Types of glial cells and tumors arising from glial cells
Biological functions of OECs in the primary olfactory nervous system
Similarities and differences between OECs and Schwann cells
OEC tumors
Sex/age | Symptoms | Location | Enhancement | Tumour features | Pathology | Outcome | Marker profile | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female 31 | Right-sided anosmia, generalised seizures | Anterior cranial fossa, attached to the olfactory groove | Heterogeneous | Irregular, avascular, cystic-solid, capsulated tumour with calcified nodules. 6.5 cm diameter. Bone erosion | Spindle-shaped cells in a wavy cellular arrangement. Distorted and twisted nuclei | Complete removal. Uneventful | S100 + EMA − Leu7 − | [5] |
Male 42 | Normal olfactory function, generalised seizures | Anterior cranial fossa (left subfrontal region), arising from the left olfactory bulb | Heterogeneous | Round, cystic-solid fibrous tumour | Spindle-shaped cells, fibrous cords. Curved vesicular nuclei with ill-defined cytoplasmic margins | Complete removal. Uneventful | S100 + EMA – GFAP – SMA – Leu7 – | [57] |
Male 32 | Olfactory function not mentioned, seizures | Anterior cranial fossa (left frontal base) | Heterogeneous | Round, solid, greyish-white tumour with a glistening appearance and rubbery consistency. 3.6 × 3.3 × 3.9 cm | Spindle-shaped cells, fibrous cords. Ovoid, elongated, normochromatic, comma-shaped nuclei. Interrupted deposits of basal lamina in the cellular membrane | Complete removal. Uneventful. | S100 + (80% of cells) Leu7 – Calretinin – Podoplanin – EMA – GFAP – | [58] |
Female 28 | Anosmia, focal seizures | Anterior cranial fossa | Heterogeneous | Greyish-white, irregular, cloudy, solid. 4 × 3.5 × 2.5 cm | Well-circumscribed tumour with elongated spindle-shaped cells, fibrous cords. Moderate nuclear pleomorphism | Complete removal. Anosmia | S100 + Synaptophysin + EMA – Leu7 – | [56] |
Female 30 | Right-sided anosmia, headache | Anterior cranial fossa, intradural, extra-axial space and attached to the right cribriform plate | Homogenous | Round, solid 4 cm diameter. | Cells formed patterns of compact fascicular Antoni A areas (resembling Schwannoma) with palisading nuclei | Complete removal. Olfactory function was not restored | S100 + EMA – Leu7 – | [63] |
Female 41 | Anosmia, headache | Olfactory mucosa; olfactory cleft extending superiorly to the olfactory groove | Heterogeneous | Irregular, cystic tumour. Bone defect in the skull base | Spindle-shaped cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and elongated or wavy nuclei with occasional symplastic changes | Subtotal resection. Uneventful | S100 + Neuron-specific enolase + Synaptophysin + (weakly) EMA – Leu7 – | [64] |
Male 49 | Hyposmia, visual impairment | Anterior cranial fossa | Homogenous | Round, cystic-solid tumour, eroding the right cribriform plate | Unknown | Complete removal. Uneventful | S100 + EMA – Leu7 – | [55] |
Male 20 | Normal olfaction, headache, generalized seizures | Anterior cranial fossa | Heterogeneous | The tumour grew towards the left olfactory groove and compressed the left frontal cortex. Greyish-red, vascular tumour. Cystic necrosis inside the tumour. 3.4 × 2.6 × 5.0 cm | Spindle-shaped cells were predominantly arranged in compact fascicles or fibrous cords and a few cells were arranged in whorls | Complete removal, hyposmia | Vimentin + S100 + EMA – Leu7 – | [60] |
Female 45 | Olfactory function not mentioned, foreign body sensation | Anterior cranial fossa. | Heterogeneous | Irregular, cystic tumour 6.2 × 6.0 × 4.0 cm | Spindle-shaped cells. Compact, fascicular Antoni A areas as well as Antoni B areas | Complete removal. Uneventful | S100 + Leu7 – GFAP – EMA – | [61] |
Female 34 | Hyposmia, dizziness, emotional lability | Anterior cranial fossa | Homogenous | Well-defined cystic, greyish-red mass, 3.1 cm diameter | Spindle cells with eosinophilic protoplasm, tadpole-shaped nucleus | Complete removal. Uneventful | Vimentin + S100 + EMA – GFAP – Leu7 – | [59] |
Female 40 | Left-sided anosmia, migraine, headaches | Anterior cranial fossa, olfactory groove adjacent to the left inferior anterior frontal lobe | Heterogeneous | 3.2 cm diameter | Spindle cell neoplasm characterized by extensive palisading and prominent Antoni A (Verocay bodies) and Antoni B areas | Complete removal. Left-sided anosmia | S100 + Type IV collagen + Leu7 – EMA – | [62] |