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Erschienen in: Der Nervenarzt 8/2016

07.07.2016 | Stammzell-Transplantation | Leitthema

Zelldepletion und Myeloablation bei neuroimmunologischen Erkrankungen

verfasst von: M. Diebold, L. Kappos, Prof. Dr. T. Derfuss

Erschienen in: Der Nervenarzt | Ausgabe 8/2016

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die Therapie autoimmuner Erkrankungen des Nervensystems fußt auf Eingriffen in die zugrunde liegenden Immunprozesse.

Ziel der Studie

Eine Zusammenfassung der zur Verfügung stehenden zelldepletierenden und myeloablativen Konzepte bei neuroimmunologischen Erkrankungen.

Methoden

Auswertung der Studienlage bezüglich der Multiplen Sklerose (MS) als bestuntersuchter neuroimmunologischer Entität.

Ergebnisse

Es stehen drei Konzepte zur Verfügung: Klassische Immunsuppressiva wie Azathioprin, Mitoxantron und Cyclophosphamid erreichen durch eine generelle Leukopenie moderate Effekte auf die Krankheitsaktivität. Die Myeloablation mit anschließender autologer Stammzelltransplantation ist eine hochwirksame Behandlung mit oft langanhaltendem Effekt. Sie ist verbunden mit schwerwiegenden, teils lebensgefährlichen Nebenwirkungen. Selektive Antikörper gegen Lymphozytensubpopulationen wie Alemtuzumab (Anti-CD52), Rituximab und Ocrelizumab (beide Anti-CD20) zeigen eine hohe Wirksamkeit auf die entzündliche Krankheitsaktivität bei der schubförmigen MS. Für Ocrelizumab konnte außerdem ein Effekt bei der primär progredienten MS gezeigt werden.

Diskussion

Die präsentierten zelldepletierenden oder myeloablativen Therapien sind zumeist hochwirksam, aber mit signifikanten Risiken verbunden. Ihr Einsatz sollte daher im Vergleich mit den zahlreicher werdenden alternativen Methoden der Immunmodulation sorgsam abgewogen werden.
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Metadaten
Titel
Zelldepletion und Myeloablation bei neuroimmunologischen Erkrankungen
verfasst von
M. Diebold
L. Kappos
Prof. Dr. T. Derfuss
Publikationsdatum
07.07.2016
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Der Nervenarzt / Ausgabe 8/2016
Print ISSN: 0028-2804
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-0407
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-016-0156-3

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