nach oben

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases

Erschienen in:

01.09.2010 | Review

Acute respiratory infection due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae: current status of diagnostic methods

verfasst von: K. Loens, H. Goossens, M. Ieven

Erschienen in: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases | Ausgabe 9/2010

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Because of the absence of well-standardized both in-house and FDA-approved commercially available diagnostic tests, the reliable diagnosis of respiratory infection due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae remains difficult. In addition, no formal external quality assessment schemes which would allow to conclude about the performance of M. pneumoniae diagnostic tests exist. In this review, the current state of knowledge of M. pneumoniae-associated respiratory infections in the context of epidemiological studies published during the past 5 years is discussed, with particular emphasis on the diagnostic strategies used and their impact on results. The role of M. pneumoniae as a cause of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) differs from study to study due to geographical and epidemiological differences, as well as to the application of different diagnostic techniques and criteria used.

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

Loens K, Ursi D, Goossens H, Ieven M (2003) Molecular diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory tract infections. J Clin Microbiol 41:4915–4923CrossRefPubMed

Loens K, Beck T, Ursi D, Pattyn S, Goossens H, Ieven M (2006) Two quality control exercises involving nucleic acid amplification methods for detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae and carried out 2 years apart (in 2002 and 2004). J Clin Microbiol 44:899–908CrossRefPubMed

Dowell SF, Peeling RW, Boman J, Carlone GM, Fields BS, Guarner J, Hammerschlag MR, Jackson LA, Kuo CC, Maass M, Messmer TO, Talkington DF, Tondella ML, Zaki SR (2001) Standardizing Chlamydia pneumoniae assays: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA) and the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control (Canada). Clin Infect Dis 33:492–503CrossRefPubMed

Foy HM (1993) Infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and possible carrier state in different populations of patients. Clin Infect Dis 17(Suppl 1):S37–S46PubMed

Mundy LM, Auwaerter PG, Oldach D, Warner ML, Burton A, Vance E, Gaydos CA, Joseph JM, Gopalan R, Moore RD (1995) Community-acquired pneumonia: impact of immune status. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152:1309–1315PubMed

van Kuppeveld FJ, Johansson KE, Galama JM, Kissing J, Bölske G, Hjelm E, van der Logt JT, Melchers WJ (1994) 16S rRNA based polymerase chain reaction compared with culture and serological methods for diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 13:401–405CrossRefPubMed

Nagalingam NA, Adesiyun AA, Swanston WH, Bartholomew M (2004) Prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae in pneumonia patients in four major hospitals in Trinidad. New Microbiol 27:345–351PubMed

Oosterheert JJ, van Loon AM, Schuurman R, Hoepelman AI, Hak E, Thijsen S, Nossent G, Schneider MM, Hustinx WM, Bonten MJ (2005) Impact of rapid detection of viral and atypical bacterial pathogens by real-time polymerase chain reaction for patients with lower respiratory tract infection. Clin Infect Dis 41:1438–1444CrossRefPubMed

Don M, Fasoli L, Paldanius M, Vainionpää R, Kleemola M, Räty R, Leinonen M, Korppi M, Tenore A, Canciani M (2005) Aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia: serological results of a paediatric survey. Scand J Infect Dis 37:806–812CrossRefPubMed

10.

Lehtinen P, Jartti T, Virkki R, Vuorinen T, Leinonen M, Peltola V, Ruohola A, Ruuskanen O (2006) Bacterial coinfections in children with viral wheezing. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 25:463–469CrossRefPubMed

11.

Shenoy VD, Upadhyaya SA, Rao SP, Shobha KL (2005) Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children with acute respiratory infection. J Trop Pediatr 51:232–235CrossRefPubMed

12.

Gruteke P, Glas AS, Dierdorp M, Vreede WB, Pilon JW, Bruisten SM (2004) Practical implementation of a multiplex PCR for acute respiratory tract infections in children. J Clin Microbiol 42:5596–5603CrossRefPubMed

13.

Liu G, Talkington DF, Fields BS, Levine OS, Yang Y, Tondella ML (2005) Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in young children from China with community-acquired pneumonia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 52:7–14CrossRefPubMed

14.

Gaillat J, Flahault A, deBarbeyrac B, Orfila J, Portier H, Ducroix JP, Bébéar C, Mayaud C (2005) Community epidemiology of Chlamydia and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in LRTI in France over 29 months. Eur J Epidemiol 20:643–651CrossRefPubMed

15.

Maltezou HC, La-Scola B, Astra H, Constantopoulou I, Vlahou V, Kafetzis DA, Constantopoulos AG, Raoult D (2004) Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila in community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections among hospitalized children: diagnosis by real time PCR. Scand J Infect Dis 36:639–642CrossRefPubMed

16.

Schneeberger PM, Dorigo-Zetsma JW, van der Zee A, van Bon M, van Opstal JL (2004) Diagnosis of atypical pathogens in patients hospitalized with community-acquired respiratory infection. Scand J Infect Dis 36:269–273CrossRefPubMed

17.

Sidal M, Kilic A, Unuvar E, Oguz F, Onel M, Agacfidan A, Aydin D, Koksalan K, Beka H (2007) Frequency of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in children. J Trop Pediatr 53:225–231CrossRefPubMed

18.

Strålin K, Törnqvist E, Kaltoft MS, Olcén P, Holmberg H (2006) Etiologic diagnosis of adult bacterial pneumonia by culture and PCR applied to respiratory tract samples. J Clin Microbiol 44:643–645CrossRefPubMed

19.

van de Garde EM, Endeman H, van Hemert RN, Voorn GP, Deneer VH, Leufkens HG, van den Bosch JM, Biesma DH (2008) Prior outpatient antibiotic use as predictor for microbial aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia: hospital-based study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 64:405–410CrossRefPubMed

20.

Yamazaki T, Narita M, Sasaki N, Kenri T, Arakawa Y, Sasaki T (2006) Comparison of PCR for sputum samples obtained by induced cough and serological tests for diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children. Clin Vaccine Immunol 13:708–710CrossRefPubMed

21.

Kogan R, Martínez MA, Rubilar L, Payá E, Quevedo I, Puppo H, Girardi G, Castro-Rodriguez JA (2003) Comparative randomized trial of azithromycin versus erythromycin and amoxicillin for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 35:91–98CrossRefPubMed

22.

Loens K, Beck T, Ursi D, Overdijk M, Sillekens P, Goossens H, Ieven M (2008) Evaluation of different nucleic acid amplification techniques for the detection of M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae and Legionella spp. in respiratory specimens from patients with community-acquired pneumonia. J Microbiol Methods 73:257–262CrossRefPubMed

23.

Miyashita N, Ouchi K, Kawasaki K, Oda K, Kawai Y, Shimizu H, Kobashi Y, Oka M (2008) Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in the elderly. Med Sci Monit 14:CR387–CR391PubMed

24.

Ozaki T, Nishimura N, Ahn J, Watanabe N, Muto T, Saito A, Koyama N, Nakane K, Funahashi K (2007) Utility of a rapid diagnosis kit for Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children, and the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. J Infect Chemother 13:204–207CrossRefPubMed

25.

Shankar EM, Kumarasamy N, Balakrishnan P, Saravanan S, Solomon S, Vengatesan A, Murugavel KG, Rao UA (2007) Detection of pulmonary Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in HIV-infected subjects using culture and serology. Int J Infect Dis 11:232–238CrossRefPubMed

26.

Creer DD, Dilworth JP, Gillespie SH, Johnston AR, Johnston SL, Ling C, Patel S, Sanderson G, Wallace PG, McHugh TD (2006) Aetiological role of viral and bacterial infections in acute adult lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in primary care. Thorax 61:75–79CrossRefPubMed

27.

Martínez TM, Pino PY, Salazar BT, Jover LE, Caroca CC, Espinoza NM, Avendaño CL (2005) Diagnostic utility of the polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Rev Chilena Infectol 22:251–256

28.

Nilsson AC, Björkman P, Persson K (2008) Polymerase chain reaction is superior to serology for the diagnosis of acute Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and reveals a high rate of persistent infection. BMC Microbiol 8:93CrossRefPubMed

29.

Menéndez R, Córdoba J, de La Cuadra P, Cremades MJ, López-Hontagas JL, Salavert M, Gobernado M (1999) Value of the polymerase chain reaction assay in noninvasive respiratory samples for diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159:1868–1873PubMed

30.

Beersma MF, Dirven K, van Dam AP, Templeton KE, Claas EC, Goossens H (2005) Evaluation of 12 commercial tests and the complement fixation test for Mycoplasma pneumoniae-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies, with PCR used as the “gold standard”. J Clin Microbiol 43:2277–2285CrossRefPubMed

31.

Otomo S, Yamamura J, Hayashi E, Nakamura T, Kakinuma H, Nakamoto Y, Takahashi H, Karasawa T (2008) Analysis of children with Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory infections by real-time PCR assay and serological tests. APMIS 116:477–483CrossRefPubMed

32.

Michelow IC, Olsen K, Lozano J, Rollins NK, Duffy LB, Ziegler T, Kauppila J, Leinonen M, McCracken GH Jr (2004) Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children. Pediatrics 113:701–707CrossRefPubMed

33.

Nir-Paz R, Michael-Gayego A, Ron M, Block C (2006) Evaluation of eight commercial tests for Mycoplasma pneumoniae antibodies in the absence of acute infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 12:685–688CrossRefPubMed

34.

Petitjean J, Vabret A, Gouarin S, Freymuth F (2002) Evaluation of four commercial immunoglobulin G (IgG)- and IgM-specific enzyme immunoassays for diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. J Clin Microbiol 40:165–171CrossRefPubMed

35.

Talkington DF, Shott S, Fallon MT, Schwartz SB, Thacker WL (2004) Analysis of eight commercial enzyme immunoassay tests for detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in human serum. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 11:862–867PubMed

36.

Gavranich JB, Chang AB (2005) Antibiotics for community acquired lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) secondary to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3):CD004875

37.

Liu FC, Chen PY, Huang FL, Tsai CR, Lee CY, Lin CF (2008) Do serological tests provide adequate rapid diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection? Jpn J Infect Dis 61:397–399PubMed

38.

Vikerfors T, Brodin G, Grandien M, Hirschberg L, Krook A, Pettersson CA (1988) Detection of specific IgM antibodies for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections: a clinical evaluation. Scand J Infect Dis 20:601–610CrossRefPubMed

39.

Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH (2003) Manual of clinical microbiology, 8th edn. ASM Press, Washington

40.

Skerrett SJ (1999) Diagnostic testing for community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Chest Med 20:531–548CrossRefPubMed

41.

Lieberman D, Lieberman D, Ben-Yaakov M, Shmarkov O, Gelfer Y, Varshavsky R, Ohana B, Lazarovich Z, Boldur I (2002) Serological evidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in acute exacerbation of COPD. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 44:1–6CrossRefPubMed

42.

Lieberman D, Lieberman D, Korsonsky I, Ben-Yaakov M, Lazarovich Z, Friedman MG, Dvoskin B, Leinonen M, Ohana B, Boldur I (2002) A comparative study of the etiology of adult upper and lower respiratory tract infections in the community. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 42:21–28CrossRefPubMed

43.

Watkins-Riedel T, Stanek G, Daxboeck F (2001) Comparison of SeroMP IgA with four other commercial assays for serodiagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 40:21–25CrossRefPubMed

44.

Narita M (2005) Evaluation of ELISA kits for detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae-specific IgG, IgA, IgM antibodies on the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children. J Jap Assoc Infect Dis 79:457–463

45.

Csángó PA, Pedersen JE, Hess RD (2004) Comparison of four Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM-, IgG- and IgA-specific enzyme immunoassays in blood donors and patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 10:1094–1098CrossRefPubMed

46.

Dorigo-Zetsma JW, Zaat SA, Wertheim-van Dillen PM, Spanjaard L, Rijntjes J, van Waveren G, Jensen JS, Angulo AF, Dankert J (1999) Comparison of PCR, culture, and serological tests for diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory tract infection in children. J Clin Microbiol 37:14–17PubMed

47.

Waris ME, Toikka P, Saarinen T, Nikkari S, Meurman O, Vainionpää R, Mertsola J, Ruuskanen O (1998) Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children. J Clin Microbiol 36:3155–3159PubMed

48.

Morton HE, Smith PF, Leberman PR (1951) Investigation of the cultivation of pleuropneumonia-like organisms from man. Am J Syph Gonorrhea Vener Dis 35:361–369PubMed

49.

Edward DGF (1947) A selective medium for pleuropneumonia-like organisms. J Gen Microbiol 1:238–243PubMed

50.

Loens K, Van Heirstraeten L, Malhotra-Kumar S, Goossens H, Ieven M (2009) Optimal sampling sites and methods for detection of pathogens possibly causing community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. J Clin Microbiol 47:21–31CrossRefPubMed

51.

Winchell JM, Thurman KA, Mitchell SL, Thacker WL, Fields BS (2008) Evaluation of three real-time PCR assays for detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in an outbreak investigation. J Clin Microbiol 46:3116–3118CrossRefPubMed

52.

Dumke R, Jacobs E (2009) Comparison of commercial and in-house real-time PCR assays used for detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol 47:441–444CrossRefPubMed

53.

Ursi D, Ieven M, Noordhoek GT, Ritzler M, Zandleven H, Altwegg M (2003) An interlaboratory comparison for the detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in respiratory samples by the polymerase chain reaction. J Microbiol Methods 53:289–294CrossRefPubMed

54.

Loens K, MacKay WG, Scott C, Goossens H, Wallace P, Ieven M (2010) A multicenter pilot external quality assessment programme to assess the quality of molecular detection of Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Microbiol Methods (in press)

55.

Lin B, Blaney KM, Malanoski AP, Ligler AG, Schnur JM, Metzgar D, Russell KL, Stenger DA (2007) Using a resequencing microarray as a multiple respiratory pathogen detection assay. J Clin Microbiol 45:443–452CrossRefPubMed

56.

Khanna M, Fan J, Pehler-Harrington K, Waters C, Douglass P, Stallock J, Kehl S, Henrickson KJ (2005) The pneumoplex assays, a multiplex PCR-enzyme hybridization assay that allows simultaneous detection of five organisms, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia (Chlamydophila) pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Legionella micdadei, and Bordetella pertussis, and its real-time counterpart. J Clin Microbiol 43:565–571CrossRefPubMed

57.

Ginevra C, Barranger C, Ros A, Mory O, Stephan JL, Freymuth F, Joannès M, Pozzetto B, Grattard F (2005) Development and evaluation of Chlamylege, a new commercial test allowing simultaneous detection and identification of Legionella, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in clinical respiratory specimens by multiplex PCR. J Clin Microbiol 43:3247–3254CrossRefPubMed

58.

Benson R, Tondella ML, Bhatnagar J, Carvalho Mda G, Sampson JS, Talkington DF, Whitney AM, Mothershed E, McGee L, Carlone G, McClee V, Guarner J, Zaki S, Dejsiri S, Cronin K, Han J, Fields BS (2008) Development and evaluation of a novel multiplex PCR technology for molecular differential detection of bacterial respiratory disease pathogens. J Clin Microbiol 46:2074–2077CrossRefPubMed

59.

Störmer M, Vollmer T, Henrich B, Kleesiek K, Dreier J (2009) Broad-range real-time PCR assay for the rapid identification of cell-line contaminants and clinically important mollicute species. Int J Med Microbiol 299:291–300CrossRefPubMed

60.

Wang H, Kong F, Jelfs P, James G, Gilbert GL (2004) Simultaneous detection and identification of common cell culture contaminant and pathogenic mollicutes strains by reverse line blot hybridization. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:1483–1486CrossRefPubMed

61.

Loens K, Bergs K, Ursi D, Goossens H, Ieven M (2007) Evaluation of NucliSens easyMAG for automated nucleic acid extraction from various clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 45:421–425CrossRefPubMed

62.

Loens K, Ursi D, Goossens H, Ieven M (2008) Evaluation of the NucliSens miniMAG RNA extraction and real-time NASBA applications for the detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae in throat swabs. J Microbiol Methods 72:217–219CrossRefPubMed

63.

Okazaki N, Narita M, Yamada S, Izumikawa K, Umetsu M, Kenri T, Sasaki Y, Arakawa Y, Sasaki T (2001) Characteristics of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae strains isolated from patients and induced with erythromycin in vitro. Microbiol Immunol 45:617–620PubMed

64.

Matsuoka M, Narita M, Okazaki N, Ohya H, Yamazaki T, Ouchi K, Suzuki I, Andoh T, Kenri T, Sasaki Y, Horino A, Shintani M, Arakawa Y, Sasaki T (2004) Characterization and molecular analysis of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae clinical isolates obtained in Japan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:4624–4630CrossRefPubMed

65.

Morozumi M, Hasegawa K, Kobayashi R, Inoue N, Iwata S, Kuroki H, Kawamura N, Nakayama E, Tajima T, Shimizu K, Ubukata K (2005) Emergence of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae with a 23S rRNA gene mutation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:2302–2306CrossRefPubMed

66.

Morozumi M, Iwata S, Hasegawa K, Chiba N, Takayanagi R, Matsubara K, Nakayama E, Sunakawa K, Ubukata K (2008) Increased macrolide resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:348–350CrossRefPubMed

67.

Suzuki S, Yamazaki T, Narita M, Okazaki N, Suzuki I, Andoh T, Matsuoka M, Kenri T, Arakawa Y, Sasaki T (2006) Clinical evaluation of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:709–712CrossRefPubMed

68.

Pereyre S, Charron A, Renaudin H, Bébéar C, Bébéar CM (2007) First report of macrolide-resistant strains and description of a novel nucleotide sequence variation in the P1 adhesin gene in Mycoplasma pneumoniae clinical strains isolated in France over 12 years. J Clin Microbiol 45:3534–3539CrossRefPubMed

69.

Wolff BJ, Thacker WL, Schwartz SB, Winchell JM (2008) Detection of macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae by real-time PCR and high-resolution melt analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:3542–3549CrossRefPubMed

70.

Morozumi M, Hasegawa K, Chiba N, Iwata S, Kawamura N, Kuroki H, Tajima T, Ubukata K (2004) Application of PCR for Mycoplasma pneumoniae detection in children with community-acquired pneumonia. J Infect Chemother 10:274–279CrossRefPubMed

71.

Templeton KE, Scheltinga SA, Graffelman AW, Van Schie JM, Crielaard JW, Sillekens P, van den Broek PJ, Goossens H, Beersma MF, Claas EC (2003) Comparison and evaluation of real-time PCR, real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, conventional PCR, and serology for diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol 41:4366–4371CrossRefPubMed

72.

Ieven M, Ursi D, Van Bever H, Quint W, Niesters HG, Goossens H (1996) Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by two polymerase chain reactions and role of M. pneumoniae in acute respiratory tract infections in pediatric patients. J Infect Dis 173:1445–1452PubMed

73.

Loens K, Ieven M, Ursi D, Beck T, Overdijk M, Sillekens P, Goossens H (2003) Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. J Clin Microbiol 41:4448–4450CrossRefPubMed

74.

Roth SB, Jalava J, Ruuskanen O, Ruohola A, Nikkari S (2004) Use of an oligonucleotide array for laboratory diagnosis of bacteria responsible for acute upper respiratory infections. J Clin Microbiol 42:4268–4274CrossRefPubMed

75.

Raggam RB, Leitner E, Berg J, Mühlbauer G, Marth E, Kessler HH (2005) Single-run, parallel detection of DNA from three pneumonia-producing bacteria by real-time polymerase chain reaction. J Mol Diagn 7:133–138PubMed

76.

Saito R, Misawa Y, Moriya K, Koike K, Ubukata K, Okamura N (2005) Development and evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Med Microbiol 54:1037–1041CrossRefPubMed

77.

Ursi D, Dirven K, Loens K, Ieven M, Goossens H (2003) Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in respiratory samples by real-time PCR using an inhibition control. J Microbiol Methods 55:149–153CrossRefPubMed

78.

Morozumi M, Nakayama E, Iwata S, Aoki Y, Hasegawa K, Kobayashi R, Chiba N, Tajima T, Ubukata K (2006) Simultaneous detection of pathogens in clinical samples from patients with community-acquired pneumonia by real-time PCR with pathogen-specific molecular beacon probes. J Clin Microbiol 44:1440–1446CrossRefPubMed

79.

Pitcher D, Chalker VJ, Sheppard C, George RC, Harrison TG (2006) Real-time detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in respiratory samples with an internal processing control. J Med Microbiol 55:149–155CrossRefPubMed

80.

Di Marco E, Cangemi G, Filippetti M, Melioli G, Biassoni R (2007) Development and clinical validation of a real-time PCR using a uni-molecular Scorpion-based probe for the detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in clinical isolates. New Microbiol 30:415–421PubMed

81.

Kong F, Gordon S, Gilbert GL (2000) Rapid-cycle PCR for detection and typing of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 38:4256–4259PubMed

82.

Sharma S, Brousseau R, Kasatiya S (1998) Detection and confirmation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in urogenital specimens by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 36:277–280PubMed

83.

Dumke R, Schurwanz N, Lenz M, Schuppler M, Lück C, Jacobs E (2007) Sensitive detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in human respiratory tract samples by optimized real-time PCR approach. J Clin Microbiol 45:2726–2730CrossRefPubMed

84.

Miyashita N, Saito A, Kohno S, Yamaguchi K, Watanabe A, Oda H, Kazuyama Y, Matsushima T (2004) Multiplex PCR for the simultaneous detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila in community-acquired pneumonia. Respir Med 98:542–550CrossRefPubMed

85.

Briese T, Palacios G, Kokoris M, Jabado O, Liu Z, Renwick N, Kapoor V, Casas I, Pozo F, Limberger R, Perez-Brena P, Ju J, Lipkin WI (2005) Diagnostic system for rapid and sensitive differential detection of pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis 11:310–313PubMed

86.

de Barbeyrac B, Bernet-Poggi C, Fébrer F, Renaudin H, Dupon M, Bébéar C (1993) Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical samples by polymerase chain reaction. Clin Infect Dis 17(Suppl 1):S83–S89PubMed

87.

McDonough EA, Barrozo CP, Russell KL, Metzgar D (2005) A multiplex PCR for detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, and Bordetella pertussis in clinical specimens. Mol Cell Probes 19:314–322CrossRefPubMed

88.

Strålin K, Bäckman A, Holmberg H, Fredlund H, Olcén P (2005) Design of a multiplex PCR for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae to be used on sputum samples. APMIS 113:99–111CrossRefPubMed

89.

Geertsen R, Kaeppeli F, Sterk-Kuzmanovic N, Andrasevic S, Anic-Milic T, Dobec M (2007) A multiplex PCR assay for the detection of respiratory bacteriae in nasopharyngeal smears from children with acute respiratory disease. Scand J Infect Dis 39:769–774CrossRefPubMed

90.

Lam WY, Yeung AC, Tang JW, Ip M, Chan EW, Hui M, Chan PK (2007) Rapid multiplex nested PCR for detection of respiratory viruses. J Clin Microbiol 45:3631–3640CrossRefPubMed

91.

Lodes MJ, Suciu D, Wilmoth JL, Ross M, Munro S, Dix K, Bernards K, Stöver AG, Quintana M, Iihoshi N, Lyon WJ, Danley DL, McShea A (2007) Identification of upper respiratory tract pathogens using electrochemical detection on an oligonucleotide microarray. PLoS ONE 2:e924CrossRefPubMed

92.

Gullsby K, Storm M, Bondeson K (2008) Simultaneous detection of Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae by use of molecular beacons in a duplex real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 46:727–731CrossRefPubMed

93.

van Kuppeveld FJ, van der Logt JT, Angulo AF, van Zoest MJ, Quint WG, Niesters HG, Galama JM, Melchers WJ (1992) Genus- and species-specific identification of mycoplasmas by 16S rRNA amplification. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:2606–2615PubMed

94.

Loens K, Beck T, Ursi D, Overdijk M, Sillekens P, Goossens H, Ieven M (2008) Development of real-time multiplex nucleic acid sequence-based amplification for detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Legionella spp. in respiratory specimens. J Clin Microbiol 46:185–191CrossRefPubMed

95.

Wang Y, Kong F, Yang Y, Gilbert GL (2008) A multiplex PCR-based reverse line blot hybridization (mPCR/RLB) assay for detection of bacterial respiratory pathogens in children with pneumonia. Pediatr Pulmonol 43:150–159CrossRefPubMed

96.

Kumar S, Wang L, Fan J, Kraft A, Bose ME, Tiwari S, Van Dyke M, Haigis R, Luo T, Ghosh M, Tang H, Haghnia M, Mather EL, Weisburg WG, Henrickson KJ (2008) Detection of 11 common viral and bacterial pathogens causing community-acquired pneumonia or sepsis in asymptomatic patients by using a multiplex reverse transcription-PCR assay with manual (enzyme hybridization) or automated (electronic microarray) detection. J Clin Microbiol 46:3063–3072CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Acute respiratory infection due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae: current status of diagnostic methods
verfasst von: K. Loens
H. Goossens
M. Ieven
Publikationsdatum: 01.09.2010
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases / Ausgabe 9/2010
Print ISSN: 0934-9723
Elektronische ISSN: 1435-4373
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-010-0975-2

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Notfall-TEP der Hüfte ist auch bei 90-Jährigen machbar

26.04.2024 Hüft-TEP Nachrichten

Ob bei einer Notfalloperation nach Schenkelhalsfraktur eine Hemiarthroplastik oder eine totale Endoprothese (TEP) eingebaut wird, sollte nicht allein vom Alter der Patientinnen und Patienten abhängen. Auch über 90-Jährige können von der TEP profitieren.

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

25.04.2024 Hypotonie Nachrichten

Wenn unter einer medikamentösen Hochdrucktherapie der diastolische Blutdruck in den Keller geht, steigt das Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse: Darauf deutet eine Sekundäranalyse der SPRINT-Studie hin.

Bei schweren Reaktionen auf Insektenstiche empfiehlt sich eine spezifische Immuntherapie

25.04.2024 Allergien und Intoleranzreaktionen Nachrichten

Insektenstiche sind bei Erwachsenen die häufigsten Auslöser einer Anaphylaxie. Einen wirksamen Schutz vor schweren anaphylaktischen Reaktionen bietet die allergenspezifische Immuntherapie. Jedoch kommt sie noch viel zu selten zum Einsatz.

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

25.04.2024 Hypertonie Nachrichten

Beginnen ältere Männer im Pflegeheim eine Antihypertensiva-Therapie, dann ist die Frakturrate in den folgenden 30 Tagen mehr als verdoppelt. Besonders häufig stürzen Demenzkranke und Männer, die erstmals Blutdrucksenker nehmen. Dafür spricht eine Analyse unter US-Veteranen.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 9/2010

Predicting mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia and low CURB-65 scores

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of historical and recent clinical isolates of Bordetella pertussis in the United Kingdom using the Etest method

Primary Staphylococcus aureus urinary tract infection: the role of undetected hematogenous seeding of the urinary tract

The epidemiology of extraintestinal non-typhoid Salmonella in Israel: the effects of patients’ age and sex

A new method for the detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii using flow cytometry