Background
Methods
Procedure
Participants
Measures
SDG outcomes
Hypothesized accelerators
Pre-selected covariates
Analysis
Total n = 3401 | Boys n = 1475 (43.4%) | Girls n = 1926 (56.6%) | Sex difference p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic characteristics at baseline | ||||
Province | 0.030 | |||
Western Cape | 1753 (51.5%) | 729 (41.6%) | 1024 (58.4%) | |
Mpumalanga | 1648 (48.5%) | 746 (45.3%) | 902 (54.7%) | |
Age | 0.615 | |||
Mean (SD) | 13.43 (2.14) | 13.4 (2.10) | 13.44 (2.18) | |
Rural location | 0.238 | |||
Yes | 1681 (49.4%) | 712 (42.4%) | 969 (57.6%) | |
Informal housing | 0.153 | |||
Yes | 1068 (31.4%) | 444 (41.6%) | 624 (58.4) | |
Hypothesized protective factors received at both T1 and T2 | ||||
Positive parenting | 0.502 | |||
Yes | 875 (25.7%) | 371 (42.4%) | 504 (57.6%) | |
Parental monitoring | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 2677 (78.7%) | 1105 (41.2%) | 1572 (58.7%) | |
Food sufficiency at home | 0.776 | |||
Yes | 2829 (83.2%) | 1230 (43.48) | 1599 (56.5%) | |
HIV−/ asymptomatic caregiver | 0.057 | |||
Yes | 3198 (94.0%) | 1400 (43.8%) | 1798 (56.2%) | |
Teacher support | 0.365 | |||
Yes | 569 (16.7%) | 237 (41.7%) | 332 (58.4%) | |
Free school meals, textbooks and no fees | 0.243 | |||
Yes | 1329 (39.1%) | 560 (42.1%) | 769 (57.8%) | |
SDG outcomes at T2 | ||||
Physical abuse | 0.226 | |||
Yes | 1289 (37.9%) | 576 (44.7%) | 713 (55.31) | |
Emotional abuse | 0.004 | |||
Yes | 1076 (31.6%) | 428 (39.8%) | 648 (60.2%) | |
Sexual abuse | 0.001 | |||
Yes | 295 (8.7%) | 101 (34.2%) | 194 (65.8%) | |
Bullying | 0.022 | |||
Yes | 2494 (73.3%) | 1111 (44.6%) | 1383 (55.5%) | |
Domestic violence witnessing | 0.002 | |||
Yes | 535 (15.7%) | 200 (37.4%) | 335 (62.6%) | |
Community violence exposure | 0.723 | |||
Yes | 1312 (38.6%) | 574 (43.8%) | 738 (56.3%) | |
Community violence witnessing | 0.124 | |||
Yes | 1338 (39.3%) | 602 (45.0%) | 736 (55.0%) | |
Suicidal ideation | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 614 (18.1%) | 213 (34.7%) | 401 (65.7%) | |
HIV risk behaviour | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 443 (13.0%) | 251 (56.7%) | 192 (43.3%) | |
TB symptomatic | 0.105 | |||
Yes | 176 (5.2%) | 66 (37.5%) | 110 (62.5%) | |
Substance use | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 249 (7.3%) | 143 (57.4%) | 106 (42.6%) | |
School dropout | 0.046 | |||
Yes | 147 (4.3%) | 52 (35.4%) | 95 (64.6%) |
Coefficient | 95% CI | S.E. | p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Physical abuse | ||||
Positive parenting | − 0.066 | − 0.11 to − 0.022 | 0.022 | 0.003 |
Food sufficiency | − 0.056 | − 0.098 to − 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.010 |
AIDS-free caregiver | − 0.107 | − 0.147 to − 0.067 | 0.020 | 0.000 |
Parental monitoring | − 0.083 | − 0.126 to − 0.039 | 0.022 | 0.000 |
Teacher support | − 0.013 | − 0.057–0.03 | 0.022 | 0.546 |
Free schooling | 0.048 | 0.002–0.093 | 0.023 | 0.043 |
Baseline physical abuse | 0.079 | 0.033–0.125 | 0.023 | 0.001 |
Age | − 0.154 | − 0.2 to − 0.108 | 0.023 | 0.000 |
Province | 0.230 | 0.168–0.292 | 0.032 | 0.000 |
Urban location | 0.057 | 0.011–0.103 | 0.023 | 0.015 |
Informal housing | − 0.008 | − 0.061–0.044 | 0.027 | 0.758 |
Sex | − 0.011 | − 0.053–0.032 | 0.022 | 0.625 |
Emotional abuse | ||||
Positive parenting | − 0.074 | − 0.12 to − 0.027 | 0.024 | 0.002 |
Food sufficiency | − 0.095 | − 0.138 to − 0.052 | 0.022 | 0.000 |
AIDS-free caregiver | − 0.127 | − 0.168 to − 0.085 | 0.021 | 0.000 |
Parental monitoring | − 0.085 | − 0.129 to − 0.04 | 0.023 | 0.000 |
Teacher support | 0.038 | − 0.006–0.082 | 0.023 | 0.091 |
Free schooling | 0.020 | − 0.027–0.068 | 0.024 | 0.405 |
Baseline emotional abuse | 0.092 | 0.044–0.141 | 0.025 | 0.000 |
Age | 0.008 | − 0.041–0.056 | 0.025 | 0.758 |
Province | − 0.007 | − 0.072–0.059 | 0.033 | 0.844 |
Urban location | 0.028 | − 0.019–0.076 | 0.024 | 0.247 |
Informal housing | − 0.050 | − 0.103–0.003 | 0.027 | 0.066 |
Sex | 0.059 | 0.014–0.103 | 0.023 | 0.010 |
Sexual abuse | ||||
Positive parenting | − 0.064 | − 0.131–0.002 | 0.034 | 0.058 |
Food sufficiency | − 0.046 | − 0.108–0.015 | 0.031 | 0.141 |
AIDS-free caregiver | − 0.045 | − 0.101–0.012 | 0.029 | 0.122 |
Parental monitoring | − 0.040 | − 0.101–0.02 | 0.031 | 0.190 |
Teacher support | 0.009 | − 0.054–0.072 | 0.032 | 0.772 |
Free schooling | − 0.002 | − 0.068–0.065 | 0.034 | 0.961 |
Baseline sexual abuse | 0.135 | 0.091–0.179 | 0.023 | 0.000 |
Age | 0.138 | 0.07–0.206 | 0.035 | 0.000 |
Province | 0.211 | 0.122–0.299 | 0.045 | 0.000 |
Urban location | 0.028 | − 0.039–0.096 | 0.034 | 0.411 |
Informal housing | − 0.097 | − 0.177 to − 0.017 | 0.041 | 0.018 |
Sex | 0.105 | 0.042–0.167 | 0.032 | 0.001 |
Witnessing domestic violence | ||||
Positive parenting | − 0.027 | − 0.081–0.028 | 0.028 | 0.335 |
Food sufficiency | − 0.112 | − 0.16 to − 0.064 | 0.025 | 0.000 |
AIDS-free caregiver | − 0.067 | − 0.114 to − 0.021 | 0.024 | 0.004 |
Parental monitoring | 0.000 | − 0.054–0.055 | 0.028 | 0.993 |
Teacher support | − 0.032 | − 0.086–0.022 | 0.028 | 0.244 |
Free schooling | − 0.025 | − 0.083–0.032 | 0.029 | 0.392 |
Baseline domestic violence | 0.112 | 0.059–0.165 | 0.027 | 0.000 |
Age | − 0.043 | − 0.098–0.011 | 0.028 | 0.121 |
Province | − 0.114 | − 0.189 to − 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.003 |
Urban location | − 0.113 | − 0.167 to − 0.058 | 0.028 | 0.000 |
Informal housing | − 0.022 | − 0.081–0.038 | 0.030 | 0.472 |
Sex | 0.067 | 0.015–0.12 | 0.027 | 0.012 |
Bullying | ||||
Positive parenting | 0.030 | − 0.017–0.078 | 0.024 | 0.213 |
Food sufficiency | − 0.077 | − 0.124 to − 0.031 | 0.024 | 0.001 |
AIDS-free caregiver | − 0.072 | − 0.121 to − 0.023 | 0.025 | 0.004 |
Parental monitoring | − 0.069 | − 0.116 to − 0.022 | 0.024 | 0.004 |
Teacher support | − 0.043 | − 0.087–0.002 | 0.023 | 0.062 |
Free schooling | 0.042 | − 0.007–0.092 | 0.025 | 0.091 |
Baseline bullying | 0.128 | 0.083–0.173 | 0.023 | 0.000 |
Age | − 0.109 | − 0.156 to − 0.061 | 0.024 | 0.000 |
Province | − 0.013 | − 0.081–0.055 | 0.035 | 0.711 |
Urban location | − 0.158 | − 0.206 to − 0.111 | 0.024 | 0.000 |
Informal housing | 0.034 | − 0.021–0.09 | 0.028 | 0.224 |
Sex | − 0.045 | − 0.091–0.001 | 0.023 | 0.053 |
Witnessing community violence | ||||
Positive parenting | − 0.030 | − 0.071–0.01 | 0.021 | 0.145 |
Food sufficiency | − 0.059 | − 0.095 to − 0.023 | 0.018 | 0.001 |
AIDS-free caregiver | − 0.021 | − 0.061–0.019 | 0.020 | 0.299 |
Parental monitoring | − 0.035 | − 0.073–0.003 | 0.020 | 0.073 |
Teacher support | 0.038 | − 0.002–0.077 | 0.020 | 0.063 |
Free schooling | 0.001 | − 0.039–0.041 | 0.021 | 0.954 |
Baseline wit. community violence | 0.148 | 0.11–0.186 | 0.020 | 0.000 |
Age | 0.108 | 0.068–0.148 | 0.021 | 0.000 |
Province | − 0.539 | − 0.584 to − 0.493 | 0.023 | 0.000 |
Urban location | − 0.054 | − 0.094 to − 0.013 | 0.021 | 0.009 |
Informal housing | − 0.025 | − 0.068–0.018 | 0.022 | 0.261 |
Sex | − 0.051 | − 0.09 to − 0.013 | 0.020 | 0.009 |
Experiencing community violence | ||||
Positive parenting | − 0.030 | − 0.072–0.013 | 0.022 | 0.172 |
Food sufficiency | − 0.065 | − 0.104 to − 0.026 | 0.020 | 0.001 |
AIDS-free caregiver | − 0.084 | − 0.126 to − 0.043 | 0.021 | 0.000 |
Parental monitoring | − 0.046 | − 0.087 to − 0.005 | 0.021 | 0.029 |
Teacher support | 0.040 | − 0.001–0.08 | 0.021 | 0.055 |
Free schooling | 0.024 | − 0.02–0.068 | 0.023 | 0.288 |
Baseline Exp Comm Viol | 0.057 | 0.015–0.1 | 0.022 | 0.008 |
Age | 0.039 | − 0.005–0.083 | 0.022 | 0.080 |
Province | − 0.414 | − 0.467 to − 0.362 | 0.027 | 0.000 |
Urban location | − 0.291 | − 0.332 to − 0.25 | 0.021 | 0.000 |
Informal housing | − 0.063 | − 0.111 to − 0.016 | 0.024 | 0.008 |
Sex | − 0.022 | − 0.063–0.018 | 0.021 | 0.282 |
School dropout | ||||
Positive parenting | − 0.046 | − 4.538–4.446 | 2.292 | 0.984 |
Food sufficiency | − 0.080 | − 7.944–7.784 | 4.012 | 0.984 |
AIDS-free caregiver | 0.008 | − 0.827–0.844 | 0.426 | 0.984 |
Parental monitoring | − 0.020 | − 1.941–1.902 | 0.980 | 0.984 |
Teacher support | − 0.378 | − 37.417–36.661 | 18.897 | 0.984 |
Free schooling | − 0.026 | − 2745.612–2745.559 | 1400.809 | 1.000 |
Baseline school dropout | 0.146 | − 14.144–14.435 | 7.291 | 0.984 |
Age | 0.307 | − 29.8–30.415 | 15.361 | 0.984 |
Province | 0.001 | − 0.188–0.191 | 0.097 | 0.989 |
Urban location | 0.091 | − 8.844–9.026 | 4.559 | 0.984 |
Informal housing | 0.049 | − 4.74–4.838 | 2.443 | 0.984 |
Sex | 0.066 | − 6.426–6.559 | 3.312 | 0.984 |
Substance use | ||||
Positive parenting | − 0.111 | − 0.192 to − 0.029 | 0.042 | 0.008 |
Food sufficiency | − 0.023 | − 0.084–0.037 | 0.031 | 0.450 |
AIDS-free caregiver | − 0.031 | − 0.093–0.032 | 0.032 | 0.339 |
Parental monitoring | − 0.088 | − 0.147 to − 0.028 | 0.030 | 0.004 |
Teacher support | − 0.003 | − 0.071–0.065 | 0.035 | 0.930 |
Free schooling | − 0.056 | − 0.127–0.016 | 0.037 | 0.129 |
Baseline substance use | 0.044 | − 0.02–0.108 | 0.033 | 0.180 |
Age | 0.321 | 0.257–0.384 | 0.032 | 0.000 |
Province | − 0.258 | − 0.353 to − 0.164 | 0.048 | 0.000 |
Urban location | − 0.009 | − 0.075–0.057 | 0.034 | 0.790 |
Informal housing | − 0.080 | − 0.147 to − 0.012 | 0.034 | 0.020 |
Sex | − 0.135 | − 0.201 to − 0.069 | 0.034 | 0.000 |
Suicidal ideation | ||||
Positive parenting | − 0.059 | − 0.114 to − 0.005 | 0.028 | 0.033 |
Food sufficiency | − 0.097 | − 0.143 to − 0.051 | 0.023 | 0.000 |
AIDS-free caregiver | − 0.104 | − 0.148 to − 0.061 | 0.022 | 0.000 |
Parental monitoring | 0.002 | − 0.047–0.052 | 0.025 | 0.923 |
Teacher support | − 0.048 | − 0.101–0.005 | 0.027 | 0.075 |
Free schooling | − 0.024 | − 0.078–0.03 | 0.028 | 0.387 |
Baseline suicidal ideation | 0.140 | 0.095–0.186 | 0.023 | 0.000 |
Age | 0.121 | 0.07–0.173 | 0.026 | 0.000 |
Province | − 0.102 | − 0.175 to − 0.029 | 0.037 | 0.006 |
Urban location | − 0.139 | − 0.19 to − 0.087 | 0.026 | 0.000 |
Informal housing | − 0.032 | − 0.09–0.026 | 0.030 | 0.283 |
Sex | 0.095 | 0.044–0.146 | 0.026 | 0.000 |
HIV risk behaviour | ||||
Positive parenting | − 0.006 | − 0.065–0.054 | 0.030 | 0.854 |
Food sufficiency | − 0.060 | − 0.11 to − 0.011 | 0.025 | 0.017 |
AIDS-free caregiver | − 0.068 | − 0.116 to − 0.02 | 0.025 | 0.006 |
Parental monitoring | − 0.072 | − 0.12 to − 0.024 | 0.025 | 0.003 |
Teacher support | 0.008 | − 0.047–0.063 | 0.028 | 0.776 |
Free schooling | − 0.087 | − 0.144 to − 0.03 | 0.029 | 0.003 |
Baseline HIV risk behaviour | 0.193 | 0.155–0.232 | 0.020 | 0.000 |
Age | 0.326 | 0.27–0.383 | 0.029 | 0.000 |
Province | − 0.162 | − 0.235 to − 0.088 | 0.038 | 0.000 |
Urban location | 0.026 | − 0.029–0.081 | 0.028 | 0.360 |
Informal housing | 0.004 | − 0.054–0.062 | 0.029 | 0.891 |
Sex | − 0.166 | − 0.219 to − 0.114 | 0.027 | 0.000 |
TB symptomatic | ||||
Positive parenting | − 0.029 | − 0.107–0.049 | 0.040 | 0.465 |
Food sufficiency | 0.065 | − 0.017–0.148 | 0.042 | 0.122 |
AIDS-free caregiver | − 0.088 | − 0.149 to − 0.026 | 0.031 | 0.005 |
Parental monitoring | − 0.013 | − 0.096–0.07 | 0.042 | 0.763 |
Teacher support | 0.009 | − 0.066–0.083 | 0.038 | 0.821 |
Free schooling | 0.040 | − 0.044–0.123 | 0.043 | 0.352 |
Baseline TB symptomology | 0.135 | 0.075–0.196 | 0.031 | 0.000 |
Age | − 0.012 | − 0.097–0.073 | 0.043 | 0.780 |
Province | 0.224 | 0.115–0.333 | 0.056 | 0.000 |
Urban location | − 0.067 | − 0.154–0.02 | 0.044 | 0.129 |
Informal housing | 0.016 | − 0.085–0.116 | 0.051 | 0.760 |
Sex | 0.057 | − 0.019–0.132 | 0.038 | 0.140 |
Percentage probability | Confidence interval | Difference in % probability compared to no accelerator | |
---|---|---|---|
Physical abuse | |||
No accelerator | 57.2 | 47.2–67.1 | |
Positive parenting | 50.9 | 40.2–61.5 | 6.1 (2.3–9.9) |
Food sufficiency | 50.9 | 41.6–60.3 | 6.1 (1.6–10.6) |
AIDS-free caregiver | 38.4 | 31.3–45.5 | 18.6 (11.6–25.6) |
Parental monitoring | 48.7 | 39.4–58.0 | 8.3 (4.2–12.4) |
Positive parenting & food sufficiency | 44.6 | 34.8–54.3 | 12.6 (8.6–16.6) |
Positive parenting & AIDS-free caregiver | 32.5 | 25.2–39.8 | 24.7 (20.9–28.5) |
Positive parenting & parental monitoring | 42.4 | 32.8–51.9 | 14.8 (10.8–18.8) |
Food sufficiency & AIDS-free caregiver | 32.6 | 26.8–38.3 | 24.6 (20.7–28.5) |
Food sufficiency & parental monitoring | 42.4 | 34–50.8 | 14.8 (10.8–18.8) |
AIDS-free caregiver & parental monitoring | 30.6 | 25.0–36.1 | 21.2 (17.5–24.9) |
Positive parenting, food sufficiency & AIDS-free caregiver | 27.0 | 21.2–32.8 | 30.2 (26.2–34.2) |
Positive parenting, food sufficiency & parental monitoring | 36.3 | 27.9–44.7 | 21.2 (17.0–25.4) |
Positive parenting, AIDS-free caregiver & parental monitoring | 25.2 | 19.7–30.7 | 32.0 (28.0–36.0) |
Food sufficiency, AIDS-free caregiver & parental monitoring | 25.3 | 21.1–29.4 | 31.9 (28.7–35.1) |
Positive parenting, food sufficiency, AIDS-free caregiver & parental monitoring | 20.4 | 16.4–24.5 | 32.2 (29.0–37.4) |
Emotional abuse | |||
No accelerator | 53.0 | 42.8–63.1 | |
Positive parenting | 46.1 | 35.4–56.7 | 6.9 (3.1–10.7) |
Food sufficiency | 42.6 | 33.2–51.9 | 10.4 (5.9–14.9) |
AIDS-free caregiver | 31.7 | 25.2–38.2 | 21.3 (14.2–28.4) |
Parental monitoring | 44.5 | 35.2–53.7 | 8.5 (4.4–12.6) |
Positive parenting & food sufficiency | 35.9 | 26.6–45.3 | 17.1 (13.1–21.1) |
Positive parenting & AIDS-free caregiver | 25.8 | 19.4–32.2 | 27.2 (23.4–31.0) |
Positive parenting & parental monitoring | 37.7 | 28.4–47.1 | 15.3 (11.3–19.3) |
Food sufficiency & AIDS-free caregiver | 23.0 | 18.2–27.9 | 30.0 (26.4–33.6) |
Food sufficiency & parental monitoring | 34.5 | 26.4–42.5 | 18.5 (15.1–21.9) |
AIDS-free caregiver & parental monitoring | 24.5 | 19.7–29.4 | 28.5 (25.1–31.9) |
Positive parenting, food sufficiency & AIDS-free caregiver | 18.1 | 13.5–22.7 | 34.9 (31.0–38.9) |
Positive parenting, food sufficiency &parental monitoring | 28.3 | 20.6–36.1 | 24.7 (20.6–28.8) |
Positive parenting, AIDS-free caregiver & parental monitoring | 19.4 | 14.8–24.1 | 33.6 (29.7–37.5) |
Food sufficiency, AIDS-free caregiver & parental monitoring | 17.1 | 13.8–20.4 | 35.9 (32.9–38.9) |
Positive parenting, food sufficiency, AIDS-free caregiver & parental monitoring | 13.0 | 10.0–16.1 | 40.0 (35.9–44.1) |
Bullying | |||
No accelerator | 85.7 | 79.4–91.9 | |
Food sufficiency | 80.2 | 72.9–87.5 | 5.5 (2.3–8.7) |
AIDS-free caregiver | 77.4 | 72.1–82.6 | 8.3 (3.3–13.3) |
Parental monitoring | 81.3 | 74.4–88.2 | 4.4 (1.3–7.5) |
Food sufficiency & AIDS-free caregiver | 70.4 | 65.2–75.5 | 15.3 (11.8–18.8) |
Food sufficiency & parental monitoring | 75.0 | 67.4–82.6 | 10.7 (7.8–13.6) |
AIDS-free caregiver & parental monitoring | 71.7 | 66.8–76.6 | 14.0 (10.7–17.3) |
Food sufficiency, AIDS-free caregiver & parental monitoring | 64.0 | 59.8–68.3 | 21.7 (18.7–24.7) |
HIV risk behaviour | |||
No accelerator | 22.0 | 11.8–32.2 | |
Food sufficiency | 16.7 | 8.8–24.7 | 5.3 (1.9–8.7) |
AIDS-free caregiver | 13.3 | 8.0–18.6 | 8.7 (3.8–13.6) |
Parental monitoring | 16.3 | 8.2–24.4 | 5.7 (2.6–8.8) |
Food sufficiency & AIDS-free caregiver | 9.6 | 5.8–13.3 | 12.4 (9.8–15.0) |
Food sufficiency & parental monitoring | 12.0 | 6.1–17.9 | 10.0 (7.5–12.5) |
AIDS-free caregiver & parental monitoring | 9.3 | 5.6–12.9 | 12.7 (10.2–15.2) |
Food sufficiency, AIDS-free caregiver & parental monitoring | 6.5 | 4.1–8.9 | 15.5 (13.3–17.7) |
TB symptomatic | |||
No accelerator | 5.8 | 1.2–10.4 | |
AIDS-free caregiver | 2.5 | 0.6–4.4 | 3.3 (2.7–3.9) |
Witnessing domestic violence | |||
No accelerators | 27.1 | 17.6–36.6 | |
Food sufficiency | 17.9 | 10.7–25.1 | 9.2 (5.7–12.7) |
AIDS-free caregiver | 18.3 | 12.6–24.1 | 8.8 (3.3–14.3) |
Food sufficiency & AIDS-free caregiver | 11.3 | 7.5–15.0 | 15.8 (13.0–18.6) |
Experiencing community violence | |||
No accelerators | 55.7 | 45.0–66.4 | |
Food sufficiency | 47.6 | 37.4–57.8 | 8.1 (3.6–12.6) |
AIDS-free caregiver | 39.3 | 32.2–46.4 | 16.4 (9.5–23.3) |
Parental monitoring | 50.5 | 40.5–60.5 | 5.2 (1.1–9.3) |
Food sufficiency & AIDS-free caregiver | 31.7 | 25.9–37.5 | 24.0 (20.2–27.8) |
Food sufficiency & parental monitoring | 42.4 | 33.1–51.7 | 13.3 (9.8–16.8) |
AIDS-free caregiver & parental monitoring | 34.4 | 28.5–40.2 | 21.3 (17.6 –25.0) |
Food sufficiency, AIDS-free caregiver & parental monitoring | 27.2 | 22.7–31.7 | 28.5 (25.3–31.7) |
Witnessing community violence | |||
No accelerators | 43.3 | 31.9–54.7 | |
Food sufficiency | 35.3 | 25–45.5 | 8.0 (3.7–12.3) |
Substance use | |||
No accelerators | 7.5 | 1.5–13.6 | |
Positive parenting | 4.2 | 0.2–8.1 | 3.3 (1.4–5.2) |
Parental monitoring | 4.6 | 0.8–8.4 | 2.9 (1.1–4.7) |
Positive parenting & parental monitoring | 2.4 | 0.0–4.7 | 5.1 (3.1–7.1) |
Suicide ideation | |||
No accelerators | 32.4 | 22.6–42.3 | |
Positive parenting | 27.4 | 17.9–37 | 5.0 (1.4–8.6) |
Food sufficiency | 23.2 | 15.2–31.3 | 9.2 (5.3–13.1) |
AIDS-free caregiver | 17.8 | 12.3–23.2 | 14.6 (9.1–20.1) |
Positive parenting & food sufficiency | 19.1 | 11.6–26.6 | 13.3 (9.6–17.0) |
Positive parenting & AIDS-free caregivers | 14.3 | 9.2–19.4 | 18.1 (14.6–21.6) |
Food sufficiency & AIDS-free caregivers | 11.5 | 7.8–15.3 | 20.9 (18.0–23.8) |
Positive parenting, food sufficiency & AIDS-free caregivers | 9.0 | 5.6–12.4 | 23.4 (19.8–27.0) |