Introduction
Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common condition in adult women [1]. For the relief of symptoms related to POP conservative treatment options include life-style advice, pelvic physiotherapy and pessary treatment [2‐4]. The aim of pessary treatment is to restore the anatomy of the visceral organs of the pelvic cavity by inserting a device into the vagina. The reported subjective cure rates vary between 60 % and 80 % [5, 6]. Many patients prefer this treatment over surgery, as it is unlikely to cause serious morbidity and normal activities can be continued [7‐10]. Successful pessary fitting and long-term success have been documented in up to 75 % of women with symptomatic POP [11‐14]. The reason for the high proportion (80 – 85 %) of gynecologists placing pessaries may be the ease with which they can be inserted and removed, their efficacy and the low complication rate [15, 16].
Although large groups of women receive these devices, a national guideline regarding POP was not available in The Netherlands at the time of our survey. The proportion of patients made aware of this treatment option, which patients are most eligible for this treatment, and how long follow-up intervals should be were unknown. Ignorance concerning these issues may result in practice variation and suboptimal treatment of patients. Therefore, the aim of the present survey was to identify current practice and variation in practice concerning treatment with vaginal pessaries for POP.
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Materials and methods
An invitation to participate was sent to all 151 members of the Dutch working party for urogynecology of the Dutch College for Obstetrics and Gynecology. This membership represents 15.4 % of the 981 Dutch gynecologists. We expected all members of the Dutch working party for urogynecology to be familiar with the indications for and performance of pessary treatment. Participants were asked to answer the survey using an online system (SurveyMonkey®). A reminder was sent to those who had not responded 4 weeks after the first request. Nonresponders were sent a third request 4 weeks after the second request.
The questionnaire was developed specifically for the survey based on previous questionnaires [15, 16] and by a panel of four experts in urogynecology. The questionnaire included both multiple choice and open questions addressing the following topics: characteristics of gynecologists and hospitals, selection of patients, follow-up management and counseling patients about side effects, effectiveness and the option of self-management. We asked the respondents to answer as if considering a patient without a previous pessary fitting trial. The full questionnaire can be found in Table 5 in the Appendix. Ethics review board approval was not applied for.
Data from the completed questionnaires were used to calculate frequencies and percentages of respondents answering per question per topic. Descriptive data analysis was performed using SPSS 19.0 (SPSS Statistics UK, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).
Results
After three requests, a total of 91 of 151 gynecologists (59 %) in 63 of 80 hospitals (79 %) had responded. In 98 % of the responding hospitals a gynecologist with a special interest in urogynecology was employed. A written protocol for indication, insertion and follow-up of pessary treatment was available in 13 % (Table 1).
Table 1
Characteristics of the hospitals of responding gynecologists
No. (%) of respondents | ||
|---|---|---|
Type of hospital | General hospital | 26 (29) |
Teaching hospital | 55 (60) | |
Academic hospital | 9 (10) | |
Private practice | 1 (1) | |
New patients with vaginal prolapse annually | 0 – 400 | 24 (26) |
401 – 800 | 46 (51) | |
>800 | 21 (23) | |
Vaginal prolapse surgery procedures annually | 0 – 100 | 14 (15) |
101 – 200 | 52 (57) | |
>200 | 25 (28) | |
Gynecologist with special interest urogynecology | Yes | 89 (98) |
No | 2 (2) | |
Existence of written protocol for pessary use | Yes | 12 (13) |
No (but consensus among caregivers) | 54 (59) | |
No | 25 (27) | |
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Pessary placement for the treatment of POP was proposed by 69 % of respondents always, by 17 % sometimes, and by 14 % never. Prolapse of the anterior compartment and apical compartment were considered the most suitable indications for pessary treatment (99 % and 96 % of the respondents, respectively). Concerning the decision to start initial treatment with a pessary, 62 % of the respondents stated that they were not influenced by the stage of prolapse, and 36 % stated that patient age was a decisive factor, with younger patients being less likely to receive a pessary (Table 2).
Table 2
Selection of patients
No. (%) of respondents | ||
|---|---|---|
Standard information about the option of a pessary | Yes | 63 (69) |
Occasionally | 15 (17) | |
No | 13 (14) | |
Type of prolapse thought to be most suitable for pessarya
| Prolapse anterior compartment | 88 (99) |
Prolapse middle compartment | 85 (96) | |
Prolapse posterior compartment | 9 (11) | |
Stress incontinence | 11 (12) | |
Urge incontinence | 8 (9) | |
Constipation | 0 (0) | |
Obstructed defecation | 26 (29) | |
Influence of prolapse stage on decision | Yes | 35 (38) |
No | 56 (62) | |
Influence of patient age on decision | Yes | 33 (36) |
No | 58 (64) | |
Table 3 shows the protocols and practices of gynecologists concerning follow-up after initial placement. The interval between initial placement and first follow-up varied from 2 weeks to 16 weeks. The first follow-up visits were at 2 weeks (17 % of respondents), 3 weeks (15 %), 4 weeks (14 %), 6 weeks (23 %), 8 weeks (2 %), 12 weeks (23 %), and 16 weeks (6 %).
Table 3
Follow up
No. (%) of respondents | ||
|---|---|---|
First follow-up visit (weeks) | 2 | 15 (17) |
3 | 14 (15) | |
4 | 13 (14) | |
6 | 21 (23) | |
8 | 2 (2) | |
12 | 21 (23) | |
16 | 5 (6) | |
Professional responsible for first follow-up visit | Same caregiver | 30 (33) |
Same caregiver, later general practitioner | 48 (53) | |
Same caregiver or general practitioner | 1 (1) | |
Specialist nurse | 1 (1) | |
Patient wishes | 11 (12) | |
Timing of follow-up visits after initial placementa
| Same interval continued | 15 (16) |
Shorter intervals if complaints | 27 (30) | |
Longer intervals if no complaints | 90 (99) | |
Prescription of estrogens (oral and vaginal) | Yes | 12 (13) |
When indicated (vaginal atrophy) | 66 (73) | |
When indicated (other than atrophy) | 8 (9) | |
No | 5 (5) | |
Regarding the first follow up visit, 78 respondents (86 %) stated that it was carried out by a gynecologist, 2 % delegated this care to either the general practitioner (GP) or a nurse practitioner, and 12 % stated that the patient could choose between the above professionals. If there were no patient complaints, 99 % of respondents increased the interval between visits. Estrogens were prescribed routinely by 13 % of respondents, only when vaginal atrophy was present by 73 %, and when indications other than atrophy, for example irritation, were present by 9 %; 5 % of respondents never prescribed estrogens.
Counseling about side effects varied. All respondents provided information concerning the possibility of serious vaginal discharge. Concerning this side effect, 15 % of the respondents stated that it occurs in 5 – 20 % of patients, 27 % that it occurs in 20 – 40 % of patients, and 57 % that it occurs in more than 40 % of patients. Another item concerned counseling for the likelihood of vaginal blood loss. All respondents provided information concerning the possibility of vaginal blood loss. Concerning this side effect, 53 % of the respondents stated that it occurs in 5 – 20 % of patients, 33 % that it occurs in 20 – 40 %, and 14 % that it occurs in more than 40 % of patients. Concerning the success rates of pessary treatment, 5 % of respondents informed patients that pessary treatment is successful in only 5 – 20 % of patients, 46 % that it is successful in 20 – 50 % of patients, and 48 % that it is successful in more than 50 % of patients. The likelihood of eventually receiving surgical treatment following failure of pessary treatment was stated to be 0 – 25 % by 24 % of respondents, 25 – 50 % by 56 % and more than 50 % by 20 %. Of the respondents who proposed pessaries as a treatment option, 96 % informed the patient about the possibility of self-management (Table 4).
Table 4
Patient information and self-management
No. (%) of respondents | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Likelihood of side effects of pessary use | Vaginal discharge | 5 – 20 % | 14 (15) |
20 – 40 % | 25 (27) | ||
>40 % | 52 (57) | ||
Vaginal blood loss | 5 – 20 % | 48 (53) | |
20 – 40 % | 30 (33) | ||
>40 % | 13 (14) | ||
Likelihood of surgical treatment for POP after pessary treatment | 0 – 25 % | 22 (24) | |
25 – 50 % | 51 (56) | ||
50 – 75 % | 17 (19) | ||
75 – 100 % | 1 (1) | ||
Likelihood of pessary extrusion | 5 – 15 % | 36 (40) | |
15 – 30 % | 45 (49) | ||
30 – 50 % | 8 (9) | ||
>50 % | 2 (2) | ||
Likelihood of that pessary treatment will be effective/satisfactory | 5 – 20 % | 5 (5) | |
20 – 50 % | 42 (46) | ||
>50 % | 44 (48) | ||
Gynecologist giving advice about self-management | Always | 46 (51) | |
Regularly | 41 (45) | ||
No | 4 (4) | ||
Gynecologists giving instructions about self-management | Yes, always | 48 (53) | |
Regularly | 39 (43) | ||
No | 4 (4) | ||
Patients successful in self-management returning to outpatient clinic | Yes | 36 (40) | |
No | 55 (60) | ||
Discussion
A nationwide survey was performed to quantify the variation among gynecologists in the practice of pessary treatment in women with symptomatic POP. A low percentage (only 13 %) of respondents stated that they had a written protocol available in their department. A relatively high percentage (69 %) of respondents routinely suggested pessary treatment for POP. A considerable variation was found in counseling about vaginal discharge and vaginal blood loss as possible side effects. Furthermore, the intervals between placement and the first follow-up visit varied greatly. A majority of the respondents reported that they routinely instruct the patient about self-management.
Before discussing these results in more detail, we address some limitations of this study. A criticism might be that the 59 % response rate did not reflect overall clinical practice. However, the respondents represented 79 % of Dutch departments. Failure of a proportion of potential participants to respond means that trends that could have been recognized were missed. There could have been a reporting bias favoring younger potential participants due to the online survey tool used. However, it is not clear how this could have affected the results. As previous surveys on this topic had response rates of 21 % [15] and 55 % [16] we consider that the response rate can be regarded as high. Another possible limitation was the way in which questions were formulated. To be able to obtain answers that could be more easily analyzed multiple choice questions were mainly used, which may not always have reflected actual practice. Unfortunately, this is inherent in the survey format.
Also GPs contribute to this type of care, estimated in The Netherlands to be around 20 % of the total amount of care, but this group was not interviewed. There is no expertise in pessary treatment for POP among other groups in The Netherlands, for example nurse practitioners. It would have been interesting to perform a similar survey among GPs to gain an insight into their use of pessaries in the management of POP. Because of the relatively small contribution of GPs to this care we decided not to include GPs in the study. Furthermore, we recognize that this survey only dealt with daily practice in The Netherlands. Similar surveys in more countries could generate information of more clinical value.
The study clearly demonstrated that a considerable proportion (69 %) of gynecologists provide informs about the possibility of pessary treatment. The available literature clearly indicates that a high proportion of patients become long-term users with a high patient satisfaction [10, 13, 17]. This may be a result of the high percentage of patients who receive information about this treatment. In general, respondents considered pessary treatment for prolapse of the anterior and apical compartments as more successful than pessary treatment for prolapse of the posterior compartment. In literature, there is no definitive evidence that pessary use for posterior compartment prolapse is not as successful as pessary treatment for anterior wall prolapse [12, 18, 19]. The two largest studies have demonstrated [12, 18] no difference in the success of pessary treatment in relation to the type and severity of prolapse, and conclude that patients should not be selected for pessary treatment on the basis of the type of prolapse.
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Information given to patients about adverse effects of pessary treatment varied to a great extent and the information that was given about the occurrence of side effects was often not in line with existing evidence. Vaginal discharge has been reported to occur in 25 % of patients [20] and vaginal blood loss in 6 – 46 % of patients [20‐22] at 1 year after treatment. A large proportion (57 %) of respondents considered (and possibly discussed with patients) that serious vaginal discharge occurs more frequently than it actually does. These discrepancies between perceived and actual complication rates may negatively affect the willingness of the gynecologist to propose and of the patient to undergo pessary treatment.
Large differences in follow-up intervals were reported by the respondents. Shorter intervals could be associated with unnecessary higher costs per patient. However, there is no clarity in the literature as to the ideal or minimal follow-up intervals after initial placement. Neither is there any evidence concerning the proportion of patients who are able to learn to clean and replace the pessary themselves. A majority of the respondents reported that they routinely instruct patients about self-management, including how to change and clean the pessary at home. However, from this survey we cannot determine the success of this advice and training.
Conclusions
This survey clearly showed that there is large variation in the use of pessaries in the management of POP. This includes the information patients are provided with. Other variations concern follow-up after placement. A prospective study regarding effectiveness and consequences of the use of pessaries in the management of POP, and patient satisfaction with this approach, is needed.
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the contribution of those who responded to the questionnaire.
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Conflicts of interest
None.
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