Background
Methods
Study design
WHO category of VI | VA with best possible correction | ICD-10-GM | |
---|---|---|---|
Maximum less than | Minimum equal to or better than | ||
Mild or no VI (0) | 20/63 | Mild or no VI | |
Moderate VI (1) | 20/63 | 20/200 | Moderate VI |
Severe VI (2) | 20/200 | 1/20 | Severe VI |
Blindness (3) | 1/20 | 1/50 | High-grade VI |
Blindness (4) | 1/50 | Light perception | Blindness |
Blindness (5) | No light perception | No light perception | Blindness |
Sample
Measurement instruments
Extended ICF Checklist
EuroQol-5D – Visual analogue scale (VAS)
Data collection
Data analysis
Descriptive analysis of the study population
Description of functioning and environmental factors
Selection of ICF categories that best capture different levels of self-perceived health
Results
Descriptive analysis of the study population
Characteristics | Total | Category of VI* | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moderate | Severe | High-grade | Blindness | ||
Number of PVI, n (%) | 105 (100.0) | 40 (38.1) | 25 (23.8) | 14 (13.3) | 26 (24.8) |
Age; years, mean (SD) | 63.3 (18.8) | 71.4 (15.6) | 63.6 (16.4) | 71.4 (15.7) | 46.4 (16.6) |
Time since diagnosis; years, mean (SD) | 16.8 (17.8) | 8.2 (12.7) | 16.9 (17.3) | 15.1 (19.5) | 31.0 (16.3) |
Gender; female, n (%) | 66 (62.9) | 27 (67.5) | 14 (56.0) | 8 (57.1) | 17 (65.4) |
EQ-5D VAS; mean (SD) | 58.9 (22.5) | 56.2 (21.2) | 58.0 (19.5) | 46.4 (24.8) | 70.7 (22.0) |
Description of functioning and environmental factors
ICF code | ICF category title | Total sample (N = 105) | Sample stratified by VI-category# | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ICF qualifier (1–4)§ | Moderate (n = 40) | Severe (n = 25) | High-grade (n = 14) | Blindness (n = 26) | |||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Sum 1-4 | Sum 1-4 | ||||||
n | n | n | n | n | % | % | % | % | % | ||
b210 | Seeing functions | 4 | 18 | 61 | 22 | 105 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
b220 | Sensations associated with the eye and adjoining structures | 46 | 15 | 4 | 1 | 66 | 62.9 | 70.0 | 72.0 | 64.3 | 42.3 |
b126 | Temperament and personality functions | 30 | 25 | 6 | 61 | 58.1 | 62.5 | 68.0 | 42.8 | 50.0 | |
b130 | Energy and drive functions | 34 | 12 | 5 | 51 | 48.6 | 65.0 | 44.0 | 35.7 | 34.6 | |
b215 | Functions of structures adjoining the eye | 21 | 12 | 3 | 1 | 37 | 35.6 | 27.5 | 44.0 | 28.6 | 44.0 |
b280 | Sensation of pain | 21 | 9 | 5 | 35 | 33.3 | 40.0 | 24.0 | 28.6 | 34.6 | |
b152 | Emotional functions | 20 | 11 | 31 | 29.8 | 37.5 | 24.0 | 23.1 | 26.9 | ||
b134 | Sleep functions | 16 | 9 | 5 | 30 | 28.8 | 32.5 | 25.0 | 28.6 | 26.9 | |
b235 | Vestibular functions | 16 | 7 | 23 | 21.9 | 15.0 | 40.0 | 14.3 | 19.2 | ||
b240 | Sensations associated with hearing and vestibular function | 15 | 5 | 20 | 19.2 | 12.8 | 28.0 | 21.4 | 19.2 | ||
b144 | Memory functions | 19 | 1 | 20 | 19.0 | 25.0 | 20.0 | 14.3 | 11.5 |
ICF code | ICF category title | Total sample (N=105) | Sample stratified by VI-category# | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ICF qualifier (1-4)§ | Moderate (n=40) | Severe (n=25) | High-grade (n=14) | Blindness (n=26) | |||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Sum 1-4 | Sum 1-4 | ||||||
n | n | n | n | n | % | % | % | % | % | ||
d325 | Communicating with - receiving - written messages | 23 | 42 | 31 | 5 | 101 | 97.1 | 97.4 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 92.3 |
d345 | Writing messages | 24 | 44 | 29 | 3 | 100 | 95.2 | 97.5 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 84.6 |
d170 | Writing | 20 | 54 | 24 | 2 | 100 | 95.2 | 97.5 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 84.6 |
d110 | Watching | 18 | 26 | 37 | 16 | 97 | 92.4 | 85.0 | 96.0 | 100.0 | 96.2 |
d475 | Driving | 5 | 3 | 26 | 61 | 95 | 91.3 | 90.0 | 92.0 | 92.3 | 92.3 |
d460 | Moving around in different locations | 46 | 33 | 13 | 2 | 94 | 91.3 | 85.0 | 95.8 | 92.3 | 96.2 |
d166 | Reading | 13 | 38 | 30 | 6 | 87 | 82.9 | 87.5 | 88.0 | 92.9 | 75.4 |
d650 | Caring for household objects | 31 | 18 | 30 | 7 | 86 | 82.7 | 80.0 | 72.0 | 100.0 | 88.5 |
d920 | Recreation and leisure | 34 | 30 | 19 | 2 | 85 | 82.5 | 82.5 | 84.0 | 83.3 | 80.8 |
d620 | Acquisition of goods and services | 26 | 32 | 23 | 2 | 83 | 79.8 | 67.5 | 76.0 | 100.0 | 92.3 |
d315 | Communicating with - receiving - nonverbal messages | 24 | 26 | 17 | 16 | 83 | 79.8 | 60.0 | 83.3 | 92.9 | 100.0 |
d470 | Using transportation | 39 | 34 | 7 | 2 | 82 | 78.8 | 72.5 | 88.0 | 92.3 | 73.1 |
d455 | Moving around | 25 | 32 | 19 | 1 | 77 | 74.8 | 72.5 | 70.8 | 69.2 | 84.6 |
d865 | Complex economic transactions | 41 | 24 | 7 | 5 | 77 | 74.0 | 70.0 | 64.0 | 76.9 | 88.5 |
d220 | Undertaking multiple tasks | 32 | 31 | 10 | 73 | 69.5 | 65.0 | 64.0 | 85.7 | 73.1 | |
d440 | Fine hand use | 39 | 20 | 8 | 1 | 68 | 64.8 | 82.5 | 68.0 | 71.4 | 30.8 |
d640 | Doing housework | 44 | 14 | 8 | 66 | 63.5 | 52.5 | 56.0 | 100.0 | 69.2 | |
d810 | Informal education | 43 | 20 | 2 | 65 | 64.4 | 57.9 | 66.7 | 76.9 | 65.4 | |
d860 | Basic economic transactions | 32 | 22 | 8 | 2 | 64 | 61.5 | 70.0 | 56.0 | 84.6 | 42.3 |
d630 | Preparing meals | 42 | 14 | 2 | 3 | 61 | 58.7 | 42.5 | 56.0 | 76.9 | 76.9 |
d155 | Acquiring skills | 41 | 15 | 4 | 60 | 57.1 | 57.5 | 64.0 | 71.6 | 42.3 | |
d360 | Using communication devices and techniques | 45 | 10 | 1 | 56 | 53.8 | 61.5 | 68.0 | 64.3 | 23.1 | |
d450 | Walking | 35 | 18 | 2 | 55 | 53.4 | 47.5 | 70.8 | 53.8 | 46.2 | |
d240 | Handling stress and other psychological demands | 30 | 17 | 5 | 52 | 50.0 | 48.7 | 44.0 | 71.4 | 46.2 | |
d230 | Carrying out daily routine | 26 | 12 | 5 | 43 | 41.0 | 42.5 | 40.0 | 42.9 | 38.5 | |
d660 | Assisting others | 25 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 42 | 41.2 | 28.2 | 54.2 | 61.5 | 38.5 |
d910 | Community life | 30 | 6 | 6 | 42 | 40.8 | 37.5 | 40.0 | 50.0 | 42.3 | |
d210 | Undertaking a single task | 30 | 7 | 4 | 41 | 39.0 | 25.0 | 40.0 | 50.0 | 53.8 | |
d430 | Lifting and carrying objects | 24 | 12 | 1 | 37 | 35.2 | 37.5 | 28.0 | 57.1 | 26.9 | |
d845 | Acquiring, keeping and terminating a job | 12 | 15 | 7 | 1 | 35 | 33.7 | 20.0 | 36.0 | 7.7 | 65.4 |
d140 | Learning to read | 25 | 8 | 1 | 34 | 32.4 | 35.0 | 48.0 | 21.4 | 19.2 | |
d145 | Learning to write | 22 | 8 | 1 | 31 | 29.5 | 30.0 | 44.0 | 21.4 | 19.2 | |
d720 | Complex interpersonal interactions | 24 | 4 | 2 | 30 | 28.8 | 25.0 | 36.0 | 30.8 | 26.9 | |
d830 | Higher education | 12 | 14 | 4 | 30 | 28.8 | 15.0 | 32.0 | 15.4 | 53.8 | |
d520 | Caring for body parts | 22 | 5 | 2 | 29 | 27.9 | 22.5 | 32.0 | 53.8 | 19.2 | |
d175 | Solving problems | 23 | 5 | 1 | 29 | 27.6 | 30.0 | 24.0 | 35.7 | 23.1 | |
d730 | Relating with strangers | 18 | 9 | 1 | 28 | 26.9 | 30.0 | 28.0 | 15.4 | 26.9 | |
d850 | Remunerative employment | 10 | 9 | 7 | 2 | 28 | 26.9 | 15.0 | 32.0 | 7.7 | 50.0 |
d550 | Eating | 19 | 7 | 1 | 27 | 26.0 | 7.5 | 28.0 | 53.8 | 38.5 | |
d825 | Vocational training | 12 | 12 | 3 | 27 | 26.0 | 12.5 | 28.0 | 15.4 | 50.0 | |
d540 | Dressing | 22 | 4 | 26 | 25.2 | 12.5 | 33.3 | 46.2 | 26.9 | ||
d770 | Intimate relationships | 11 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 25 | 24.8 | 10.5 | 28.0 | 25.0 | 42.3 |
d560 | Drinking | 20 | 4 | 1 | 25 | 24.0 | 17.5 | 32.0 | 38.5 | 19.2 | |
d750 | Informal social relationships | 20 | 3 | 2 | 25 | 24.0 | 20.0 | 28.0 | 23.1 | 26.9 | |
d465 | Moving around using equipment | 18 | 2 | 2 | 22 | 21.8 | 17.9 | 16.7 | 23.1 | 32.0 | |
d740 | Formal relations | 14 | 5 | 1 | 20 | 19.4 | 17.9 | 32.0 | 7.7 | 15.4 | |
d710 | Basic interpersonal interactions | 14 | 4 | 1 | 19 | 18.3 | 10.0 | 36.0 | 23.1 | 11.5 | |
d335 | Producing nonverbal messages | 16 | 2 | 18 | 17.1 | 12.5 | 4.0 | 7.1 | 42.3 | ||
d940 | Human rights | 13 | 3 | 1 | 17 | 16.3 | 7.5 | 20.0 | 7.7 | 30.8 | |
d177 | Making decisions | 11 | 6 | 17 | 16.2 | 12.5 | 12.0 | 35.7 | 15.4 | ||
d320 | Communicating with - receiving - formal sign language messages | 2 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 15 | 14.4 | 12.5 | 16.0 | 14.3 | 16.0 |
d820 | School education | 8 | 6 | 14 | 13.6 | 5.1 | 12.0 | 0.0 | 34.6 | ||
d760 | Family relations | 10 | 3 | 1 | 14 | 13.5 | 12.5 | 12.0 | 0.0 | 23.1 | |
d115 | Listening | 10 | 2 | 1 | 13 | 12.4 | 17.5 | 16.0 | 14.3 | 0.0 | |
d172 | Calculating | 9 | 3 | 12 | 11.4 | 5.0 | 16.0 | 28.6 | 7.7 | ||
d150 | Learning to calculate | 9 | 2 | 11 | 10.6 | 7.7 | 16.0 | 14.3 | 7.7 | ||
d355 | Discussion | 8 | 1 | 9 | 8.6 | 12.5 | 8.0 | 14.3 | 0.0 | ||
d530 | Toileting | 7 | 1 | 8 | 7.7 | 7.5 | 8.0 | 23.1 | 0.0 | ||
d445 | Hand and arm use | 4 | 3 | 7 | 6.7 | 12.5 | 4.0 | 7.1 | 0.0 | ||
d950 | Political life and citizenship | 4 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 6.7 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 7.7 | 7.7 | |
d570 | Looking after ones health | 4 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 5.8 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 7.7 | 7.7 | |
d930 | Religion and spirituality | 3 | 3 | 6 | 5.8 | 12.5 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
d120 | Other purposeful sensing | 6 | 6 | 5.7 | 7.5 | 8.0 | 0.0 | 3.8 |
ICF code | ICF category title | Total sample(N = 105) | Sample stratified by VI-category# | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barrier§ | Facilitator§t | Moderate (n = 40) | Severe (n = 25) | High-grade (n = 14) | Blindness (n = 26) | ||||
Sum 1-4 | Sum 1-4 | Sum 1-4 | Sum 1-4 | ||||||
n | n | n | % | % | % | % | % | ||
e125 | Products and technology for communication | 4 | 94 | 98 | 95.1 | 90.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 96.2 |
e540 | Transportation services, systems and policies | 14 | 79 | 93 | 90.3 | 85.0 | 91.7 | 84.6 | 100.0 |
e240 | Light | 36 | 57 | 93 | 89.4 | 90.0 | 96.0 | 100.0 | 76.9 |
e355 | Health professionals | 9 | 84 | 93 | 89.4 | 100.0 | 80.0 | 100.0 | 76.9 |
e410 | Individual attitudes of immediate family members | 6 | 87 | 93 | 89.4 | 90.0 | 88.0 | 76.9 | 96.2 |
e580 | Health services, systems and policies | 34 | 58 | 92 | 89.3 | 82.1 | 92.0 | 92.3 | 96.2 |
e450 | Individual attitudes of health professionals | 12 | 77 | 89 | 85.6 | 90.0 | 80.0 | 76.9 | 88.5 |
e130 | Products and technology for education | 2 | 86 | 88 | 85.4 | 75.0 | 87.5 | 84.6 | 100.0 |
e310 | Immediate family | 2 | 86 | 88 | 84.6 | 90.0 | 76.0 | 84.6 | 84.6 |
e420 | Individual attitudes of friends | 4 | 80 | 84 | 80.8 | 77.5 | 72.0 | 69.2 | 100.0 |
e460 | Societal attitudes | 29 | 53 | 82 | 78.8 | 70.0 | 68.0 | 92.3 | 96.2 |
e220 | Flora and fauna | 1 | 76 | 77 | 74.0 | 72.5 | 72.0 | 53.8 | 88.5 |
e320 | Friends | 1 | 74 | 75 | 72.1 | 62.5 | 68.0 | 76.9 | 88.5 |
e150 | Design, construction and building products and technology of buildings for public use | 43 | 30 | 73 | 71.6 | 66.7 | 66.7 | 61.5 | 88.5 |
e425 | Individual attitudes of acquaintances, peers, colleagues, neighbours and community members | 12 | 61 | 73 | 70.2 | 67.5 | 64.0 | 61.5 | 84.6 |
e115 | Products and technology for personal use in daily living | 3 | 66 | 69 | 67.0 | 60.0 | 54.2 | 61.5 | 88.5 |
e120 | Products and technology for personal indoor and outdoor mobility and transportation | 3 | 66 | 69 | 67.0 | 60.0 | 58.3 | 53.8 | 92.3 |
e155 | Design, construction and building products and technology of buildings for private use | 31 | 36 | 67 | 64.4 | 60.0 | 52.0 | 61.5 | 84.6 |
e585 | Education and training services, systems and policies | 31 | 36 | 67 | 64.4 | 15.4 | 29.2 | 30.8 | 76.9 |
e325 | Acquaintances, peers, colleagues, neighbours and community members | 3 | 63 | 66 | 63.5 | 67.5 | 44.0 | 53.8 | 80.8 |
e250 | Sound | 47 | 18 | 65 | 63.1 | 50.0 | 66.7 | 53.8 | 84.6 |
e570 | Social security services, systems and policies | 26 | 39 | 65 | 62.5 | 60.0 | 68.0 | 53.8 | 65.4 |
e535 | Communication services, systems and policies | 9 | 55 | 64 | 62.1 | 50.0 | 70.8 | 53.8 | 76.9 |
e560 | Media services, systems and policies | 8 | 56 | 64 | 62.1 | 52.5 | 75.0 | 53.8 | 69.2 |
e415 | Individual attitudes of extended family members | 10 | 53 | 63 | 60.6 | 57.5 | 68.0 | 69.2 | 53.8 |
e225 | Climate | 42 | 19 | 61 | 58.7 | 65.0 | 56.0 | 53.8 | 53.8 |
e110 | Products or substances for personal consumption | 8 | 52 | 60 | 58.3 | 52.5 | 50.0 | 53.8 | 76.9 |
e575 | General social support services, systems and policies | 23 | 34 | 57 | 54.8 | 47.5 | 56.0 | 46.2 | 69.2 |
e465 | Social norms, practices and ideologies | 24 | 27 | 51 | 49.0 | 37.5 | 48.0 | 53.8 | 65.4 |
e315 | Extended family | 7 | 41 | 48 | 46.2 | 45.0 | 52.0 | 38.5 | 46.2 |
e140 | Products and technology for culture, recreation and sport | 47 | 47 | 45.6 | 45.0 | 33.3 | 53.8 | 53.8 | |
e590 | Labour and employment services, systems and policies | 25 | 16 | 41 | 41.0 | 20.5 | 41.7 | 30.8 | 79.2 |
e455 | Individual attitudes of health-related professionals | 3 | 31 | 34 | 33.0 | 22.5 | 25.0 | 53.8 | 46.2 |
e430 | Individual attitudes of people in positions of authority | 14 | 18 | 32 | 30.8 | 20.0 | 36.0 | 23.1 | 46.2 |
e135 | Products and technology for employment | 30 | 30 | 29.1 | 20.0 | 16.7 | 15.4 | 61.5 | |
e330 | People in positions of authority | 9 | 17 | 26 | 25.0 | 10.0 | 28.0 | 30.8 | 42.3 |
e525 | Housing services, systems and policies | 10 | 14 | 24 | 23.1 | 15.0 | 16.0 | 15.4 | 46.2 |
e360 | Other professionals | 3 | 20 | 23 | 22.3 | 12.5 | 16.7 | 30.8 | 38.5 |
e340 | Personal care providers and personal assistants | 2 | 20 | 22 | 21.2 | 22.5 | 16.0 | 15.4 | 26.9 |
e550 | Legal services, systems and policies | 6 | 12 | 18 | 17.5 | 7.5 | 16.7 | 30.8 | 26.9 |
e440 | Individual attitudes of personal care providers and personal assistants | 2 | 16 | 18 | 17.3 | 20.0 | 12.0 | 0.0 | 26.9 |
Selection of ICF categories that best capture different levels of self-perceived health
Variables of the model | Beta estimator (β) for the qualifier scale | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | β1 | β2 | β3 | β4 | ||
Intercept
| 79.149 | |||||
Age (years) | -0.347 | |||||
Gender (female) | -0.839 | |||||
Time since diagnosis (years) | 0.274 | |||||
b126 | Temperament and personality functions | -1.839 | -4.088 | -5.356 |
‡
| |
b220 | Sensations associated with the eye and adjoining structures | -0.372 | -6.465 | -9.249 | -10.670 | |
d155 | Acquiring skills | -0.051 | -0.09 | -0.083 |
‡
| |
d220 | Undertaking multiple tasks | -0.022 | -1.072 | -1.399 |
‡
| |
d240 | Handling stress and other psychological demands | -0.344 | -1.045 | -0.987 |
‡
| |
d315 | Communicating with - receiving - nonverbal messages | 0.053 | 0.158 | 0.249 | 0.302 | |
d620 | Acquisition of goods and services | -0.910 | -2.112 | -2.993 | -2.954 | |
d750 | Informal social relationships | -3.098 | -2.696 | -1.981 |
‡
| |
d810 | Informal education | -0.472 | -0.896 | -1.092 |
‡
| |
e125 +§ | Products and technology for communication | 0.106 | 0.261 | 0.588 | 0.686 | |
e125# | -0.068 | -0.160 | -0.160 | -0.160 | ||
e325 +§ | Acquaintances, peers, colleagues, neighbours and community members | 0.551 | 1.213 | 1.282 |
‡
| |
e325# | 0.067 | 0.067 | 0.067 | 0.067 | ||
e415 +§ | Individual attitudes of extended family members | 1.311 | 2.65 | 3.008 | 2.700 | |
e415# | -0.991 | -0.969 | -0.969 | -0.969 | ||
e425 +§ | Individual attitudes of acquaintances, peers, colleagues, neighbours and community members | 2.161 | 4.381 | 5.511 |
‡
| |
e425# | -0.657 | -1.103 | -1.017 | -1.017 |