Background
Methods
Research Design
Participants
Outcome Measurements
Study Supplement and Dosing Schedule
Laboratory Assays
Serum Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC)
Sample Preparation
Method
Lymphocyte Subsets
Phagocytic Activity
NK Cell Cytotoxic Activity
Cox-2 Expression
Results
Study Participants
Antioxidant Activity
Non Smoker | Smoker | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean | SD | Min | Max | N | Mean | SD | Min | Max | |||
ORAC | Male | Baseline 1 | 5 | 428 | 115 | 310 | 562 | 3 | 510 | 100 | 439 | 581 |
Baseline 2 | 5 | 391 | 145 | 239 | 577 | 3 | 157 | 42 | 122 | 204 | ||
Dose 1 | 5 | 389 | 267 | 116 | 728 | 3 | 757 | 145 | 669 | 924 | ||
Dose 2 | 5 | 397 | 196 | 167 | 645 | 3 | 643 | 89 | 576 | 744 | ||
Dose 4 | 5 | 649 | 164 | 510 | 885 | 3 | 309 | 183 | 176 | 518 | ||
Dose 8 | 5 | 536 | 202 | 243 | 707 | 3 | 626 | 38 | 591 | 667 | ||
Female | Baseline 1 | 8 | 352 | 140 | 111 | 535 | 6 | 534 | 65 | 423 | 587 | |
Baseline 2 | 8 | 311 | 122 | 135 | 447 | 6 | 287 | 91 | 156 | 429 | ||
Dose 1 | 8 | 407 | 170 | 71 | 623 | 6 | 460 | 231 | 192 | 849 | ||
Dose 2 | 8 | 372 | 200 | 122 | 774 | 6 | 396 | 186 | 169 | 626 | ||
Dose 4 | 8 | 466 | 153 | 263 | 672 | 6 | 460 | 104 | 340 | 615 | ||
Dose 8 | 8 | 382 | 132 | 169 | 577 | 6 | 292 | 169 | 130 | 499 | ||
All | Baseline 1 | 13 | 380 | 131 | 111 | 562 | 9 | 527 | 68 | 423 | 587 | |
Baseline 2 | 13 | 337 | 129 | 135 | 577 | 9 | 244 | 99 | 122 | 429 | ||
Dose 1 | 13 | 401 | 195 | 71 | 728 | 9 | 559 | 246 | 192 | 924 | ||
Dose 2 | 13 | 380 | 190 | 122 | 774 | 9 | 478 | 197 | 169 | 744 | ||
Dose 4 | 13 | 527 | 174 | 263 | 885 | 9 | 410 | 144 | 176 | 615 | ||
Dose 8 | 13 | 438 | 170 | 169 | 707 | 9 | 435 | 216 | 130 | 667 |
Serum ORAC
P values | |||
---|---|---|---|
Effect | df | Full Factorial Model | Main Effects Model |
Intercept | 1 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Group | 2 | 0.350 | 0.358 |
Dose | 4 |
0.043
|
0.040
|
Group * dose | 8 | 0.492 |
Dose | Mean | SE | p value for comparison with baseline |
---|---|---|---|
Baseline | 376.42 | 31.50 | |
1 | 430.15 | 39.79 | 0.898 |
2 | 395.15 | 39.79 | 1.000 |
4 | 514.04 | 39.79 |
0.010
|
8 | 405.71 | 43.09 | 1.000 |
ORAC Dose response models
Effect | df | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 1 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Group | 1 | 0.206 | 0.096 | |
Linear dose | 1 | 0.158 | 0.153 | 0.135 |
Quadratic dose | 1 |
0.047
|
0.045
|
0.047
|
Linear dose * Group | 1 | 0.210 | ||
Quadratic dose * Group | 1 | 0.959 |
95% C I | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Estimate | SE | df | t | Sig. | Lower Bound | Upper Bound |
316.9 | 429.9 | ||||||
DOSE | 46.54 | 19.71 | 97.2 | 2.36 | 0.020 | 7.4 | 85.7 |
DOSE_SQ | -4.89 | 2.43 | 97.5 | -2.01 | 0.047 | -9.7 | -0.06 |
Immune Function
Secondary Outcome Measures | Non Smoker | Smoker | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean | SD | Min | Max | N | Mean | SD | Min | Max | |||
Mature t cell Number | Male | Baseline 1 | 5 | 1.52 | 0.31 | 1.10 | 1.77 | 3 | 2.18 | 0.62 | 1.74 | 2.62 |
Baseline 2 | 5 | 1.56 | 0.31 | 1.19 | 1.99 | 3 | 1.75 | 0.07 | 1.68 | 1.82 | ||
Dose 1 | 5 | 1.56 | 0.29 | 1.23 | 1.82 | 3 | 1.97 | 0.28 | 1.69 | 2.25 | ||
Dose 2 | 5 | 1.50 | 0.40 | 1.12 | 1.99 | 3 | 1.81 | 0.16 | 1.63 | 1.94 | ||
Dose 4 | 5 | 1.56 | 0.56 | 1.11 | 2.31 | 3 | 1.93 | 0.25 | 1.64 | 2.12 | ||
Dose 8 | 5 | 1.65 | 0.54 | 1.21 | 2.37 | 3 | 2.20 | 0.39 | 1.84 | 2.62 | ||
Female | Baseline 1 | 8 | 1.56 | 0.46 | 1.00 | 2.17 | 6 | 2.01 | 0.68 | 0.97 | 2.76 | |
Baseline 2 | 8 | 1.59 | 0.34 | 1.09 | 1.99 | 6 | 2.01 | 0.70 | 0.95 | 2.98 | ||
Dose 1 | 8 | 1.56 | 0.29 | 1.07 | 1.93 | 6 | 1.99 | 0.74 | 0.80 | 2.75 | ||
Dose 2 | 8 | 1.68 | 0.39 | 0.99 | 2.12 | 6 | 1.99 | 0.67 | 0.86 | 2.76 | ||
Dose 4 | 8 | 1.55 | 0.35 | 0.95 | 1.97 | 6 | 1.99 | 0.77 | 0.89 | 2.97 | ||
Dose 8 | 8 | 1.63 | 0.46 | 1.02 | 2.26 | 6 | 1.85 | 0.74 | 1.11 | 2.87 | ||
Mature b cell number | Male | Baseline 1 | 5 | 0.24 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.36 | 3 | 0.50 | 0.15 | 0.39 | 0.60 |
Baseline 2 | 5 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0.31 | 3 | 0.37 | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.55 | ||
Dose 1 | 5 | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.36 | 3 | 0.39 | 0.11 | 0.32 | 0.52 | ||
Dose 2 | 5 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.28 | 3 | 0.36 | 0.14 | 0.27 | 0.52 | ||
Dose 4 | 5 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.30 | 3 | 0.36 | 0.15 | 0.27 | 0.53 | ||
Dose 8 | 5 | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.19 | 0.30 | 3 | 0.42 | 0.18 | 0.29 | 0.63 | ||
Female | Baseline 1 | 8 | 0.24 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.34 | 6 | 0.39 | 0.17 | 0.23 | 0.59 | |
Baseline 2 | 8 | 0.24 | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.29 | 6 | 0.32 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.53 | ||
Dose 1 | 8 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.37 | 6 | 0.32 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.50 | ||
Dose 2 | 8 | 0.26 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.38 | 6 | 0.33 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.54 | ||
Dose 4 | 8 | 0.24 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.34 | 6 | 0.35 | 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.60 | ||
Dose 8 | 8 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.30 | 6 | 0.34 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.49 | ||
Helper t cell number | Male | Baseline 1 | 5 | 0.99 | 0.30 | 0.58 | 1.23 | 3 | 1.27 | 0.18 | 1.14 | 1.40 |
Baseline 2 | 5 | 0.98 | 0.31 | 0.69 | 1.40 | 3 | 1.19 | 0.31 | 0.88 | 1.50 | ||
Dose 1 | 5 | 1.01 | 0.31 | 0.59 | 1.28 | 3 | 1.32 | 0.23 | 1.13 | 1.58 | ||
Dose 2 | 5 | 0.99 | 0.39 | 0.63 | 1.43 | 3 | 1.21 | 0.28 | 0.99 | 1.53 | ||
Dose 4 | 5 | 1.02 | 0.47 | 0.58 | 1.61 | 3 | 1.29 | 0.37 | 1.06 | 1.71 | ||
Dose 8 | 5 | 1.09 | 0.52 | 0.64 | 1.76 | 3 | 1.53 | 0.53 | 1.22 | 2.14 | ||
Female | Baseline 1 | 8 | 0.96 | 0.29 | 0.70 | 1.46 | 6 | 1.24 | 0.39 | 0.60 | 1.61 | |
Baseline 2 | 8 | 1.00 | 0.22 | 0.73 | 1.29 | 6 | 1.24 | 0.38 | 0.61 | 1.59 | ||
Dose 1 | 8 | 0.97 | 0.15 | 0.73 | 1.20 | 6 | 1.24 | 0.46 | 0.52 | 1.83 | ||
Dose 2 | 8 | 1.06 | 0.23 | 0.66 | 1.33 | 6 | 1.23 | 0.39 | 0.56 | 1.75 | ||
Dose 4 | 8 | 0.98 | 0.21 | 0.62 | 1.18 | 6 | 1.25 | 0.49 | 0.59 | 2.06 | ||
Dose 8 | 8 | 1.02 | 0.27 | 0.61 | 1.29 | 6 | 1.10 | 0.29 | 0.75 | 1.44 | ||
Suppressant t cell number | Male | Baseline 1 | 5 | 0.47 | 0.12 | 0.28 | 0.59 | 3 | 0.77 | 0.54 | 0.39 | 1.15 |
Baseline 2 | 5 | 0.54 | 0.19 | 0.28 | 0.81 | 3 | 0.54 | 0.25 | 0.38 | 0.83 | ||
Dose 1 | 5 | 0.51 | 0.17 | 0.27 | 0.75 | 3 | 0.61 | 0.31 | 0.42 | 0.96 | ||
Dose 2 | 5 | 0.50 | 0.17 | 0.31 | 0.70 | 3 | 0.55 | 0.23 | 0.37 | 0.81 | ||
Dose 4 | 5 | 0.52 | 0.19 | 0.29 | 0.72 | 3 | 0.59 | 0.26 | 0.43 | 0.89 | ||
Dose 8 | 5 | 0.53 | 0.17 | 0.31 | 0.66 | 3 | 0.63 | 0.18 | 0.49 | 0.84 | ||
Female | Baseline 1 | 8 | 0.55 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.89 | 6 | 0.77 | 0.43 | 0.36 | 1.50 | |
Baseline 2 | 8 | 0.53 | 0.16 | 0.31 | 0.80 | 6 | 0.74 | 0.45 | 0.33 | 1.62 | ||
Dose 1 | 8 | 0.54 | 0.15 | 0.34 | 0.79 | 6 | 0.72 | 0.42 | 0.27 | 1.50 | ||
Dose 2 | 8 | 0.55 | 0.19 | 0.30 | 0.86 | 6 | 0.72 | 0.42 | 0.29 | 1.51 | ||
Dose 4 | 8 | 0.53 | 0.16 | 0.32 | 0.81 | 6 | 0.73 | 0.41 | 0.29 | 1.45 | ||
Dose 8 | 8 | 0.56 | 0.24 | 0.31 | 0.98 | 6 | 0.77 | 0.54 | 0.33 | 1.55 | ||
Natural killer cell number | Male | Baseline 1 | 5 | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.44 | 3 | 0.36 | 0.02 | 0.34 | 0.37 |
Baseline 2 | 5 | 0.22 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.50 | 3 | 0.27 | 0.04 | 0.24 | 0.31 | ||
Dose 1 | 5 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.41 | 3 | 0.29 | 0.02 | 0.28 | 0.32 | ||
Dose 2 | 5 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 3 | 0.29 | 0.03 | 0.26 | 0.31 | ||
Dose 4 | 5 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.21 | 3 | 0.30 | 0.03 | 0.27 | 0.32 | ||
Dose 8 | 5 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.24 | 3 | 0.34 | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.48 | ||
Female | Baseline 1 | 8 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.32 | 6 | 0.21 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.41 | |
Baseline 2 | 8 | 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.28 | 6 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.50 | ||
Dose 1 | 8 | 0.19 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.35 | 6 | 0.21 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.37 | ||
Dose 2 | 8 | 0.20 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.29 | 6 | 0.24 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.45 | ||
Dose 4 | 8 | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.26 | 6 | 0.25 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.37 | ||
Dose 8 | 8 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.31 | 6 | 0.32 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.56 | ||
Phagocytosis of Granulocytes | Male | Baseline 1 | 5 | 37.1 | 6.0 | 31.0 | 44.4 | 3 | 40.6 | 1.3 | 39.6 | 41.5 |
Baseline 2 | 5 | 47.6 | 5.1 | 39.6 | 53.2 | 3 | 40.4 | 8.4 | 31.0 | 47.2 | ||
Dose 1 | 5 | 35.4 | 3.1 | 33.0 | 39.8 | 3 | 48.0 | 4.9 | 42.4 | 51.6 | ||
Dose 2 | 5 | 48.8 | 14.3 | 27.5 | 58.1 | 3 | 49.2 | 15.0 | 32.8 | 62.2 | ||
Dose 4 | 5 | 40.4 | 6.3 | 30.9 | 44.5 | 3 | 38.6 | 3.0 | 35.2 | 40.6 | ||
Dose 8 | 5 | 48.6 | 3.4 | 44.5 | 51.5 | 3 | 48.1 | 5.5 | 43.7 | 54.2 | ||
Female | Baseline 1 | 8 | 38.8 | 10.1 | 27.6 | 57.3 | 6 | 40.0 | 8.8 | 27.1 | 49.3 | |
Baseline 2 | 8 | 51.4 | 7.4 | 37.6 | 60.7 | 6 | 53.8 | 8.0 | 46.0 | 65.2 | ||
Dose 1 | 8 | 49.3 | 13.3 | 33.3 | 75.7 | 6 | 46.3 | 9.0 | 32.9 | 57.9 | ||
Dose 2 | 8 | 46.0 | 13.9 | 26.6 | 64.2 | 6 | 51.4 | 13.8 | 28.6 | 65.9 | ||
Dose 4 | 8 | 39.5 | 7.3 | 34.8 | 51.7 | 6 | 48.5 | 8.8 | 36.2 | 58.6 | ||
Dose 8 | 8 | 50.9 | 8.9 | 39.5 | 63.7 | 6 | 56.3 | 6.7 | 47.0 | 61.9 | ||
Phagocytosis of monocytes | Male | Baseline 1 | 5 | 31.1 | 4.5 | 24.9 | 35.6 | 3 | 29.1 | 3.5 | 26.6 | 31.5 |
Baseline 2 | 5 | 35.5 | 2.2 | 33.3 | 38.9 | 3 | 30.4 | 9.4 | 23.9 | 41.2 | ||
Dose 1 | 5 | 27.1 | 3.2 | 23.5 | 32.0 | 3 | 35.3 | 3.1 | 31.9 | 38.0 | ||
Dose 2 | 5 | 38.4 | 10.8 | 22.5 | 45.7 | 3 | 35.4 | 10.1 | 25.8 | 46.0 | ||
Dose 4 | 5 | 31.8 | 5.7 | 25.1 | 37.6 | 3 | 27.4 | 1.4 | 25.8 | 28.3 | ||
Dose 8 | 5 | 37.6 | 1.8 | 35.8 | 39.7 | 3 | 32.4 | 5.4 | 26.5 | 37.2 | ||
Female | Baseline 1 | 8 | 34.7 | 8.4 | 20.0 | 47.3 | 6 | 32.4 | 5.1 | 25.3 | 39.2 | |
Baseline 2 | 8 | 39.5 | 7.7 | 28.9 | 47.7 | 6 | 39.3 | 5.4 | 30.3 | 45.1 | ||
Dose 1 | 8 | 35.5 | 8.1 | 26.0 | 49.0 | 6 | 34.6 | 6.5 | 24.8 | 42.6 | ||
Dose 2 | 8 | 33.1 | 7.3 | 22.5 | 45.3 | 6 | 33.8 | 9.5 | 21.5 | 49.8 | ||
Dose 4 | 8 | 30.9 | 4.6 | 25.0 | 38.6 | 6 | 36.2 | 7.5 | 30.5 | 49.8 | ||
Dose 8 | 8 | 32.5 | 5.5 | 24.0 | 39.9 | 6 | 34.5 | 8.8 | 24.4 | 44.8 | ||
Natural killer cell cytotoxicity | Male | Baseline 1 | 5 | 15.5 | 6.0 | 10.6 | 25.2 | 3 | 22.0 | 0.9 | 21.3 | 22.6 |
Baseline 2 | 5 | 18.7 | 5.4 | 11.0 | 25.4 | 3 | 22.8 | 17.0 | 10.7 | 34.8 | ||
Dose 1 | 5 | 18.1 | 6.8 | 10.4 | 24.8 | 3 | 22.4 | 4.5 | 17.6 | 26.5 | ||
Dose 2 | 5 | 13.7 | 4.8 | 7.5 | 19.3 | 3 | 21.8 | 3.9 | 17.3 | 24.7 | ||
Dose 4 | 5 | 14.1 | 4.1 | 8.9 | 19.0 | 3 | 23.5 | 6.6 | 17.6 | 30.6 | ||
Dose 8 | 5 | 15.1 | 2.8 | 11.3 | 17.8 | 3 | 23.2 | 6.0 | 19.6 | 30.1 | ||
Female | Baseline 1 | 8 | 14.8 | 5.9 | 9.1 | 24.0 | 6 | 15.1 | 4.5 | 10.6 | 21.5 | |
Baseline 2 | 8 | 13.9 | 5.7 | 8.7 | 25.6 | 6 | 16.5 | 6.6 | 8.6 | 23.4 | ||
Dose 1 | 8 | 15.0 | 5.3 | 8.9 | 24.6 | 6 | 16.4 | 4.9 | 10.4 | 23.9 | ||
Dose 2 | 8 | 14.1 | 5.2 | 8.6 | 21.6 | 6 | 16.6 | 4.5 | 10.0 | 20.8 | ||
Dose 4 | 8 | 13.4 | 4.3 | 7.6 | 19.1 | 6 | 13.3 | 5.5 | 4.1 | 19.3 | ||
Dose 8 | 8 | 12.5 | 5.0 | 7.8 | 19.1 | 6 | 15.9 | 7.5 | 10.5 | 26.5 | ||
Cox 2 | Male | Baseline 1 | 5 | 78.0 | 8.9 | 67.8 | 89.6 | 3 | 83.6 | 3.9 | 80.8 | 86.3 |
Baseline 2 | 5 | 82.9 | 2.9 | 79.7 | 85.3 | 3 | 83.0 | 2.2 | 80.6 | 85.0 | ||
Dose 1 | 5 | 82.6 | 3.1 | 79.0 | 86.4 | 3 | 85.1 | 4.1 | 82.5 | 89.9 | ||
Dose 2 | 5 | 83.2 | 1.4 | 82.2 | 85.3 | 3 | 79.6 | 2.2 | 78.1 | 82.1 | ||
Dose 4 | 5 | 78.2 | 5.1 | 73.8 | 85.2 | 3 | 84.8 | 5.0 | 80.9 | 90.5 | ||
Dose 8 | 5 | 79.4 | 3.6 | 75.4 | 83.5 | 3 | 85.8 | 8.5 | 76.2 | 92.5 | ||
Female | Baseline 1 | 8 | 78.9 | 5.9 | 71.8 | 87.9 | 6 | 80.2 | 5.4 | 76.3 | 89.4 | |
Baseline 2 | 8 | 81.0 | 5.5 | 72.0 | 88.5 | 6 | 79.2 | 9.1 | 61.9 | 85.8 | ||
Dose 1 | 8 | 82.6 | 3.5 | 75.9 | 88.0 | 6 | 85.9 | 3.0 | 82.7 | 90.3 | ||
Dose 2 | 8 | 83.6 | 3.8 | 77.3 | 89.2 | 6 | 81.3 | 4.0 | 74.8 | 86.0 | ||
Dose 4 | 8 | 81.0 | 4.3 | 73.4 | 85.2 | 6 | 83.7 | 4.8 | 78.4 | 92.3 | ||
Dose 8 | 8 | 81.3 | 5.2 | 76.1 | 90.1 | 6 | 82.7 | 5.5 | 76.9 | 87.6 |
Secondary Outcome Measures | Smoking status | Gender | Dose |
---|---|---|---|
Mature t cell number |
0.053
| 0.901 | 0.320 |
Mature b cell number |
0.029
| 0.704 | 0.839 |
Helper t cell number * |
0.093
| 0.824 | 0.134 |
Suppressant t cell number | 0.188 | 0.565 | 0.806 |
Natural killer cell number* |
0.004
| 0.165 | 0.179 |
Phagocytosis of granulocytes* | 0.389 |
0.036
|
0.000
|
(4 capsule dose excluded) | 0.607 |
0.038
|
0.000
|
Phagocytosis of monocytes * | 0.872 |
0.007
|
0.003
|
(4 capsule dose excluded) | 0.516 |
0.020
| 0.094 |
Natural killer cell activity | 0.129 |
0.040
| 0.345 |
Cox 2 inhibition * | 0.937 | 0.630 |
0.001
|
Secondary Outcome Measure | Effect | Mean | SE | Pairwise | p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mature B Cell Number | Smoker | No | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.028 | |
Yes | 0.35 | 0.04 | ||||
Natural Killer Cell Number | Smoker | No | 0.20 | 0.02 | 0.003 | |
Yes | 0.27 | 0.02 | ||||
Phagocytosis of Granulocytes | Dose | Baseline | 45.01 | 1.43 | base vs 8 | 0.002 |
1 | 43.70 | 2.17 | 1 vs 8 | 0.038 | ||
2 | 50.68 | 2.89 | 2 vs 4 | 0.010 | ||
4 | 42.81 | 1.65 | 4 vs 8 | 0.000 | ||
8 | 50.49 | 1.58 | ||||
Gender | Male | 43.70 | 2.18 | 0.038 | ||
Female | 49.37 | 1.73 | ||||
Phagocytosis of Granulocytes | Dose | Baseline | 45.01 | 1.44 | base vs 8 | 0.001 |
(4 capsule dose excluded) | 1 | 43.96 | 2.19 | 1 vs 8 | 0.026 | |
2 | 50.36 | 2.92 | ||||
8 | 50.47 | 1.54 | ||||
Gender | Male | 44.64 | 2.23 | 0.035 | ||
Female | 50.27 | 1.78 | ||||
Phagocytosis of Monocytes | Dose | Baseline | 34.37 | 0.89 | 2 vs 4 | 0.003 |
1 | 33.24 | 1.38 | ||||
2 | 35.76 | 1.83 | ||||
4 | 32.01 | 1.27 | ||||
8 | 32.70 | 1.41 | ||||
Gender | Male | 31.43 | 1.29 | 0.007 | ||
Female | 35.80 | 1.02 | ||||
Phagocytosis of Monocytes | Gender | Male | 32.03 | 1.39 | 0.022 | |
(4 capsule dose excluded) | Female | 35.93 | 1.09 | |||
Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity | Gender | Male | 19.41 | 1.70 | 0.04 | |
Female | 14.77 | 1.28 | ||||
Cox 2. | Dose | Baseline | 80.42 | 1.06 | base vs 1 | 0.047 |
1 | 83.77 | 0.79 | ||||
2 | 81.99 | 0.73 | ||||
4 | 81.69 | 1.07 | ||||
8 | 81.80 | 1.26 |