To explore the association between the 3,144 m/z protein peak and the clinicopathological features and prognosis in breast cancer.
Methods
Using SELDI–TOF MS, we analyzed serum protein peak at 3,144 m/z in 283 patients with node-positive breast cancer, its relationship with clinicopathological features and their prognosis evaluating value of survival.
Results
3,144 m/z positive rate was higher in elderly patients (42.8 % in ≥50-year-old vs. 31.2 % in <50, P = 0.04). However, no correlation was observed between 3,144 m/z and other clinicopathological features (body mass index, menstrual status, family history, TNM, molecular subtypes, vascular invasion, neural invasion, p53 and CA15-3). However, the positive rate of 3,144 m/z was higher than that of CA15-3 (35.5 vs. 11.4 %, McNemar χ2 test, p < 0.001). 3,144 m/z-negative patients (n = 177) had a better 3-year overall survival (OS) than 3,144 m/z-positive patients (n = 106) (89.8 vs. 81.2 %, P = 0.045). Younger patients (P = 0.016), postmenopausal status (P = 0.019), small tumor (P < 0.001), less positive nodes (P < 0.001), early stage (P < 0.001), favorable molecular subtype (P = 0.007), normal CA15-3 (P = 0.003) and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (P = 0.001) predicted better survival. Cox analysis showed that T3–4 (95 % CI 1.419–8.057, P = 0.006), lymph node metastasis (95 % CI 1.242–3.632, P = 0.006) and p53 mutation (95 % CI 1.088–6.378, P = 0.032) were independent adverse prognostic factors. But childbirth ≥2 (95 % CI 0.163–0.986, P = 0.046), adjuvant chemotherapy (95 % CI 0.062–0.921, P = 0.038) and adjuvant radiotherapy (95 % CI 0.148–0.928, P = 0.034) were the independent factors in reducing risk of death in breast cancer patients. Combination testing of 3,144 m/z and CA15-3 will improve the prognosis value of 3-year survival (P = 0.011); patients with CA153−/3144− were characterized by the longest survival (89.8 %) and the CA153+/3144+ patients by the shortest.
Conclusions
Serum protein peak at 3,144 m/z is a new biomarker for breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis and showed a higher positive rate than serum CA15-3. Combining 3,144 m/z and CA15-3 testing may improve prognosis of longer survival in breast cancer patients.
Introduction
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. Despite a good long-term overall survival, recurrence and metastasis are primarily responsible for treatment failure [1]. Metastasis to the axillary lymph nodes is a key indicator of prognosis in breast cancer. The overall 5-year survival of breast cancer patients with positive axillary lymph node is lower than that of patients with negative lymph nodes, and there is almost a linear relationship between nodal disease burden and breast cancer-specific survival independent of tumor size. Recently, breast cancer serum tumor markers for early diagnosis, prognosis and recurrence monitoring have received increasing attention [2, 3]. CA15-3 is a commonly used marker in breast cancer management, and provides assistance for advanced breast cancer diagnosis and monitoring postoperative patients. However, the sensitivity of CA15-3 for diagnosis of advanced breast cancer is only 15.3 [4] to 22.5 % [5]. Thus, there is an urgent need for a simple, sensitive method for monitoring metastasis and recurrence in breast cancer [6].
The human proteome reflects all proteins and peptides which may be related to one gene and allows a more detailed evaluation of disease status. At present, it has become relatively easy to detect protein profiling in crude biological samples with surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI–TOF MS). Surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (SELDI–TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) is an innovative approach in proteomics and has been used in the clinical setting to study tumor protein biomarkers [7], seek new markers for early diagnosis and prognosis in breast cancer [8, 9], and identify a more sensitive marker for neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer [10]. However, only a few studies have attempted to identify new markers for metastasis [11, 12], and few analyses have been performed to study the relation between these markers and breast cancer survival. We previously used SELDI–TOF MS to analyze cell culture media and cell lysate from both high- and low-metastatic human ovarian cancer cell lines, and the results showed a differentially expressed protein peak at 3,144 m/z between these cells. These findings were preliminarily validated in serum samples from patients with advanced ovarian cancer [13].
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Searching the Swiss protein database using the TagIdent online tool showed that a protein matched the 3,144 m/z peak and that it probably was CD24, which is a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored protein with mucin-like adhesion. Lee et al. [14] reviewed CD24 expression assessed by immunohistochemistry in 2,925 patients with cancer from 28 research reports. They observed an elevated expression of CD24 protein in a variety of cancers, including ovarian, breast, bladder, gastrointestinal, endometrial, bile duct, pancreatic, prostate and skin. CD24 may be involved in tumor development through the promotion of tumor cell proliferation, invasion and metastatic spread. It has become a biomarker and prognostic indicator for invasion and metastasis of certain malignant tumors [14]. Tissue CD24 expression levels may help to predict survival in patients with breast cancer [15], but studies show that highly invasive breast cancer cells often express CD44+/CD24− [16]. Such cells are considered to be breast cancer stem cells [17, 18].
So far, 3,144 m/z (CD24) expression in serum samples from breast cancer patients with positive lymph nodes has not been reported. This study aimed to analyze the protein peak at 3,144 m/z in serum samples from breast cancer patients with positive lymph nodes to determine the association between this protein peak and breast cancer prognosis, to evaluate its clinical implications and guide future research.
Methods
Patients’ characteristics
We retrospectively studied breast cancer patients admitted to the Zhejiang Cancer Hospital from August 2006 to June 2009. Patients were enrolled if they had breast cancer with positive lymph nodes. Diagnoses were established using surgical biopsy specimens. Clinical classification was made according to the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) staging system (2010 edition). TNM was defined as: T1, tumor size ≤2 cm; T2, tumor size >2 and ≤5 cm; T3, tumor size >5 cm; T4, regardless of tumor size, a direct invasion into the chest wall (a) or skin (b); T4c = T4a + T4b; T4d, inflammatory breast cancer; N1, ipsilateral 1–3 lymph node positive; N2, ipsilateral 4–9 lymph node positive; N3: ipsilateral ≥10 lymph node positive or ipsilateral supraclavicular lymph node metastasis; and M1, distant metastasis. Patients with metastatic breast cancer and axillary lymph node metastasis from other primary tumors were excluded. General demographic data, pathological subtype, disease duration, and data on preoperative and postoperative treatments were collected. The study was approved by the ethics committee of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital and informed consent was obtained from all patients.
A total of 283 women with node-positive breast cancer with invasive ductal carcinoma after mastectomy were enrolled. There were 115 premenopausal and 164 postmenopausal women (4 patients had missing data) aged from 25 to 75 years (median 49.0 years). Diagnoses for all patients were confirmed by postoperative pathological examination. There were 117 cases at stage II and 166 cases at stage III–IV.
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The tumor molecular subtypes were: luminal A (ER+ or PR+, HER2−) in 134 patients, luminal B (ER+ or PR+, HER2+) in 39 patients, HER2 positive (ER−/PR−/HER2+) in 33 patients and triple-negative or “basal-like” subtype (ER−/PR−/HER2−) in 72 patients. Five patients had no immunohistochemistry record and the subtypes were then unknown.
Laboratory instruments and reagents
We used a PBS IIc SELDI–TOF MS (Ciphergen Biosystems, Fremont, CA, USA). Weak cation exchange (WCX) nanobeads, binding buffer and eluent products were purchased from Saierdi Inc. (Beijing, China). Acetonitrile, trifluoroacetic acid, SPA (sinapinic acid), urea, DTT, CHAPS, Tris–HCl and pure H2O were purchased from Sigma (St Louis, MI, USA).
Sample collection and testing
Sample collection and preparation
Before first treatment (surgery or neoadjuvant chemotherapy), fasting peripheral blood samples were obtained from all patients and immediately placed at 4 °C for 1–2 h. Serum was separated by centrifugation at 4,000 rpm, at 4 °C for 5 min, and subsequently centrifuged at 14,000 rpm, at 4 °C for 5 min, to remove residual cell debris. Serum was transferred on ice to a new centrifuge tube and stored at −80 °C. Before testing, serum samples were thawed on ice. Serum samples (10 μl) were pipetted in 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes with 20 μl of 9 M urea buffer (9 mol/l urea, 2 % CHAPS, 50 mmol/l Tris–HCl, 1 % DTT, pH 9.0). Diluted samples were allowed to reach room temperature for 10 min, and 360 μl of binding buffer was then added.
Measurement of protein peak at 3,144 m/z
The detailed procedure has been previously published [13]. Briefly, WCX nanobeads were transferred into PCR tubes placed in a magnetic processor and liquid was removed. Following addition of 100 μl binding buffer, the PCR tubes were placed for 5 min in a magnetic processor to remove liquid and the same procedure was repeated once. Diluted serum sample (100 μl) was added to each PCR tube containing nanobeads. After mixing and reaching room temperature for 15 min, the PCR tubes were placed in the magnetic processor for removing unbound sample. Binding buffer (100 μl) was added to each tube; tubes were mixed and let to react for 5 min. The PCR tubes were then placed in the magnetic processor to discard liquid. The eluent (10 μl) was added to each tube and tubes were placed in the magnetic processor. 5 μl of supernatant was transferred to another PCR tube amd 5 μl of saturated SPA solution (sinapinic acid in 50 % acetonitrile and 0.5 % trifluoroacetic acid) was added and mixed well. Then, 1 μl was spotted onto an Au chip and allowed to air dry.
Before the chip was read on the PBS IIc mass spectrometer, NP20 chip with all-in-one standard proteins was used for instrument calibration, ensuring that the error in molecular weight ranged less than 0.1 %. The parameters of chip reading instrument were: laser intensity = 175; detection sensitivity = 8; optimization range = 1,000–15,000; and the highest molecular weight = 50,000. Each point on the chip was collected 90 times. Data were collected using the Ciphergen Protein Chip 3.2.1 software. According to the ROC curve of the protein peak (3,144 m/z) obtained from a previous study of pre-III–IV stage ovarian cancer [7], when the boundary value was set at 1.15, the sensitivity and specificity were 65.4 and 91.4 %, respectively. Therefore, the current study in breast cancer defined expression values of <1.15 as negative and of >1.15 as positive.
CA15-3 testing standards
We tested the CA15-3 with the same fasting peripheral blood samples as above. The Roche cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) method is a sandwich electrochemiluminescence immunoassay that employs a biotinylated monoclonal CA15-3-specific antibody and a monoclonal CA15-3-specific antibody (Roche CA15-3 reagent, Roche Diagnostic Corp). The normal reference value was 0–28 U/ml. CA15-3 value over 28 U/ml was considered to be positive.
Tumor subtypes
Tumor subtypes were determined according to ER, PR and HER2 using immunohistochemistry [19]. Four micrometers-thick sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue block of the best representative slide for each case were prepared for immunostains. Estrogen receptor (ER—monoclonal rabbit 1D5 clone), progesterone receptor (PR—monoclonal mouse PR636 clone), HER2 (rabbit immunoglobulin Hercep Test) and p53 (monoclonal mouse DO-7 clone) were performed using FDA approved antibodies. ER, PR and p53 were positive when ≥10 %. HER2 was positive (amplified/expressed) when 3+ in >30 % cells by immunohistochemistry. Cases with Hercep Test 2+ score (equivocal) were further analyzed for HER2 gene amplification by FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique.
Follow-up
Follow-up was carried out in the outpatients receiving postoperative treatment or by telephone interview. It was completed on June 30, 2011.
Data analysis and statistics
Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Continuous data were described by frequency and rate. Positive rates between the different clinical and pathological features were examined using χ2 tests. The association between 3,144 m/z protein peak and p53 was analyzed using McNemar χ2 tests. Various factors affecting survival were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank test. Meaningful variables and treatment data from univariate analysis were introduced into a Cox regression model to establish the independent prognostic factors. A P value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Results
Serum protein peak at 3,144 m/z and clinical features
The 3,144 m/z positive rate in the ≤50-year-old group was 31.1 % (47/151) and 44.7 % (59/132) in >50-year-old (χ2 = 5.537, P = 0.019). However, positive 3,144 m/z was not correlated with patients’ body mass index, menopausal status, family history, TNM stage, tumor molecular subtypes, vascular invasion, neural invasion, p53 expression and CA15-3 (Table 1).
Table 1
Relationship between patients’ characteristics and 3,144 m/z protein expression
Protein peak at 3,144 m/z
χ2
P value
N
Negative
Positive
Positive rate (%)
Age (years)
≤50
151
104
47
31.1
5.537
0.019
>50
132
73
59
44.7
Blood type
O
96
58
38
39.6
2.914
0.405
A
97
64
33
34.0
B
67
38
29
43.3
AB
23
17
6
26.1
BMIa
<24
159
103
56
35.2
0.485
0.486
≥24
117
71
46
39.3
Menstruationa (n = 279)
Premenopausal
115
66
49
42.6
3.087
0.079
Postmenopausal
164
111
53
32.3
Family historyb (n = 278)
Yes
65
45
20
30.8
1.281
0.258
No
213
131
82
38.5
Abortiona (n = 278)
No
179
111
68
38.0
0.597
0.440
Yes
99
66
33
33.3
Menarchea (years) (n = 277)
>15
120
79
41
34.2
0.343
0.558
≤15
157
98
59
37.6
Childbirtha (n = 278)
≥2
141
89
52
36.9
0.037
0.847
<2
137
88
49
35.8
Tumor size
T1–T2
233
145
88
37.8
0.055
0.815
T3–T4
50
32
18
36.0
Lymphovascular invasion
No
150
94
56
37.3
0.002
0.964
Yes
133
83
50
37.6
Neural invasion
No
249
154
95
38.2
0.430
0.512
Yes
34
23
11
32.4
Lymph node metastasis
N1
130
83
47
36.2
1.086
0.581
N2
86
50
36
41.9
N3
67
44
23
34.3
Clinical staging
Stage II
117
71
46
39.3
0.295
0.587
Stage III–IV
166
106
60
36.1
Subtypea (n = 278)
Luminal A
134
87
47
35.1
0.911
0.823
Luminal B
39
25
14
35.9
HER2 (+)
33
21
12
36.4
Basal-like
72
42
30
41.7
p53
Negative
109
72
37
33.9
4.382
0.112
Positive
147
93
54
36.7
Unknown
27
12
15
55.6
CA15-3a (n = 220)
Negative
195
124
71
36.4
0.685
0.408
Positive
25
18
7
28.0
BMI body mass index
aWith missing data
bAny other family member with cancer
Table 2
Comparison of positive percentage between 3,144 m/z and CA15-3
Protein peak at 3144 m/z
Total
Negative
Positive
CA15-3
Negative
124 (63.6)
71 (36.4)
195
Positive
18 (72.0)
7 (28.0)
25
Total
142 (64.5)
78 (35.5)
220
McNemar χ2 test, P < 0.001
Serum protein peak at 3,144 m/z and prognosis
Follow-up was completed on June 30, 2011. 244 of 283 patients with breast cancer survived and 39 patients died. The 3-year survival rate was 86.2 %. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis (Table 3) showed that the 3,144 m/z protein peak was related with overall survival in breast cancer patients. Positive protein expression at 3,144 m/z in 106 patients had a 3-year survival of 81.2 %, which was significantly lower than that in 177 patients with negative expression with a 3-year survival of 89.8 % (Log-Rank, χ2 = 4.403, P = 0.045) (Fig. 1). In univariate analyses, the 3-year overall survival in breast cancer patients was associated with age, menopausal status, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, clinical stage, molecular typing, CA15-3, 3,144 m/z protein peak and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (all P < 0.05).
Table 3
Comparison of different breast cancer clinicopathological features and 3-year survival
Clinicopathological factors
N
3-year survival rate (%)
Log-rank χ2
P value
Age (years)
≤50
151
92.0
5.779
0.016
>50
132
79.8
Blood type
O
96
91.5
2.224
0.527
A
97
85.5
B
67
79.9
AB
23
97.0
BMI
<24
159
86.4
0.009
0.926
≥24
117
87.0
Menstruation
Premenopausal
115
79.5
5.478
0.019
Postmenopausal
164
91.3
Family historyb
Yes
65
87.3
0.110
0.741
No
213
85.1
Abortion
No
179
84.2
1.980
0.159
Yes
99
90.3
Menarchea (years)
>15
120
85.8
0.065
0.799
≤15
157
86.7
Childbirtha
≥2
141
88.6
2.075
0.150
<2
137
84.2
Tumor size
T1–T2
233
90.1
24.555
<0.001
T3–T4
50
67.6
Intravascular cancer embolus
No
150
86.6
0.398
0.528
Yes
133
85.8
Neural invasion
No
249
87.2
0.402
0.526
Yes
34
78.9
Lymph node metastasis
N1
130
94.3
16.435
<0.001
N2
86
86.6
N3
67
68.2
Clinical staging
II
117
94.5
11.635
<0.001
III–IV
166
80.2
Subtypea
Luminal A
134
92.9
12.196
0.007
Luminal B
39
89.0
HER2 (+)
33
86.7
Basal-like
72
73.1
p53
Negative
109
90.5
2.754
0.097
Positive
147
81.8
CA15-3a
Negative
195
89.9
8.94
0.003
Positive
25
65.3
Protein peak at 3,144 m/z
Negative
177
89.8
4.403
0.045
Positive
106
81.2
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy
No
128
78.0
11.071
0.001
Yes
155
93.0
Adjuvant chemotherapy
No
14
78.6
1.593
0.207
Yes
269
86.8
Adjuvant radiotherapy
No
128
84.7
0.674
0.412
Yes
155
87.3
BMI body mass index
aWith missing data
bAny other family member with cancer
Fig. 1
Kaplan–Meier estimates of overall survival for breast cancer with 3144 m/z protein positive and negative
×
Cox regression analysis showed (Table 4) that T3–4, lymph node metastasis, p53 mutation, childbirth, adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy were independent prognostic factors in this group of patients with breast cancer. The patients with T3–4 had 3.381-fold risk of death compared with T12 patients (95 % CI 1.419–8.057, P = 0.006); Cox proportional hazards model analysis showed that the patients with N3 lymph node metastasis had a 2.124-fold risk of death compared with patients with N1 + N2 lymph node metastasis (95 % CI 1.242–3.632, P = 0.006). However, childbirth ≥2, adjuvant chemotherapy and adjuvant radiotherapy were the independent factors in reducing the risk of death in breast cancer patients. 3,144 m/z expression was not an independent prognostic factor in patients with invasive ductal carcinoma in our study.
Table 4
COX multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in breast cancer patients
B
SE
Wald
df
Sig
Exp(B)
95.0 % CI for Exp (B)
Lower
Upper
T-stage
1.218
0.443
7.563
1
0.006
3.381
1.419
8.057
LN status
0.753
0.274
7.578
1
0.006
2.124
1.242
3.632
Childbirth ≥2
−0.915
0.460
3.964
1
0.046
0.401
0.163
0.986
p53
0.969
0.451
4.610
1
0.032
2.634
1.088
6.378
Adjuvant CT
−1.427
0.686
4.325
1
0.038
0.240
0.062
0.921
Adjuvant RT
−0.992
0.468
4.494
1
0.034
0.371
0.148
0.928
LN status N1, N2 and N3, CT chemotherapy, RT radiotherapy
Serum protein peak at 3,144 m/z and CA15-3
In 283 patients with breast cancer, 37.5 % (106/283) were preoperatively detected with a positive protein peak at 3,144 m/z. Of these patients, 220 patients were tested for CA15-3 and showed a positive result in 11.4 % (25/220). The difference between the two methods was statistically significant (McNemar χ2 test, P < 0.001), indicating that the 3,144 m/z protein pattern in breast cancer patients had a higher positive rate than the traditional CA15-3 marker. Combination testing of 3,144 m/z and CA15-3 will improve the prognosis value of 3-year survival (P = 0.011, Fig. 2). Patients with CA153−/3,144− were characterized by the longest survival (89.8 %) and CA153+/3,144+ patients by the shortest (53.6 %, Table 5).
Fig. 2
Kaplan–Meier estimates of overall survival for breast cancer with different CA153/3144 status
Table 5
The different CA153/3,144 statuses and 3-year survival of breast cancer patients
Clinicopathological factors
N
3-year survival rate (%)
Log-rank χ2
P value
CA153+/3,144+
7
53.6
CA153+/3,144−
18
70.3
11.232
0.011
CA153−/3,144+
71
89.9
CA153−/3,144−
124
89.8
×
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Discussion
Over the past 30 years, the survival of women with early-stage breast cancer has been prolonged [20]. In addition to earlier detection, the use of adjuvant chemotherapy and endocrine therapy following definitive surgery and radiation therapy is credited with a significant improvement in overall survival. Traditionally, the prognosis of breast cancer has been known to be associated with tumor size, nodal status, hormonal receptor status, histologic grade, nuclear grade, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression, Ki-67 expression, etc. [21, 22]. However, positive axillary lymph node is a key indicator of prognosis in breast cancer patients. In recent years, cancer diagnostics has been taking enormous advantage of genomics and proteomics, novel fields of modern biology. Proteomics is the study of the proteome, which comprises the complete protein components of the cell, tissue or organism. The milestone paper, which was published in 2002 by the group of Petricoin and Liotta [23], showed that components of the serum proteome identified by mass spectrometry differentiated patients with ovarian cancer from healthy individuals. Compared to diagnostic studies, there were no satisfactory serum markers for early detection of the relapse of breast cancer after surgery and adjuvant therapy, and few reports were seen with SELDI–TOF MS being used in the prognosis for breast cancers with varying conclusions.
The molecular difference was researched by the gene microarray of breast cancer, and different gene expression profiles were found, which were classified into basal-like type, HER2 type, normal breast-like type and luminal-type. Luminal-type breast cancer was characterized by profiles of estrogen receptor (ER) positive or progesterone receptor (PR) positive; it showed better prognosis than other subtypes, such as basal-like type and HER2 type. In search of these markers, investigators from our institutes and hospital have published gene expression profiles in tumor tissue that outperformed all prognostic parameters in predicting disease outcome. One of the proteomic technologies used extensively in the search for novel markers is surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI–TOF MS). The proteome might have greater ability in reflecting the molecular complexity of breast cancer. Postoperative serum protein pattern may provide prognostic information, since it reflects the host response to metastasis. The candidate prognostic marker found in the current study is most likely related to a postoperative host response. In addition, as patients were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, a post-treatment pattern of differentially expressed proteins may represent tumor phenotype and chemosensitivity. These proteins produced during host response are generally present at substantially higher circulatory concentrations than the enzymes that process them upon their exposure to the tumor microenvironment, so they can be detected in the blood by SELDI–TOF MS.
This study used SELDI–TOF MS for detection of protein peak at 3,144 m/z in pretreatment peripheral blood samples from 283 patients with breast cancer and lymph node metastasis. There were no correlations between positive rate of protein peak at 3,144 m/z and CA15-3 in 220 patients (Table 2). The positive rate of the protein peak at 3,144 m/z (35.5 %) was significantly higher than that of CA15-3 (11.4 %). Although the traditional CA15-3 tumor marker has a low positive rate, the present study showed that CA15-3-positive patients had a lower survival rate, accompanied by other independent prognostic factors, thus defining a poor prognosis in these patients. Positive CA15-3 was mostly observed in patients at a late cancer stage. In fact, the prognostic value of CA15-3 in advanced breast cancer has already been appreciated [24]. However, there is a lack of a sensitive marker for patients with early breast cancer. To solve this problem, we conducted this study and observed that the positive rate of 3,144 m/z protein peak in lymph node metastasis and early stage breast cancer was significantly higher than CA15-3, and that 3-year survival rate of 107 patients with positive protein peak was significantly lower than the survival rate of 177 patients with negative expression. Despite that univariate analyses suggested a prognostic significance of 3,144 m/z protein peak, multivariate analyses did not confirm its independent prognostic value in breast cancer. But the combination testing of 3,144 m/z and CA15-3 will improve the prognosis value of 3-year survival (P = 0.011). The patients with CA153−/3,144− were characterized by the longest survival and the CA153+/3,144+ patients by the shortest.
The 3,144 m/z protein peak is a new biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer using peripheral blood, which is an ideal test specimen, easy to obtain and ready to be tested in various stages of the disease during follow-up. Nevertheless, we should note that a large proportion of the breast cancer patients with recurrence and metastasis had normal serum biomarkers levels, and that about 5 % of healthy people may have abnormal markers [13]. Besides, there are obvious limitations of searching proteins according to their molecular size, because some proteins share the same molecular weight. Future research should obtain sufficient data in highly metastatic human breast cancer cells through some method for further characterization of the protein at 3,144 m/z. The serum protein peak detected at 3,144 m/z combined with CA15-3 may provide a useful marker for diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer.
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Molecular subtypes proposed by Goldhirsch et al. [19] at the St Gallen International Breast Cancer Conference (2011) were widely adopted. In-depth study of molecular subtypes in breast cancer offers guidance on appropriate and effective treatment management for clinicians, thus avoiding inadequate treatment or overtreatment [25]. Cox proportional hazards model showed that neoadjuvant chemotherapy was an independent prognostic factor in breast cancer patients and demonstrated that surgery supplemented with chemotherapy and radiotherapy can increase survival. Cox proportional hazards model analysis showed that neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to surgery was a prognostic factor, but did not reach statistical significance in the multivariate analysis; further in-depth study is needed to clarify such difference [26].
The current study suffered from some drawbacks. For example, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy and targeted therapy were all included in chemotherapy, but a stratified analysis will be performed in a future research. Also, a study including a large number of patients is required to confirm the prognostic significance of the 3,144 m/z protein peak.
In summary, the peripheral serum protein peak at 3,144 m/z provides an innovative, practical biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer. The simultaneous testing of serum CA15-3 may improve the detection rate of patients with breast cancer and lymph node metastasis.
Acknowledgments
We thank Jin ling-fang from the department of medical record, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, for providing help in patients’ follow-up. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Funds (30471819), Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province (2005C300001, 2012C13019-1, 2013C33205), Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Y2101312), Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Y2101312) and Zhejiang Provincial Medical Science and Technology Program (2010QNA006, 2011RCA011).
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Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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Nun gibt es auch Resultate zum Gesamtüberleben: Eine adjuvante Pembrolizumab-Therapie konnte in einer Phase-3-Studie das Leben von Menschen mit Nierenzellkarzinom deutlich verlängern. Die Sterberate war im Vergleich zu Placebo um 38% geringer.
Das Risiko für Rezidiv oder Tod von Patienten und Patientinnen mit reseziertem ALK-positivem NSCLC ist unter einer adjuvanten Therapie mit dem Tyrosinkinase-Inhibitor Alectinib signifikant geringer als unter platinbasierter Chemotherapie.
Patienten, die zur Behandlung ihres Prostatakarzinoms eine Androgendeprivationstherapie erhalten, entwickeln nicht selten eine Anämie. Wer ältere Patienten internistisch mitbetreut, sollte auf diese Nebenwirkung achten.
Müssen sich Schwangere einer Krebstherapie unterziehen, rufen Immuncheckpointinhibitoren offenbar nicht mehr unerwünschte Wirkungen hervor als andere Mittel gegen Krebs.
Update Onkologie
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