0.384 |
Osteoporosis, % (n)h
| 14.4 (108)l
| 23.2 (45) | 32.1 (18) | 70.4 (19) |
< 0.001
|
Hypertension, % (n) | 50.4 (378) | 53.6 (104) | 70.4 (27) | 70.4 (19) | 0.187 |
Cataract, % (n) | 42.5 (319) | 47.4 (92) | 53.6 (30) | 48.1 (13) | 0.281 |
Cancer, % (n) | 19.3 (145) | 17.5 (34) | 12.5 (7) | 25.9 (7) | 0.440 |
Prevalence of fractures
Vertebral fractures and associations to health-related quality of life and back pain
No VF
N = 750 | VF (any)
N = 277 |
p valuea
| One VF
N = 194 | Two VF
N = 56 | More than two VFs
N = 27 | ANOVAA
p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SF-12 | |||||||
PCS12 | 46.2 ± 10.5c
| 43.5 ± 11.3j
|
< 0.001
| 43.7 ± 11.1§o
| 45.0 ± 10.6 | 39.0 ± 13.9*^#w
|
< 0.001
|
MCS12 | 54.3 ± 8.5c
| 54.7 ± 9.1j
| 0.543 | 54.5 ± 8.9o
| 55.4 ± 9.4 | 54.1 ± 9.7w
| 0.810 |
Back pain, % (n) | 59.9 (449) | 69.0 (191) |
0.008
b
| 67.5 (131) | 69.6 (39) | 77.8 (21) |
0.042
b
|
Function | |||||||
OLS (s) | 15.3 ± 10.4d
| 13.5 ± 10.3k
|
0.030
| 13.0 ± 10.1p
| 15.9 ± 11.1t
| 11.8 ± 9.2×
| 0.051 |
TUG (s) | 8.5 ± 2.6e
| 9.1 ± 3.2j
|
0.004
| 9.1 ± 3.4§o
| 8.4 ± 2.2 | 10.3 ± 3.6*^#w
|
< 0.001
|
TUG manual (s) | 10.1 ± 2.6f
| 10.5 ± 2.8l
|
0.027
| 10.5 ± 2.7q
| 10.0 ± 2.3 | 12.2 ± 3.8*^#y
|
0.001
|
Walking speed, (m/s) | 1.29 ± 0.23g
| 1.23 ± 0.26j
|
0.001
| 1.23 ± 0.25o
| 1.29 ± 0.24 | 1.10 ± 0.28*^#w
|
< 0.001
|
30-s chair stand test, (n) | 11.4 ± 3.4h
| 10.7 ± 3.1m
|
0.006
| 10.6 ± 3.1§r
| 11.2 ± 3.1u
| 10.5 ± 3.6z
|
0.028
|
Grip strength (kg) | 13.4 ± 5.2i
| 13.1 ± 5.8n
| 0.358 | 13.0 ± 5.6s
| 13.8 ± 6.1v
| 12.1 ± 6.2w
| 0.481 |
No VF
N = 750 | Mild VF
N = 107 | Moderate VF
N = 107 | Severe VF
N = 63 | ANOVAA
p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SF-12 | |||||
PCS12 | 46.2 ± 10.5a
| 43.8 ± 10.9§
| 45.3 ± 10.6k
| 40.2 ± 12.6*^#
|
< 0.001
|
MCS12 | 54.3 ± 8.5a
| 54.2 ± 8.3h
| 55.1 ± 9.3k
| 54.7 ± 10.1 | 0.832 |
Back pain, % (n) | 59.9 (449) | 65.4 (70) | 63.6 (68) | 84.1 (53) |
0.002
B
|
Function | |||||
OLS (s) | 15.3 ± 10.4b
| 12.7 ± 9.9§h
| 15.2 ± 10.5l
| 11.8 ± 10.4*o
|
0.038
|
TUG (s) | 8.5 ± 2.6c
| 8.5 ± 2.2 | 8.8 ± 2.4i
| 10.5 ± 5.0*^#p
|
< 0.001
|
TUG manual (s) | 10.1 ± 2.6d
| 10.5 ± 2.8i
| 10.2 ± 2.6m
| 11.1 ± 3.0*#q
|
0.027
|
Walking speed, (m/s) | 1.29 ± 0.23e
| 1.25 ± 0.22 | 1.26 ± 0.25i
| 1.13 ± 0.30*^#p
|
< 0.001
|
30-s chair stand test (n) | 11.4 ± 3.4f
| 10.7 ± 3.2§j
| 11.0 ± 3.1n
| 10.2 ± 2.9*r
|
0.021
|
Grip strength, (kg) | 13.4 ± 5.2g
| 13.1 ± 6.0k
| 13.6 ± 5.5i
| 12.0 ± 5.8s
| 0.216 |
VF (no/yes) | Number of VF | Severity of VF | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β |
p value | β |
p value | β |
p value | |
SF-12 | ||||||
PCS | − 0.079 |
0.007
| − 0.083 |
0.005
| − 0.091 |
0.002
|
MCS | 0.012 | ns | 0.015 | ns | 0.019 | ns |
Functiona
| ||||||
OLS (s) | − 0.042 | ns | − 0.027 | ns | − 0.034 | ns |
TUG, (s) | 0.067 |
0.021
| 0.067 |
0.020
| 0.109 |
< 0.001
|
TUG manual (s) | 0.041 | ns | 0.059 |
0.043
| 0.043 | ns |
Walking speed, (m/s) | − 0.071 |
0.009
| − 0.078 |
0.004
| − 0.096 |
< 0.001
|
30-s chair stand test (n) | − 0.075 |
0.012
| − 0.057 | ns | − 0.075 |
0.013
|
Grip strength (kg) | 0.008 | ns | 0.007 | ns | − 0.001 | ns |
VF (no/yes) | Number of VF | Severity of VF | |
---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Back pain, yes/noa
|
1.44 (1.06 to 1.95)
|
1.29 (1.06 to 1.58)
|
1.27 (1.09 to 1.48)
|