Background
Methods
Sampling sites
Samples collection in the field
Sample processing in the laboratory
Virus detection
Data analysis
Results
Mosquito species composition and relative abundance in different breeding sites
Breeding sites | Species | Land Covers | TOTAL | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forest | Savanah | Agriculture | Village | Barren | |||||||||
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | ||
Ae. aegypti | 91 | 52.9 | 10 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 111 | 74.5 | 0 | 0 | 212 | 52.3 | |
Ae. bromeliae | 17 | 9.9 | 12 | 15.6 | 6 | 85.7 | 34 | 22.8 | 0 | 0 | 69 | 17 | |
Ae. fowleri | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.2 | |
Ae. furcifer | 3 | 1.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.7 | |
Tree holes | Ae. longipalpis | 11 | 6.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 2.7 |
Ae. luteocephalus | 13 | 7.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 3.2 | |
Ae. stokesi | 1 | 0.6 | 2 | 2.6 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | |
Ae. taylori | 7 | 4.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 2 | |
Ae. unilineatus | 29 | 16.9 | 52 | 67.5 | 1 | 14.3 | 2 | 1.3 | 0 | 0 | 84 | 20.7 | |
Total mosquitoes | 172 | 77 | 7 | 149 | 0 | 405 | |||||||
Ae. aegypti | 214 | 43.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 65.7 | 237 | 44.8 | |
Ae. bromeliae | 1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 25.7 | 10 | 1.9 | |
Ae. dalzieli | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2.9 | 1 | 0.2 | |
Ae. fowleri | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0.9 | |
Rock holes | Ae. hirsutus | 39 | 7.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 39 | 7.4 |
Ae. minutus | 38 | 7.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2.9 | 39 | 7.4 | |
Ae. taylori | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2.9 | 1 | 0.2 | |
Ae. vittatus | 197 | 39.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 197 | 37.2 | |
Total mosquitoes | 494 | 35 | 529 | ||||||||||
Discarded containers | Ae. aegypti | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 54.5 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 54.5 |
Ae. bromeliae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 45.5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 45.5 | |
Total mosquitoes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 11 | |||||||
Ae. aegypti | 66 | 97 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 69 | 97.2 | |
Used tires | Ae. bromeliae | 1 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.4 |
Ae. luteocephalus | 1 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.4 | |
Total mosquitoes | 68 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 71 | |||||||
Ae. aegypti | 371 | 50.5 | 10 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 120 | 73.6 | 23 | 65.7 | 524 | 51.6 | |
Ae. bromeliae | 19 | 2.6 | 12 | 15.6 | 6 | 85.7 | 39 | 23.9 | 9 | 25.7 | 85 | 8.4 | |
Ae. dalzieli | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2.9 | 1 | 0.1 | |
Total breading sites | Ae. fowleri | 5 | 0.7 | 1 | 1.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0.6 |
Ae. hirsutus | 39 | 5.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 39 | 3.8 | |
Ae. furcifer | 3 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.3 | |
Ae. longipalpis | 11 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 1.1 | |
Ae. luteocephalus | 14 | 1.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 1.4 | |
Ae. minutus | 38 | 5.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2.9 | 39 | 3.8 | |
Ae. stokesi | 1 | 0.1 | 2 | 2.6 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.4 | |
Ae. taylori | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.6 | 1 | 2.9 | 9 | 0.9 | |
Ae. unilineatus | 29 | 4 | 52 | 67.5 | 1 | 14.3 | 2 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 84 | 8.3 | |
Ae. vittatus | 197 | 26.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 197 | 19.4 | |
Total mosquitoes | 734 | 77 | 7 | 163 | 35 | 1016 |
Maintenance patterns of mosquito species in different breeding sites
Breeding sites | Species | Land covers | TOTAL | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forest | Savannah | Agriculture | Village | Barren | |||||||||
BS+ | % | BS+ | % | BS+ | % | BS+ | % | BS+ | % | BS+ | % | ||
Tree holes | Ae. aegypti | 15 | 6 | 4 | 1.8 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 4.7 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 3.8 |
Ae. fowleri | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.1 | |
Ae. furcifer | 2 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.3 | |
Ae. luteocephalus | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0.7 | |
Ae. taylori | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0.9 | |
Ae. unilineatus | 13 | 5.2 | 10 | 4.4 | 1 | 1.7 | 2 | 1.3 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 3.8 | |
Total flooded | 251 | 227 | 60 | 149 | 0 | 687 | |||||||
Rock holes | Ae. aegypti | 20 | 7.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 22 | 4.8 |
Ae. dalzieli | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.2 | |
Ae. fowleri | 2 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.4 | |
Ae. hirsutus | 1 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.2 | |
Ae. taylori | 1 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.4 | |
Ae. vittatus | 30 | 11.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 6.5 | |
Total flooded | 270 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 192 | 462 | |||||||
Discarded containers | Ae. aegypti | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2.8 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2.8 |
Total flooded | 0 | 0 | 0 | 71 | 0 | 71 | |||||||
Used tires | Ae. aegypti | 2 | 66.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7.7 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 13.7 |
Ae. luteocephalus | 1 | 33.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3.4 | |
Total flooded | 3 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 0 | 29 |
Generalized linear mixed model for mosquito abundance
Species | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ae. aegypti | Ae. vittatus | Ae. bromeliae | Ae. unilineatus | Ae. hirsutus | Ae. luteocephalus | Ae. taylori | Ae. fowleri | Ae. furcifer | Ae. dalzieli | ||
Breeding sites | Used tires | 0.28 (1.4)a | 0 (0) | 0.03 (0.14)a | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.03 (0.14) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Discarded containers | 0.03 (0.26)b | 0 (0) | 0 (0)a | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Tree holes | 0.07 (0.43)b | 0 (0) | 0.04 (0.26)a | 0.04 (0.28) | 0 (0) | 0.008 (0.11) | 0.002 (0.04) | 0.001 (0.03) | 0.003 (0.51) | 0 (0) | |
Rock holes | 0.09 (0.57)b | 0.12 (0.58) | 0.009 (0.12)a | 0 (0) | 0.012 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 0.002 (0.03) | 0.005 (0.08) | 0 (0) | 0.002 (0.3) | |
Land cover classes | Agriculture | 0 (0)a | 0 (0) | 0.03 (0.28)a | 0.01 (0.09)a | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) a | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Barren | 0.03 (0.29)a | 0 (0) | 0.02 (0.18)a | 0 (0)a | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.004 (0.05) a | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Forest | 0.14 (0.69)a | 0.11 (0.54) | 0.02 (0.15)a | 0.03 (0.19)a | 0.01 (0.19) | 0.1 (0.13) | 0.001 (0.03) a | 0.005 (0.08) | 0.004 (0.59) | 0 (0) | |
Savannah | 0.02 (0.18)a | 0 (0) | 0.03 (0.19)a | 0.07 (0.41)b | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) a | 0.003 (0.05) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Village | 0.07 (0.49)a | 0 (0) | 0.03 (0.3)a | 0.006 (0.06)a | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.003 (0.05) a | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Minimum field infection rate of ZIKV in potential vectors
Breeding sites | Species | Sex | Land covers | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forest | Savannah | Village | ||||
Tree holes | Aedes bromeliae | female | P(T) | – | – | 1 (20) |
MFIR | 5.0 | |||||
Ae. unilineatus | female | P(T) | – | 1 (20) | – | |
MFIR | 5.0 | |||||
Rock holes | Ae. bromeliae | female | P(T) | 1 (4) | – | – |
MFIR | 25.0 | |||||
Ae. vittaus | male | P(T) | 1 (8) | – | – | |
MFIR | 12.5 |