Introduction
Methods
Study design
Study population
Healthcare professionals
Patients with NSCLC who underwent lung resection
Informal caregivers of patients with NSCLC
Data collection
Content of the interviews
1A. Healthcare professionals | |
Behavior | 1. Do you refer patients for prehabilitation, physical therapy, nutritional support, smoking cessation? To whom/what most? 2. Do you think patients would participate in prehabilitation? 3. Which element of prehabilitation is the most important for your patients? |
Motivation | 4. Do you think it makes sense to offer prehabilitation to your patients? 5. In your opinion, is aerobic fitness related to the development of complications and recovery after surgery? 6. For which group of patients do you think referral to prehabilitation would be useful/not useful? 7. Are you planning to refer your patients with operable non-small cell lung cancer to prehabilitation? 8. How often do patients suffer from complications after lung surgery? |
Capability | 9. Would it be difficult or easy for you to estimate whether someone qualifies for prehabilitation? 10. Do you think all operable patients with NSCLC are eligible? 11. What are barriers for you to refer patients to prehabilitation? 12. What would make it easier for you to refer patients for prehabilitation? |
Opportunity | 13. Do you think it is logistically feasible to set up multimodal prehabilitation for patients preparing for lung cancer surgery, in combination with the appointments that patients have regarding diagnostics and treatment? 14. Do you know what the procedure is to refer patients for prehabilitation? Is this difficult or easy to figure out and implement? |
Other questions | 15. Do you think that preparing patients for surgery is needed by means of prehabilitation? 16. Which healthcare providers could best guide the patient in the preoperative period? 17. What are your thoughts about a lifestyle clinic in the hospital? 18. What are your thoughts about professional guidance for patients in preparation of surgery? 19. What are your thoughts about extending a delay before surgery to make more time for prehabilitation? How long might this delay be? |
1B. Patients | |
Behavior | 1. How did you experience the period around your surgery? 2. Did you do anything specific in preparation for your surgery in the period prior to your surgery (e.g., physical exercise training, nutritional adjustments)? 3. How do you look back on this period? Would you do anything else with today’s knowledge? 4. Did your physician advise you to be physically active/perform physical exercise training, adjust your diet, and/or stop smoking in preparation of your surgery? 5. Have you heard of prehabilitation? What are your thoughts about such a program? |
Capability | 6. Were you able to perform physical exercise training before your surgery? Did you do this? 7. Do you think you were able to follow a prehabilitation program at least 3 times a week? 8. Do you think you were able to follow a protein-rich diet? For smokers: 9. Did you stop smoking before surgery? Did you consider stopping? 10. Do you think you were able to stop smoking? |
Motivation | 11. Do you think it makes sense to perform physical exercise training prior to your surgery? 12. Do you think it is useful (for you) to eat a protein-rich diet and to adjust your eating behavior prior to your surgery? 13. Do you think it makes sense (for you) to get support from a psychologist prior to your surgery? 14. If you had to do it all over, how would you estimate the chance that you would follow a physical exercise training program in preparation of your surgery? For smokers: 15. If applicable: do you think it would be beneficial (for you) to quit smoking prior to your surgery? |
Opportunity | 16. Were you able to perform physical exercise training before your surgery? 17. Were you able/possible to follow a protein-rich diet before your surgery? 18. Did you have enough time to perform physical exercise training before your surgery? For smokers: 19. Were you able to quit smoking before the surgery? |
Other questions | 20. Did you have information before the operation about physical exercise training, nutrition, smoking cessation, psychological counseling, prehabilitation programs? 21. How physically fit did you feel before surgery after being diagnosed with lung cancer? 22. How physically fit did you feel after surgery? 23. Have you had any complications? 24. What do you think about guidance from a healthcare provider about prehabilitation programs? 25. What if the preoperative time period before surgery was extended in order to be able to participate in prehabilitation to be better prepared? |
1C. Informal caregivers | |
Behavior | 1. How are you? How did your loved one experience the period around his/her surgery? 2. Did you and your loved one do anything specific in preparation for surgery? 3. Have you ever heard of prehabilitation? What do you think about that? Do you think it would make sense for your loved one? 4. Has your loved one been offered prehabilitation or rehabilitation? 5. Have you assisted your loved one in a prehabilitation program/or would you have been able to assist your loved one if he/she had been offered this before the surgery? 6. Did you need support during this period? |
Motivation | 7. Do you think it is useful (for your loved one) to perform physical exercise training prior to the surgery? Did you support your loved one to become more physically active or participate in physical exercise training? How did you do that? Do you think there is a role for the informal caregiver in a patient’s preparation for surgery? 8. Do you think it is useful (for your loved one) to follow a protein-rich diet before surgery? Did you support your loved one to eat differently? Do you see a role for yourself here? For informal caregivers of patients who smoke: 9. Do you think it was useful (for your loved one) to stop smoking before his/her surgery? Do you see a role for yourself here? Did you help your loved one to stop smoking? If so, how? 10. Do you think it is useful (for your loved one) to receive support from a psychologist prior to the surgery? Do you see a role for yourself here? |
Capability | 11. Do you feel you are able to support your loved onein the preparation for surgery in terms of physical exercise training and dietary adjustments? For informal caregivers of patients who smoke: 12. Do you feel able to support your loved one to quit smoking? 13. Were you able to help your loved one to stop smoking before the operation? |
Opportunity | 14. Did you have enough opportunities (e.g., time) to support your loved one in his/her preparation for surgery? 15. Could you change something in the environment to make it easier for your loved one to be more physically active? |
Data analysis
Results
Recruitment and sampling
Parametersa | Healthcare professionals (n = 12) | Patients (n = 17) | Informal caregivers (n = 16) |
---|---|---|---|
Sex n (%) | |||
Male | 3 (25%) | 9 (56%) | 7 (47%) |
Female | 9 (75%) | 7 (44%) | 8 (53%) |
Age n (%) | 44 (24–63) | 65 (51–85) | 62 (21–84) |
21–30 years | 1 (8%) | – | 1 (6) |
31–40 years | 3 (25%) | – | – |
41–50 years | 4 (33%) | 1 (6%) | – |
51–60 years | 3 (25%) | 5 (29%) | 1 (6%) |
61–70 years | 1 (8%) | 8 (47%) | 8 (50%) |
71–80 years | – | 2 (12%) | 5 (31%) |
> 80 years | – | 1 (6%) | 1 (6%) |
Interview duration in minutes (range) | 25 (24–50) | 34 (22–57) | 23 (7–35) |
BMI in kg/m2 (range) | – | 25 (21–36) | – |
FEV1 as % of predicted (range) | – | 78 (41–131) | – |
DLCO as % of predicted (range) | – | 75 (42–110) | – |
Smoking n (%) | |||
Current | – | 4 (24%) | 2 (12%) |
Former | – | 13 (76%) | 7 (44%) |
Non-smoker | – | 0 (0%) | 7 (44%) |
Work n (%) | |||
Employed when diagnosed | – | 7 (47%) | 7 (44%) |
Retired | – | 10 (59%) | 6 (37%) |
Not employed | – | 0 (0%) | 3 (19%) |
Weeks between diagnosis and surgery (range) | – | 6 (1–24) | – |
Length of hospital stay in days (range) | – | 4 (2–11) | – |
Type of surgery n (%) | |||
Lobectomy | – | 12 (70%) | – |
Pneumonectomy | – | 3 (18%) | – |
Wedge resection | – | 2 (12%) | – |
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy | – | 1 (6%) | – |
Clavien-Dindo classification n (%) | |||
0–1 | – | 12 (71%) | – |
II | – | 3 (18%) | – |
III | – | 1 (6%) | – |
IV | – | 1 (6%) | – |
Charlson comorbidity index n (%) | |||
0–3 | – | 2 (12%) | – |
≥ 4 | – | 15 (88%) | – |
Relation with patient n (%) | |||
Spouse | – | – | 15 (94%) |
Son | – | – | 1 (6%) |
Function n (%) | |||
Rehabilitation physician | 2 (17%) | – | – |
Pulmonologist | 2 (17%) | – | – |
Surgeon | 1 (8%) | – | – |
Psychologist | 1 (8%) | – | – |
Dietician | 2 (17%) | – | – |
Physical therapist | 2 (17%) | – | – |
Case manager | 2 (17%) | – | – |
Open codes | Subthemes | Themes |
---|---|---|
Smoking-cessation | Multidisciplinary interventions | Content of prehabilitation and referral |
Focus on postoperative period | ||
Improving aerobic fitness | ||
Group or individual physical exercise training | ||
Improving nutritional status | ||
Coaching/guidance | ||
Involved disciplines | ||
Customized prehabilitation components on indication | Referral | |
Screening | ||
Role case manager | ||
Better prepared for surgery | ||
Who benefits? | Reasons to refer | |
Inclusion | ||
Decrease postoperative complications (risk) | ||
Improving postoperative recovery | ||
Improving survival | ||
Short period between diagnosis and surgery | Delay surgery for prehabilitation | Organizational factors |
Delay surgery not preferred | ||
Delay surgery is possible | ||
Prehabilitation so that surgery is possible | ||
Planning of appointments | Planning | |
Quick referral for multimodal prehabilitation | ||
Schedule | ||
Multidisciplinary collaboration | Communication | |
Communication with patients | ||
Developing an application | ||
Knowledge of healthcare professionals | ||
Knowledge of patients and informal caregiver | ||
Digital support | ||
Involving caregivers in prehabilitation | ||
Home-based physical exercise training | Location | |
Hospital-based physical exercise training | ||
Physical therapy practice | ||
Primary care | ||
Lifestyle clinic | ||
Patient specific prehabilitation program | ||
Distance | ||
Self-confidence | Mental and physical status | Personal factors for participation |
Physical fitness | ||
Stressful period for patients and informal caregivers | ||
Accepting help | ||
Capable of surgery | ||
Concerns about their health and surgery | ||
Status before surgery | ||
Willingness to participate | Intrinsic motivational | |
Awareness | ||
Motivation | ||
Self-management | ||
Self-discipline | ||
Preparation for surgery | ||
Financial barrier | External factors | Environmental factors |
Financial facilitator | ||
Time | ||
Cultural differences | ||
Concerns of caregiver | Social support | |
Support of caregiver | ||
Understanding social environment |
Healthcare professionals | Patients | Informal caregivers |
---|---|---|
Beliefs It is positive to include all patients, but especially patients with a poor preoperative physical fitness and/or nutritional status Prehabilitation is cost-saving when length of hospital stay decreases Multiple professionals within and between primary and secondary care should be involved in organizing prehabilitation Prehabilitation can best take place in a hospital because of short lines between involved healthcare professionals A longer time period before surgery is possible Facilitators Clear reasons for referral: a decrease in the risk of postoperative complications, improve postoperative recovery and survival Providing information to patients on how they can positively influence their health and functioning Accessible information about prehabilitation in different languages The case manager screens, refers, and coordinates Need for agreements for collaboration with involved healthcare professionals in primary and secondary care Making weekly timeslots available for practitioners to be able to schedule patients quickly for prehabilitation Quick referral, start within one week after diagnosis Pulmonologist/surgeon discusses the possibility about a longer time period before surgery with the patient Adequate skills and knowledge about prehabilitation in primary care is essential for feasibility and effectiveness? Involving informal caregivers should be involved to motivate and help patients to adhere Barriers There are no cut-off values to identify patients who benefit most from prehabilitation The short time period between diagnosis and surgery Prehabilitation is not yet reimbursed by healthcare insurance companies | Beliefs Consider themselves already sufficiently fit for surgery, having a healthy and varied diet Prehabilitation makes no difference in the risk of postoperative complications A better preoperative physical fitness and nutritional status facilitate postoperative recovery Positive attitude to participate in a preoperative physical exercise training program if this was recommended by a physician No need for nutritional support Many hospital appointments should be no barrier for prehabilitation Facilitators Receiving information about preparing for surgery and the surgical procedure itself, and about a healthy lifestyle before surgery Being capable to perform physical exercise training such as endurance training (e.g., walking, cycling, swimming) and resistance training Guidance during the prehabilitation program by a physical therapist Face-to-face contact with a physical therapist, contact with a dietician by phone or video consultation Being capable to make time to perform physical exercise training one to three times weekly Short lines of communication between the patient and healthcare professional during prehabilitation Prehabilitation organized in their own living context Physical exercise training in a group or having an experienced training buddy Support of their loved ones Motivation to do something in preparation for surgery, such as being more physically active to improve their health status In order to deal with their perceived level of stress, some patients prefer counseling by a psychologist Education during the prehabilitation program about the advice/expectations during the postoperative period Barriers Interference by many visits of friends and family due to their cancer diagnosis Prehabilitation organized far from home Unsupervised physical exercise training at home Negative beliefs about a longer waiting time for surgery An increase in the perceived level of stress (makes it especially hard to quit smoking) | Beliefs Consider their loved ones to be adequately fit for surgery Smoking-cessation is more successful when initiated by the loved one They are accessible to the patient to talk about worries and stress Facilitators Supporting smoking cessation of their loved one Prehabilitation in the patient’s living context or in primary care to provide optimal support Capable to support their loved one when prehabilitation has to take place: doing physical exercise training together, trying to motivate, logistical support Good physical condition of their loved one in order to perform physical exercise training together A positive attitude of themselves and willing to change their diet Having the opportunity to make extra time to support their loved one Barriers Perceived level of stress/anxiety to lose their loved one in case of a longer time period before surgery |
Healthcare professionals
“I would prefer that a case manager screens the patient, connecting patients with healthcare professionals, designing treatment plans, and making sure it all gets done on time.” Healthcare professional 3
“I have doubts about the knowledge and skills regarding prehabilitation by physical therapists in primary care. So, my preference is to offer prehabilitation in the hospital.” Healthcare professional 3
“If patients become more fit preoperatively due to prehabilitation, there will be a faster recovery after surgery and therefore a shorter length of hospital stay. While prehabilitation is not yet standard care and is not reimbursed by the by Dutch healthcare insurance companies, I think this is very effective in lowering healthcare costs.” Healthcare professional 9
Patients
“My condition was sufficient because I cycled to work every day before the diagnosis. In addition, during the test (cardiopulmonary exercise test) before surgery, I did not have to make an effort to reach the level required to be operated on.” Patient 2“I didn't need to get fit before surgery. I think the pulmonologist thought I was fit enough, because in that lung test (forced expiratory volume in one second) it turned out that I could miss a lung.” Patient 6
“During the consultation at which I was diagnosed with lung cancer, the pulmonologist said that I needed to see a physical therapist to increase my endurance capacity. I was fine with it, but I was never referred and never heard from it again.” Patient 3“The doctor asked what activities I did on a regular day. I replied: all household activities, cleaning, and grocery shopping. Hereafter she concluded: well, in that case preoperative physical exercise training is not necessary.” Patient 8
“A physical therapist is the best person to advise me what kind of exercises I should do; after all, he has learned for it.” Patient 1
“Normally I walked every day, but in the last week before the operation I had so many visitors that I lost my walking rhythm, and I could not do anything about my fitness anymore.” Patient 3
“I would have liked to do physical exercises in a group, because it allows you to talk to other patients and it helps to stay motivated.” Patient 9
“I missed psychological support in the entire process. When the doctor said “we found a tumor in your lung”, I really would have liked to have a conversation with a psychologist, because your world is falling apart.” Patient 15
“They write in leaflets what you can and cannot do after surgery in case of fever, regarding medication, et cetera, but not about the preparation for surgery in terms of physical exercise training and nutritional support. I would consider that information about physical exercises is being of additional value.” Patient 4“I would have liked information about physical preparation before surgery. I went to the rehabilitation center where I worked until the diagnosis NSCLC and asked if I can do something to improve my physical fitness before the operation, but they mentioned that they did not know what kind of physical exercises were good and safe.” Patient 15
“My wife wanted me to stop smoking right away, but the pulmonologist wanted to wait until after surgery to avoid stress before surgery. After surgery I went to the general practitioner myself and asked for help with quitting smoking.” Patient 5
Informal caregivers
“I think it is important to provide support. You just do that as a partner. It is… we have been together for so long for a reason.” Informal caregiver 4