Background
Methods
Design and participants
Questionnaire
Analysis
Ethics
Results
Sociodemographic characteristics of the study sample
Frequency | % | ||
---|---|---|---|
Age | |||
< 35 | 200 | 66.7 | |
≥ 35 | 100 | 33.3 | |
Mean (SD) | 31.4 (6.6) | ||
Education
| |||
Primary | 61 | 20.3 | |
Secondary | 154 | 51.3 | |
Higher | 85 | 28.3 | |
Employment status
| |||
Housewife | 226 | 75.3 | |
Employed | 74 | 24.7 | |
Time since marriage (years)
| |||
10 < | 161 | 53.7 | |
10 ≥ | 139 | 46.3 | |
Mean (SD) | 10.0 (6.0) | ||
Number of children
| |||
0 | 16 | 5.3 | |
1 | 89 | 29.7 | |
2 | 118 | 39.3 | |
3 ≥ | 77 | 25.6 | |
Experience of unwanted pregnancy
| |||
Yes | 86 | 28.7 | |
No | 214 | 71.3 | |
Contraceptive methods used while experienced unwanted pregnancy (n = 86) | |||
None | 23 | 26.7 | |
Withdrawal | 32 | 37.2 | |
OCP* | 14 | 16.3 | |
IUCD** | 6 | 7.0 | |
Injection | 1 | 1.2 | |
Condom | 10 | 11.6 | |
Results of unwanted pregnancy (n = 86)
| |||
Delivery | 55 | 64.0 | |
Spontaneous abortion | 13 | 15.1 | |
Induced abortion | 17 | 19.7 | |
Not responded | 1 | 1.2 | |
Contraceptive methods used before underwent induced abortion (n = 17)
| |||
Withdrawal | 9 | 52.9 | |
Condom | 4 | 23.5 | |
None | 3 | 17.6 | |
Pill | 1 | 5.9 |
Attitudes toward contraceptive methods
Methods | Frequency | % | |
---|---|---|---|
OCP | |||
Nervousness (mood change) | 238 | 79.3 | |
Weight gain | 224 | 74.7 | |
Irregular bleeding | 218 | 72.7 | |
Hirsutism | 154 | 51.3 | |
Might become infertile | 108 | 36.0 | |
Nausea | 94 | 31.3 | |
Might get pregnant | 80 | 26.7 | |
IUCD
| |||
Irregular bleeding | 171 | 57.0 | |
Infection | 103 | 34.3 | |
Pain | 74 | 24.7 | |
Translocation to other parts of the body | 63 | 21.0 | |
Might get pregnant | 68 | 22.7 | |
Condom
| |||
Might get pregnant | 113 | 37.7 | |
Husband's dislike | 101 | 33.7 | |
Sexual enjoyment | 68 | 22.7 | |
Difficult to use | 44 | 14.7 | |
Injection
| |||
Irregular bleeding | 72 | 24.0 | |
Amenorrhea | 58 | 19.3 | |
Weight gain | 47 | 15.7 | |
Might get pregnant | 12 | 4.0 |
Previous experiences of using contraceptive methods
Frequency | % | ||
---|---|---|---|
Experience of modern contraceptive use | |||
Yes | 210 | 70 | |
No | 90 | 30 | |
Contraceptive methods used before withdrawal (n = 210) | |||
OCP | 111 | 52.9 | |
IUCD | 46 | 21.9 | |
Condom | 44 | 20.9 | |
Injection | 9 | 4.3 | |
OCP (n = 111) | |||
Side effects | 41 | 36.9 | |
Difficult to use | 39 | 35.1 | |
Thought might get pregnant | 19 | 17.1 | |
Willingness to be pregnant | 8 | 7.2 | |
Unwillingness of their husbands | 4 | 3.6 | |
IUCD (n = 46) | |||
Health problems | 15 | 32.6 | |
Thought might get pregnant | 14 | 30.4 | |
Willingness to be pregnant | 8 | 17.4 | |
Refer to health care services | 6 | 13.0 | |
Unwillingness of their husbands | 3 | 6.5 | |
Condom (n = 44) | |||
Unwillingness of their husbands | 16 | 36.4 | |
Thought might get pregnant | 10 | 22.7 | |
Difficult to use | 10 | 22.7 | |
Difficult to access | 8 | 18.2 | |
Injection (n = 9) | |||
Thought might get pregnant | 4 | 44.4 | |
Health problems | 3 | 33.3 | |
Unwillingness of their husbands | 2 | 22.2 |
Experiences of and attitudes to contraceptive methods
Frequency | |||
---|---|---|---|
Women were pleased with this method
| % | ||
Yes | 199 | 66.3 | |
No | 101 | 33.7 | |
Husbands were pleased with this method
| |||
Yes | 190 | 63.3 | |
No | 74 | 24.7 | |
Unknown | 36 | 12.0 | |
Decreased sexual enjoyment while using this method (women themselves)
| |||
Yes | 102 | 34.0 | |
No | 148 | 49.3 | |
Unknown | 50 | 16.7 | |
Decreased sexual enjoyment while using this method (women reporting on behalf of their husbands)
| |||
Yes | 126 | 42.0 | |
No | 142 | 47.3 | |
Unknown | 32 | 10.7 | |
Discussion on family planning
| |||
Yes | 216 | 72.0 | |
No | 84 | 28.0 | |
Who makes the decision about using contraceptives in your family?
| |||
Myself | 39 | 13.0 | |
My Husband | 45 | 15.0 | |
Myself and my husband together | 216 | 72.0 | |
Fear of becoming pregnant while using this method
| |||
Yes | 187 | 62.3 | |
No | 113 | 37.7 | |
Familiar with emergency contraception
| |||
Yes | 103 | 34.3 | |
No | 197 | 65.7 | |
Knew their period of ovulation
| |||
Yes | 154 | 51.3 | |
No | 146 | 48.7 | |
Use of condom during their period of ovulation
| |||
Yes | 43 | 14.3 | |
No | 257 | 85.7 |
Main reasons for using withdrawal method
Number of children | None | ≥ 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | % | Frequency | % | |
Available without any charge | 16 | 100 | 251 | 88.3 |
Fewer side-effects than other methods | 10 | 62.5 | 232 | 81.6 |
Easier to use | 15 | 93.8 | 196 | 69.0 |
No need for counseling with a health care provider | 15 | 93.8 | 187 | 65.8 |
Husband's preference | 12 | 75.0 | 152 | 53.5 |
Fear of using another method | 6 | 37.5 | 145 | 51.0 |
Suggesting by a health care provider | 2 | 12.5 | 41 | 14.4 |
Duration of withdrawal use (mean year, SD) | 3.3 (2.2) | 6.6 (4.9) |
Without any charge | Fewer side-effects | Easier to use | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
| |
No. (%) | No (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | |
Age
| ||||||
35 >
| 180 (67.4) | 20 (60.6) | 163 (67.4) | 37 (63.8) | 137 (64.9) | 63 (70.8) |
≥ 35 | 87 (32.6) | 13 (39.4) | 79 (32.6) | 21 (36.2) | 74 (35.1) | 26 (29.2) |
Test for significance
| df = 1 χ2 = 0.61 P = 0.4 | df = 1 χ2 = 0.26 P = 0.6 | df = 1 χ2 = 0.96 P = 0.3 | |||
Education
| ||||||
Primary | 51 (19.1) | 10 (30.3) | 38 (15.7) | 23 (39.7) | 41 (19.4) | 20 (22.5) |
Secondary | 136 (50.9) | 18 (54.5) | 128 (52.9) | 26 (44.8) | 103 (48.8) | 51 (57.3) |
Higher | 80 (30) | 5 (15.2) | 76 (31.4) | 9 (15.5) | 67 (31.8) | 18 (20.2) |
Test for significance
| df = 2 χ2 = 4.16 P = 0.1 | df = 2 χ2 = 17.96 P < 0.001 | df = 2 χ2 = 4.10 P = 0.1 | |||
Employment
| ||||||
Housewife | 200 (74.9) | 26 (78.8) | 177 (73.1) | 49 (84.5) | 156 (73.9) | 70 (78.7) |
Employed | 67 (25.1) | 7 (21.2) | 65 (26.9) | 9 (15.5) | 55 (26.1) | 19 (21.3) |
Test for significance
| df = 1 χ2 = 0.23 P = 0.6 | df = 1 χ2 = 3.23 P = 0.07 | df = 1 χ2 = 0.75 P = 0.3 | |||
Time since marriage (years)
| ||||||
10 < | 148 (55.4) | 13 (30.4) | 128 (52.9) | 33 (56.9) | 114 (54.0) | 47 (52.8) |
10≥ | 119 (44.6) | 20 (60.6) | 114 (47.1) | 25 (43.1) | 97 (46.0) | 42 (47.2) |
df = 1 χ2 = 3.03 P = 0.08 | df = 1 χ2 = 0.30 P = 0.5 | df = 1 χ2 = 0.03 P = 0.8 | ||||
Number of children
| ||||||
0 | 16 (6.0) | 0 (0) | 10 (4.1) | 6 (10.3) | 15 (7.1) | 1 (1.1) |
1 | 81 (30.3) | 8 (24.2) | 72 (29.8) | 17 (29.3) | 63 (29.9) | 26 (29.2) |
2 | 106 (39.7) | 12 (36.4) | 102 (42.1) | 16 (27.6) | 82 (38.9) | 36 (40.4) |
≥ 3 | 64 (24.0) | 13 (39.4) | 58 (24.0) | 19 (32.8) | 51 (24.1) | 26 (29.2) |
Test for significance
| df = 3 χ2 = 5.15 P = 0.1 | df = 3 χ2 = 7.32 P = 0.06 | df = 3 χ2 = 4.87 P = 0.1 |