Background
Materials and methods
Study participants
Measurements and analytical determinations
Genotyping of DDAH2 gene polymorphism
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics | CZ | GHS | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MI-neg | MI-pos |
p
| MI-neg | MI-pos |
p
| |
n
| 883 | 177 | 595 | 184 | ||
Males (%) | 57.0 | 75.7 | < 0.001 | 50.4 | 71.7 | < 0.001 |
Age (years) | 61.0 ± 11.5 | 64.8 ± 9.2 | < 0.001 | 61.2 ± 8.6 | 64.2 ± 8.5 | < 0.001 |
Age at diabetes diagnosis (years) | 53 ± 12 | 54 ± 11 | 0.65 | 49 ± 10 | 50 ± 11 | 0.43 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 7.9 ± 8.7 | 11.2 ± 9.7 | < 0.001 | 11.8 ± 8.4 | 14.1 ± 9.6 | < 0.01 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 31.3 ± 6.4 | 30.1 ± 4.9 | < 0.02 | 30.9 ± 5.2 | 30.8 ± 4.8 | 0.56 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.49 ± 1.64 | 7.74 ± 1.80 | 0.13 | 8.57 ± 1.89 | 8.61 ± 1.81 | 0.81 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 190.9 ± 43.6 | 170.6 ± 42.9 | < 0.001 | 192.2 ± 46.6 | 173.3 ± 46.2 | < 0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 46.7 ± 14.2 | 44.1 ± 11.9 | 0.02 | 45.1 ± 12.5 | 44.1 ± 15.9 | 0.37 |
Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 157.9 ± 99.9 | 156.4 ± 95.5 | 0.84 | 152.8 ± 100.1 | 159.4 ± 102.4 | 0.74 |
Glucose-lowering therapy (%) | 63.3 | 79.1 | < 0.001 | 83.7 | 85.9 | 0.48 |
Anti-hypertensive therapy (%) | 70.1 | 90.4 | < 0.001 | 70.8 | 88.6 | < 0.001 |
Anti-dyslipidemic therapy (%) | 34.7 | 70.6 | < 0.001 | 40.3 | 73.9 | < 0.001 |
Ever smoked (%) | 44.8 | 64.4 | < 0.001 | 33.9 | 44.0 | < 0.02 |
Characteristics | CZ | GHS | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GG
|
GC
|
CC
| p |
GG
|
GC
|
CC
| p | |
n
| 966 | 90 | 4 | 694 | 82 | 3 | ||
Males (%) | 60.8 | 54.4 | 25.0 | 0.18 | 55.0 | 57.3 | 100.0 | 0.27 |
Age (years) | 61.6 ± 11.2 | 62.1 ± 11.7 | 57.5 ± 12.7 | 0.73 | 62 ± 9 | 60 ± 9 | 68 ± 14 | 0.09 |
Age at diabetes diagnosis (years) | 53 ± 12 | 55 ± 13 | 50 ± 6 | 0.35 | 49 ± 10 | 48 ± 9 | 53 ± 13 | 0.59 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 8.6 ± 9.0 | 7.2 ± 8.8 | 8.0 ± 7.7 | 0.37 | 12.4 ± 8.8 | 11.9 ± 8.8 | 15.3 ± 5.0 | 0.74 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 31.0 ± 6.1 | 31.2 ± 6.9 | 33.7 ± 5.8 | 0.65 | 30.8 ± 5.1 | 31.7 ± 5.3 | 31.2 ± 3.7 | 0.34 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.48 ± 1.63 | 8.03 ± 1.92 | 8.16 ± 1.92 | 0.03 | 8.57 ± 1.88 | 8.68 ± 1.87 | 9.10 ± 2.38 | 0.79 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 186.9 ± 44.3 | 192.3 ± 42.0 | 213.7 ± 43.2 | 0.26 | 188.4 ± 47.7 | 182.7 ± 41.6 | 181.3 ± 68.6 | 0.56 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 46.1 ± 13.9 | 47.3 ± 12.9 | 52.2 ± 13.8 | 0.51 | 44.9 ± 13.6 | 44.6 ± 12.2 | 43.0 ± 6.1 | 0.95 |
Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 158.1 ± 95.4 | 156.7 ± 133.6 | 105.7 ± 40.9 | 0.43 | 155.1 ± 101.5 | 149.5 ± 93.1 | 126.7 ± 92.4 | 0.70 |
Glucose-lowering therapy (%) | 65.7 | 68.9 | 50.0 | 0.66 | 84.1 | 84.1 | 100.0 | 0.75 |
Anti-hypertensive therapy (%) | 74.1 | 66.7 | 75.0 | 0.31 | 73.8 | 82.8 | 66.7 | 0.19 |
Anti-dyslipidemic therapy (%) | 41.7 | 31.1 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 47.8 | 51.2 | 66.7 | 0.68 |
Ever smoked (%) | 48.1 | 47.8 | 50.0 | 0.99 | 36.6 | 34.1 | 33.3 | 0.90 |
Study samples | DDAH2 rs9267551 genotype | Additive model (unadjusted) | Additive model | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CZ (n = 1060) | GG | GC | CC | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p |
MI-neg (n = 883) | 796 (90.1%) | 83 (9.4%) | 4 (0.5%) | 0.380 (0.175–0.823) | 0.014 | 0.342 (0.146–0.799) | 0.013a |
0.307 (0.106–0.885) | 0.029b | ||||||
MI-pos (n = 177) | 170 (96.0%) | 7 (4.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.364 (0.121–1.102) | 0.074c |
GHS (n = 779) | GG | GC | CC | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M-neg (n = 595) | 522 (87.7%) | 70 (11.8%) | 3 (0.5%) | 0.497 (0.267–0.923) | 0.027 | 0.503 (0.269–0.941) | 0.031a |
0.512 (0.270–0.970) | 0.040b | ||||||
MI-pos (n = 184) | 172 (93.5%) | 12 (6.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0.478 (0.245–0.935) | 0.031c |
Pooled (n = 1839) | GG | GC | CC | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MI-neg (n = 1478) | 1318 (89.2%) | 153 (10.3%) | 7 (0.5%) | 0.458 (0.283–0.739) | 0.001 | 0.445 (0.270–0.733) | 0.001d |
0.458 (0.266–0.787) | 0.005e | ||||||
MI-pos (n = 361) | 342 (94.7%) | 19 (5.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.457 (0.259–0.808) | 0.007f |
Study samples | DDAH2 rs9267551 genotype | Additive model | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CZ (n = 1017) | GG | GC | CC | OR (95% CI) | p |
MI-neg (n = 840) | 757 (90.1%) | 79 (9.4%) | 4 (0.5%) | 0.338 (0.144–0.793) | 0.013a |
0.293 (0.101–0.850) | 0.024b | ||||
MI-pos (n = 177) | 170 (96.0%) | 7 (4.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.350 (0.113–1.0.82) | 0.068c |
GHS (n = 755) | GG | GC | CC | OR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M-neg (n = 571) | 499 (87.4%) | 69 (12.1%) | 3 (0.5%) | 0.479 (0.256–0.899) | 0.022a |
0.487 (0.257–0.925) | 0.028b | ||||
MI-pos (n = 184) | 172 (93.5%) | 12 (6.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0.454 (0.231–0.891) | 0.022c |
Pooled (n = 1772) | GG | GC | CC | OR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MI-neg (n = 1411) | 1256 (89.0%) | 148 (10.5%) | 7 (0.5%) | 0.429 (0.260–0.710) | 0.001d |
0.434 (0.251–0.748) | 0.003e | ||||
MI-pos (n = 361) | 342 (94.7%) | 19 (5.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.432 (0.243–0.766) | 0.004f |