Background
Methods
Study population
Echocardiographic measurement of cardiac adipose tissue
Follow-up
Statistics
Results
Study population characteristics
Characteristic | Total | Men | Women | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Participants, n (%) | 1030 | 679 (66) | 351 (34) | < 0.001 |
Age, years | 65 (10) | 65 (10) | 64 (11) |
0.81
|
Current smoker, (%) | 151 (15) | 105 (16) | 46 (13) |
0.31
|
Diabetes duration, years | 11 [6, 17] | 12 [6, 17] | 10 [5, 17] |
0.19
|
Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 192 (19) | 161 (24) | 31 (8) | < 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 136 (17) | 134 (18) | 138 (17) |
0.001
|
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 30.3 (5.7) | 30.1 (5.1) | 30.6 (6.6) |
0.16
|
Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.1 [3.5; 4.8] | 4.0 [3.4; 4.6] | 4.4 [3.8; 5.1] | < 0.001 |
LDL (mmol/l) | 2.0 [1.2; 1.8] | 1.9 [1.5; 2.5] | 2.1 [1.6; 2.8] |
0.001
|
HDL (mmol/l) | 1.2 [1.0; 1.4] | 1.1 [0.9; 1.3] | 1.3 [1.1; 1.6] | < 0.001 |
Triglyceride (mmol/l) | 1.8 [1.2; 2.5] | 1.8 [1.2; 2.6] | 1.6 [1.2; 2.3] |
0.032
|
HbA1C (mmol/mol) | 55 [48; 66] | 55 [48; 65] | 54 [46; 66] |
0.69
|
P-creatinine (µmol/l) | 79 [66; 98] | 84 [73; 104] | 67 [56; 83] | < 0.001 |
CAT (mm) | 11.9 (3.6) | 12.1 (3.7) | 11.4 (3.5) |
0.004
|
EAT (mm) | 5.0 (1.8) | 5.0 (1.8) | 5.0 (1.9) |
0.86
|
PAT (mm) | 6.9 (2.8) | 7.1 (2.8) | 6.4 (2.6) | < 0.001 |
Composite end-point, n (%) | 248 (24) | 191 (28) | 57 (16) | < 0.001 |
Epicardial adipose tissue and cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality
Adipose tissue | Model | Composite (n = 248) | Men | Women | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Composite (n = 191) | Composite (n = 57) | ||||||
HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | p value | ||
High EAT | 1 | 1.46 (1.13; 1.88) |
0.004
| 1.54 (1.15; 2.10) |
0.004
| 1.22 (0.72; 2.06) |
0.46
|
2 | 1.31 (1.01; 1.69) |
0.038
| 1.40 (1.05; 1.87) |
0.024
| 1.08 (0.63; 1.83) |
0.79
| |
3 | 1.32 (0.99; 1.78) |
0.057
| 1.41 (1.01; 1.96) |
0.041
| 1.16 (0.62; 2.17) |
0.65
| |
High PAT | 1 | 1.07 (0.83; 1.37) |
0.62
| 0.95 (0.72; 1.27) |
0.46
| 1.22 (0.72; 2.07) |
0.46
|
2 | 0.90 (0.70; 1.16) |
0.42
| 0.83 (0.63; 1.10) |
0.21
| 1.15 (0.67; 1.95) |
0.62
| |
3 | 0.84 (0.63; 1.12) |
0.23
| 0.79 (0.57; 1.09) |
0.16
| 1.05 (0.56; 1.97) |
0.87
| |
High CAT | 1 | 1.20 (0.93; 1.54) |
0.16
| 1.14 (0.86; 1.52) |
0.43
| 1.24 (0.73; 2.10) |
0.43
|
2 | 1.02 (0.79; 1.31) |
0.88
| 1.00 (0.75; 1.33) |
0.99
| 1.10 (0.64; 1.87) |
0.73
| |
3 | 0.97 (0.72; 1.30) |
0.82
| 0.97 (0.69; 1.35) |
0.86
| 1.04 (0.55; 1.98) |
0.62
|
Pericardial adipose tissue and cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality
All patients | C-statistics | Net reclassification index | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 (95% CI) | Model 3 (95% CI) | Model without vs. with adipose tissue | ||
Percent (95% CI) | p value | |||
Model without adipose tissue | 0.67 (0.63–0.72) | |||
Model including | ||||
EAT | 0.53 (0.49–0.58) | 0.68 (0.63–0.72) | 19.6% (1.4–37.8) | 0.035 |
High EAT | 0.54 (0.50–0.58) | 0.67 (0.63–0.72) | 20.8% (2.5–39.1) | 0.026 |
Men | ||||
Model without adipose tissue | 0.65 (0.60–0.70) | |||
Model including | ||||
EAT | 0.54 (0.49–0.59) | 0.66 (0.61–0.70) | 17.7% (− 3.1 to 38.5) | 0.09 |
High EAT | 0.55 (0.50–0.59) | 0.65 (0.60–0.70) | 19.6% (1.1–40.0) | 0.06 |
Women | ||||
Model without adipose tissue | 0.66 (0.55–0.76) | |||
Model including | ||||
EAT | 0.50 (0.39–0.60) | 0.66 (0.56–0.77) | − 4.3% (− 42.8 to 34.1) | 0.83 |
High EAT | 0.52 (0.43–0.60) | 0.66 (0.55–0.77) | 20.3% (20.6–61.2) | 0.33 |