Background
Methods
Site of the study
Study design
Study sample
Sample for item equivalence
Sample for known-group validity
Sample for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)
Procedures
Addition of new items
Semantic equivalence
Item equivalence
Measurement equivalence
Known group validity
Internal consistency
Construct validity
Data collection
Data analysis
Ethical considerations
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics
Variable | Number | % |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Male | 38 | 38.0 |
Female | 62 | 62.0 |
Age in years | ||
Mean (SDa) | 32.5 (7.9) | (Range = 18–55) |
15–24 | 11 | 11.3 |
25–34 | 50 | 51.6 |
35–44 | 26 | 26.8 |
≥45 | 10 | 10.3 |
Literacy | ||
Illiterate | 24 | 24.0 |
Literate | 76 | 76.0 |
Place of residence | ||
Urban | 89 | 89.0 |
Rural | 11 | 11.0 |
New items
Items asking about the extent of having certain problems | Not at all | A little | Moderately | Very much | Extremely |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
In the past 2 weeks, to what extent are you concerned that people might find out about your HIV status?
| 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
In the past 2 weeks, how much did you worry about food in your daily life?
| 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
In the past 2 weeks, how much did you worry that your medications will not work due to not eating adequate food?
| 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
In the past 2 weeks, how much did you worry about not being able to support your family?
| 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
Items asking about level of satisfaction with certain aspects of life | Very dissatisfied | Dissatisfied | Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | Satisfied | Very satisfied |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
In the past 2 weeks, how satisfied are you with your relations to other people in your community?
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
In the past 2 weeks, how satisfied are you with your access to adequate food and nutrition?
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Semantic equivalence
Item equivalence
Measurement equivalence
Internal consistency
Known-groups validity
Items
Scale/domain and facets | Asymptomatic HIV | Symptomatic HIV | Z score | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | |||
General QoL |
3 (1)
|
2 (1)
|
3.31
| <0.001
|
General health satisfaction |
4 (1)
|
3 (2)
|
5.80
| <0.001
|
Physical domain | ||||
Pain and discomfort | 5 (1) | 3 (2) | 5.51 | <0.001 |
Symptoms of HIV | 5 (2) | 3 (3) | 5.11 | <0.001 |
Energy and fatigue | 4 (2) | 3 (1) | 5.48 | <0.001 |
Sleep and rest | 4 (2) | 3 (2) | 4.59 | <0.001 |
Independence domain | ||||
Dependence on medication | 4.5 (2) | 3 (2) | 4.03 | <0.001 |
Mobility | 5 (1) | 3 (2) | 5.69 | <0.001 |
Activities of living | 4 (1) | 2.5 (1) | 6.15 | <0.001 |
Work capacity | 4 (2) | 2 (1) | 5.931 | <0.001 |
Psychological domain | ||||
Positive feelings | 4 (2) | 3 (2) | 4.26 | <0.001 |
Self-esteem | 5 (1) | 3 (2) | 5.28 | <0.001 |
Negative feelings | 5 (1) | 4 (1) | 3.30 | <0.001 |
Spirituality domain | ||||
Spiritual | 5 (1) | 3 (1) | 5.58 | <0.001 |
Forgiveness | 5 (2) | 4 (4) | 2.54 | <0.05 |
Fear of the future | 5 (2) | 3 (3) | 3.02 | <0.01 |
Death and dying | 5 (0) | 3.5 (3) | 3.42 | <0.001 |
Social domain | ||||
Disclosure of HIV status
|
5 (2)
|
4 (3)
|
0.44
|
0.661
|
Ability to support one’s family
|
3 (3)
|
2 (3)
|
3.19
| <0.01
|
Social inclusion | 4 (1) | 3 (2) | 3.17 | <0.01 |
Personal relationships | 4 (2) | 3 (2) | 3.53 | <0.001 |
Social support | 4 (2) | 3 (2) | 2.96 | <0.01 |
Community relationships
|
4 (1)
|
3 (1)
|
3.73
| <0.001
|
Environmental domain | ||||
Physical safety and security | 3 (4) | 3.5 (3) | −0.87 | 0.384 |
Physical environment | 4 (2) | 3 (2) | 3.13 | <0.01 |
Worry about food
|
4 (2)
|
3 (3)
|
0.97
|
0.335
|
Opportunities for recreation and leisure | 4 (2) | 3 (3) | 2.60 | <0.01 |
Home environment | 4 (2) | 3 (2) | 2.73 | <0.01 |
Access to health and social care | 4.5 (1) | 4 (2) | 2.96 | <0.01 |
Transport | 3 (1) | 3 (1) | 2.86 | <0.01 |
Access to adequate food
|
4 (2)
|
3 (2)
|
3.59
| <0.001
|
Domains
Quality of life domain | Total sample | Asymptomatic HIV | Symptomatic HIV | Coefficient (95 % confidence interval) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SDa) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
Physical | 13.8 (4.3) | 16.6 (2.7) | 11.0 (3.7) | −5.64 (−7.02; −4.25) |
Psychological | 14.5 (4.0) | 16.6 (2.8) | 12.4 (3.8) | −4.10 (−5.54; −2.66) |
Social | 13.5 (2.3) | 14.8 (2.8) | 12.1 (2.7) | −3.16 (−4.66; −1.66) |
Environment | 13.0 (2.4) | 13.7 (2.1) | 12.4 (2.4) | −2.46 (−3.71; −1.21) |
Independence | 13.6 (4.4) | 16.4 (3.2) | 10.7 (3.5) | −5.69 (−7.13; −4.25) |
Spirituality | 15.0 (3.7) | 17.0 (2.8) | 13.1 (3.5) | −3.61 (−4.98; −2.24) |