nach oben

Current Diabetes Reports

Erschienen in:

01.10.2012 | Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes (D Dabelea, Section Editor)

Adipose Tissue, Hormones, and Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

verfasst von: Subhadra C. Gunawardana

Erschienen in: Current Diabetes Reports | Ausgabe 5/2012

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a serious disease with increasing incidence worldwide, with fatal consequences if untreated. Traditional therapies require direct or indirect insulin replacement, which involves numerous limitations and complications. While insulin is the major regulator of blood glucose, recent reports demonstrate the ability of several extra-pancreatic hormones to decrease blood glucose and improve metabolic homeostasis. Such hormones mainly include adipokines originating from adipose tissue (AT), while specific factors from the gut and liver also contribute to glucose homeostasis. Correction of T1D with adipokines is progressively becoming a realistic option, with the potential to overcome many problems associated with insulin replacement. Several recent studies demonstrate insulin-independent reversal or amelioration of T1D through administration of specific adipokines. Our recent work demonstrates the ability of healthy AT to compensate for the function of endocrine pancreas in long-term correction of T1D. This review discusses the potential of AT-related therapies for T1D as viable alternatives to insulin replacement.

Harwood Jr HJ. The adipocyte as an endocrine organ in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. 2011. Neuropharmacology. 2012;63(1):57–75.PubMedCrossRef

Falcão-Pires I, Castro-Chaves P, Miranda-Silva D, Lourenco AP, Leite-Moreira AF. Physiological, pathological and potential therapeutic roles of adipokines. Drug Discov Today. 2012. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2012.04.007.

Ouchi N, Parker JL, Lugus JJ, Walsh K. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11(2):85–97.PubMedCrossRef

Wozniak SE, Gee LL, Wachtel MS, Frezza EE. Adipose tissue: the new endocrine organ? A review article. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54(9):1847–56.PubMedCrossRef

Bjorndal B, Burri L, Staalesen V, Skorve J, Berge RK. Different adipose depots: their role in the development of metabolic syndrome and mitochondrial response to hypolipidemic agents. J Obes. 2011. doi:10.1155/2011/490650.PubMed

Wronska A, Kmiec Z. Structural and biochemical characteristics of various white adipose tissue depots. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2012;205(2):194–208.CrossRef

Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance. Physiol Rev. 2004;84(1):277–359.PubMedCrossRef

• Cypess AM, Lehman S, Williams G, Tal I, Rodman D, Goldfine AB. Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1509–17. Demonstrates the presence of BAT in adult humans.PubMedCrossRef

• Saito M, Okamatsu-Ogura Y, Matsushita M, Watanabe K, Yoneshiro T, Nio-Kobayashi J, et al. High incidence of metabolically active brown adipose tissue in healthy adult humans: effects of cold exposure and adiposity. Diabetes. 2009;58:1526–31. Demonstrates the presence of BAT in adult humans.PubMedCrossRef

10.

Ramachandran R, Gravenstein KS, Jeffrey Metter E, Egan JM, Ferrucci L, Chia CW. Selective contribution of regional adiposity, skeletal muscle, and adipokines to glucose Disposal in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(4):707–12.PubMedCrossRef

11.

• Gauthier MS, Ruderman NB. Adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance: all obese humans are not created equal. Biochem J. 2010;430(2):e1–4. Demonstrates that inflammation of AT contributes more to insulin resistance than the quantity of AT.PubMedCrossRef

12.

Vardanyan M, Parkin E, Gruessner C, Rodriguez Rilo HL. Pancreas vs. islet transplantation: a call on the future. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2010;15(1):124–30.PubMedCrossRef

13.

Maffi P, Scavini M, Socci C, Piemonti L, Caldara R, Gremizzi C, et al. Risks and benefits of transplantation in the cure of type 1 diabetes: whole pancreas versus islet transplantation. A single center study. Rev Diabet Stud. 2011;8(1):44–50.PubMedCrossRef

14.

Gruessner AC, Sutherland DE, Gruessner RW. Pancreas transplantation in the United States: a review. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2010;15(1):93–101.PubMedCrossRef

15.

Burke 3rd GW, Vendrame F, Pileggi A, Ciancio G, Reijonen H, Pugliese A. Recurrence of autoimmunity following pancreas transplantation. Curr Diabetes Rep. 2011;11(5):413–9.CrossRef

16.

Deters NA, Stokes RA, Gunton JE. Islet transplantation: factors in short-term islet survival. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2011;59(6):421–9.CrossRef

17.

Plesner A, Verchere CB. Advances and challenges in islet transplantation: islet procurement rates and lessons learned from suboptimal islet transplantation. J Transplant. 2011:979527.

18.

Tuduri E, Bruin JE, Kieffer TJ. Restoring insulin production for type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes. 2012. doi:10.1111/j.1753-0407.2012.00196.x.

19.

Zhao Y, Jiang Z, Zhao T, Ye M, Hu C, Yin Z, et al. Reversal of type 1 diabetes via islet β cell regeneration following immune modulation by cord blood-derived multipotent stem cells. BMC Med. 2012;10:3.PubMedCrossRef

20.

Kim W, Egan JM. The role of incretins in glucose homeostasis and diabetes treatment. Pharmacol Rev. 2008;60(4):470–512.PubMedCrossRef

21.

Tishinsky JM, Robinson LE, Dyck DJ. Insulin-sensitizing properties of adiponectin. Biochimie. 2012. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2012.01.017.

22.

Wolfson N, Gavish D, Matas Z, Boaz M, Shargorodsky M. Relation of adiponectin to glucose tolerance status, adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factor load. Exp Diabetes Res. 2012;2012:250621.PubMedCrossRef

23.

Pereira RI, Snell-Bergeon JK, Erickson C, Schauer IE, Bergman BC, Rewers M, Maahs DM. Adiponectin dysregulation and insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82(4):1181–7.CrossRef

24.

Miller RA, Chu Q, Le Lay J, Scherer PE, Ahima RS, Kaestner KH, et al. Adiponectin suppresses gluconeogenic gene expression in mouse hepatocytes independent of LKB1- AMPK signaling. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(6):2518–28.PubMedCrossRef

25.

Dridi S, Taouis M. Adiponectin and energy homeostasis: consensus and controversy. J Nutr Biochem. 2009;20(11):831–9.PubMedCrossRef

26.

Gardener H, Sjoberg C, Crisby M, Goldberg R, Mendez A, Wright CB, et al. Adiponectin and carotid intima-media thickness in the northern Manhattan study. Stroke. 2012;43(4):1123–5.PubMedCrossRef

27.

Tian L, Luo N, Zhu X, Chung BH, Garvey WT, Fu Y. Adiponectin-AdipoR1/2-APPL1 signaling axis suppresses human foam cell formation: differential ability of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 to regulate inflammatory cytokine responses. Atherosclerosis. 2012;221(1):66–75.PubMedCrossRef

28.

Carlton ED, Demas GE, French SS. Leptin, a neuroendocrine mediator of immune responses, inflammation, and sickness behaviors. Horm Behav. 2012. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.04.010.

29.

Barnes KM, Miner JL. Role of resistin in insulin sensitivity in rodents and humans. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2009;10(1):96–107.PubMedCrossRef

30.

Nogueiras R, Novelle MG, Vazquez MJ, Lopez M, Dieguez C. Resistin: regulation of food intake, glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Endocr Dev. 2010;17:175–84.PubMedCrossRef

31.

Qatanani M, Szwergold NR, Greaves DR, Ahima RS, Lazar MA. Macrophage-derived human resistin exacerbates adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance in mice. J Clin Invest. 2009;119(3):531–9.PubMedCrossRef

32.

Kraft R, Herndon DN, Kulp GA, Mecott GA, Trentzsch H, Jeschke MG. Retinol binding protein: marker for insulin resistance and inflammation postburn? JPEN J Parenter Enter Nutr. 2011;35(6):695–703.CrossRef

33.

Norseen J, Hosooka T, Hammarstedt A, Yore MM, Kant S, Aryal P, et al. Retinol-Binding Protein 4 Inhibits Insulin Signaling in Adipocytes by Inducing Proinflammatory Cytokines in Macrophages through a c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase- and Toll-Like Receptor 4-Dependent and Retinol-Independent Mechanism. Mol Cell Biol. 2012;32(10):2010–9.PubMedCrossRef

34.

Tan Y, Sun LQ, Kamal MA, Wang X, Seale JP, Qu X. Suppression of retinol-binding protein 4 with RNA oligonucleotide prevents high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011;1811(12):1045–53.PubMedCrossRef

35.

Kitazawa M, Nagano M, Masumoto KH, Shigeyoshi Y, Natsume T, Hashimoto S. Angiopoietin-like 2, a circadian gene, improves type 2 diabetes through potentiation of insulin sensitivity in mice adipocytes. Endocrinology. 2011;152(7):2558–67.PubMedCrossRef

36.

Xu A, Lam MC, Chan KW, Wang Y, Zhang J, Hoo RL, et al. Angiopoietin-like protein 4 decreases blood glucose and improves glucose tolerance but induces hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(17):6086–91.PubMedCrossRef

37.

Kim MK, Lee JH, Kim H, Park SJ, Kim SH, Kang GB, et al. Crystal structure of visfatin/pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor 1/nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, free and in complex with the anti-cancer agent FK-866. J Mol Biol. 2006;362(1):66–77.PubMedCrossRef

38.

Sun Q, Li L, Li R, Yang M, Liu H, Nowicki MJ, et al. Overexpression of visfatin/PBEF/Nampt alters whole-body insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in rats. Ann Med. 2009;41(4):311–20.PubMedCrossRef

39.

LeRoith D, Yakar S. Mechanisms of disease: metabolic effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2007;3(3):302–10.PubMedCrossRef

40.

Zenobi PD, Jaeggi-Groisman SE, Riesen WF, Roder ME, Froesch ER. Insulin-like growth factor-I improves glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest. 1992;90(6):2234–41.PubMedCrossRef

41.

Acerini CL, Patton CM, Savage MO, Kernell A, Westphal O, Dunger DB. Randomised placebocontrolled trial of human recombinant insulin-like growth factor I plus intensive insulin therapy in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Lancet. 1997;350(9086):1199–204.PubMedCrossRef

42.

Zenobi PD, Glatz Y, Keller A, Graf S, Jaeggi-Groisman SE, Riesen WF, Schoenle EJ, Froesch ER. Beneficial metabolic effects of insulin-like growth factor I in patients with severe insulin-resistant diabetes type A. Eur J Endocrinol. 1994;131(3):251–7.PubMedCrossRef

43.

Dunger D, Yuen K, Ong K. Insulin-like growth factor I and impaired glucose tolerance. Horm Res. 2004;62 Suppl 1:101–7.PubMedCrossRef

44.

Xu J, Stanislaus S, Chinookoswong N, Lau YY, Hager T, Patel J, et al. Acute glucose-lowering and insulin sensitizing action of FGF21 in insulin-resistant mouse models–association with liver and adipose tissue effects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009;297(5):E1105–14.PubMedCrossRef

45.

Ge X, Chen C, Hui X, Wang Y, Lam KS, Xu A. Fibroblast growth factor 21 induces glucose transporter-1 expression through activation of the serum response factor/Ets-like protein-1 in adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 2011;286(40):34533–41.PubMedCrossRef

46.

Domouzoglou EM, Maratos-Flier E. Fibroblast growth factor 21 is a metabolic regulator that plays a role in the adaptation to ketosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(4):901S–5.PubMedCrossRef

47.

Zhao Y, Dunbar JD, Kharitonenkov A. FGF21 as a therapeutic reagent. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2012;728:214–28.PubMedCrossRef

48.

Phillips LK, Prins JB. Update on incretin hormones. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011;1243(1):E55–74.PubMedCrossRef

49.

Bloomgarden ZT. Incretin concepts. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(2):e20–5.PubMedCrossRef

50.

De Marinis YZ, Salehi A, Ward CE, Zhang Q, Abdulkader F, Bengtsson M, et al. GLP-1 inhibits and adrenaline stimulates glucagon release by differential modulation of N- and Ltype Ca2+ channel-dependent exocytosis. Cell Metab. 2010;11(6):543–53.PubMedCrossRef

51.

Dardevet D, Moore MC, Neal D, DiCostanzo CA, Snead W, Cherrington AD. Insulin independent effects of GLP-1 on canine liver glucose metabolism: duration of infusion and involvement of hepatoportal region. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004;287(1):E75–81.PubMedCrossRef

52.

Anagnostis P, Athyros VG, Adamidou F, Panagiotou A, Kita M, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies and cardiovascular disease: looking beyond glycaemic control. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011;13(4):302–12.PubMedCrossRef

53.

Ussher JR, Drucker DJ. Cardiovascular biology of the incretin system. Endocr Rev. 2012;33(2):187–215.PubMedCrossRef

54.

Challa TD, Beaton N, Arnold M, Rudofsky G, Langhans W, Wolfrum C. Regulation of adipocyte formation by GLP-1/GLP-1R signaling. J Biol Chem. 2012;287(9):6421–30.PubMedCrossRef

55.

Gu W, Lloyd DJ, Chinookswong N, Komorowski R, Sivits Jr G, Graham M, et al. Pharmacological targeting of glucagon and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptors has different effects on energy state and glucose homeostasis in diet induced obese mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2011;338(1):70–81.PubMedCrossRef

56.

Hu X, She M, Hou H, Li Q, Shen Q, Luo Y, Yin W. Adiponectin decreases plasma glucose and improves insulin sensitivity in diabetic Swine. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2007;39(2):131–6.CrossRef

57.

Fukushima M, Hattori Y, Tsukada H, Koga K, Kajiwara E, Kawano K, et al. Adiponectin gene therapy of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice using hydrodynamic injection. J Gene Med. 2007;9(11):976–85.PubMedCrossRef

58.

Ohashi K, Kihara S, Ouchi N, Kumada M, Fujita K, Hiuge A, et al. Adiponectin replenishment ameliorates obesity-related hypertension. Hypertension. 2006;47(6):1108–16.PubMedCrossRef

59.

Park S, Kim DS, Kwon DY, Yang HJ. Long-term central infusion of adiponectin improves energy and glucose homeostasis by decreasing fat storage and suppressing hepatic gluconeogenesis without changing food intake. J Neuroendocrinol. 2011;23(8):687–98.PubMedCrossRef

60.

•• Yu X, Park BH, Wang MY, Wang ZV, Unger RH. Making insulin-deficient type 1 diabetic rodents thrive without insulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(37):14070–5. First adipokine therapy demonstrating long-term correction of T1D without insulin.PubMedCrossRef

61.

Wang MY, Chen L, Clark GO, Lee Y, Stevens RD, Ilkayeva OR, et al. Leptin therapy in insulindeficient type I diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(11):4813–9.PubMedCrossRef

62.

Naito M, Fujikura J, Ebihara K, Miyanaga F, Yokoi H, Kusakabe T, et al. Therapeutic impact of leptin on diabetes, diabetic complications, and longevity in insulin-deficient diabetic mice. Diabetes. 2011;60(9):2265–73.PubMedCrossRef

63.

Kruger AJ, Yang C, Lipson KL, Pino SC, Leif JH, Hogan CM, et al. Leptin treatment confers clinical benefit at multiple stages of virally induced type 1 diabetes in BB rats. Autoimmunity. 2011;44(2):137–48.PubMedCrossRef

64.

Chen H, Zheng C, Zhang X, Li J, Li J, Zheng L, Huang K. Apelin alleviates diabetes-associated endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pancreas of Akita mice. Peptides. 2011;32(8):1634–9.PubMedCrossRef

65.

Dray C, Knauf C, Daviaud D, Waget A, Boucher J, Buleon M, et al. Apelin stimulates glucose utilization in normal and obese insulin-resistant mice. Cell Metab. 2008;8(5):437–45.PubMedCrossRef

66.

Castan-Laurell I, Dray C, Knauf C, Kunduzova O, Valet P. Apelin, a promising target for type 2 diabetes treatment? Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2012;23(5):234–41.PubMedCrossRef

67.

Garber AJ. Incretin therapy––present and future. Rev Diabet Stud. 2011;8(3):307–22.PubMedCrossRef

68.

Cernea S. The role of incretin therapy at different stages of diabetes. Rev Diabet Stud. 2011;8(3):323–38.PubMedCrossRef

69.

Spellman CW. Incorporating glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists into clinical practice. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2012;112(1 Suppl 1):S7–S15.PubMed

70.

Dupre J. Glycaemic effects of incretins in Type 1 diabetes mellitus: a concise review, with emphasis on studies in humans. Regul Pept. 2005;128(2):149–57.PubMedCrossRef

71.

Suen CS, Burn P. The potential of incretin-based therapies in type 1 diabetes. Drug Discov Today. 2012;17(1–2):89–95.PubMedCrossRef

72.

Hadjiyanni I, Baggio LL, Poussier P, Drucker DJ. Exendin-4 modulates diabetes onset in nonobese diabetic mice. Endocrinology. 2008;149(3):1338–49.PubMedCrossRef

73.

Pugazhenthi U, Velmurugan K, Tran A, Mahaffey G, Pugazhenthi S. Anti-inflammatory action of exendin-4 in human islets is enhanced by phosphodiesterase inhibitors: potential therapeutic benefits in diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 2010;53(11):2357–68.PubMedCrossRef

74.

Perez-Arana G, Blandino-Rosano M, Prada-Oliveira A, Aguilar-Diosdado M, Segundo C. Decrease in {beta}-cell proliferation precedes apoptosis during diabetes development in bio-breeding/worcester rat: beneficial role of Exendin-4. Endocrinology. 2010;151(6):2538–46.PubMedCrossRef

75.

•• Gunawardana SC, Piston DW. Reversal of type 1 diabetes in mice by Brown adipose tissue transplant. Diabetes. 2012;61(3):674–82. First demonstration of insulinindependent reversal of T1D using endogenously produced hormones.PubMedCrossRef

76.

Gunawardana SC, Benninger RKP, Piston DW. Subcutaneous transplantation of embryonic pancreas for correction of type 1 diabetes. Am J Physiol. 2009;296:E323–32.

77.

Gunawardana SC, Benninger RKP, Piston DW. Blood glucose regulation through adipose tissue hormones following subcutaneous transplantation of pancreas, vol. J4. Banff: Keystone Symposia; 2009. p. 191.

78.

Snell-Bergeon JK, West NA, Mayer-Davis EJ, Liese AD, Marcovina SM, D'Agostino Jr RB, Hamman RF, Dabelea D. Inflammatory markers are increased in youth with type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH Case-Control study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(6):2868–76.PubMedCrossRef

79.

Verrijn Stuart AA, Schipper HS, Tasdelen I, Egan DA, Prakken BJ, Kalkhoven E, de Jager W. Altered plasma adipokine levels and in vitro adipocyte differentiation in pediatric type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(2):463–72.PubMedCrossRef

80.

Lowell BB, Flier JS. Brown adipose tissue, beta 3-adrenergic receptors, and obesity. Annu Rev Med. 1997;48:307–16.PubMedCrossRef

81.

Fitzgibbons TP, Kogan S, Aouadi M, Hendricks GM, Straubhaar J, Czech MP. Similarity of mouse perivascular and brown adipose tissues and their resistance to diet-induced inflammation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011;301(4):H1425–37.PubMedCrossRef

82.

Krings A, Rahman S, Huang S, Lu Y, Czernik PJ, Lecka-Czernik B. Bone marrow fat has brown adipose tissue characteristics, which are attenuated with aging and diabetes. Bone. 2012;50(2):546–52.PubMedCrossRef

83.

Gomez-Hernandez A, Otero YF, de las Heras N, Escribano O, Cachofeiro V, Lahera V, Benito M. Brown fat lipoatrophy and increased visceral adiposity through a concerted adipocytokines overexpression induces vascular insulin resistance and dysfunction. Endocrinology. 2012;153(3):1242–55.PubMedCrossRef

84.

Wu X, Motoshima H, Mahadev K, Stalker TJ, Scalia R, Goldstein BJ. Involvement of AMPactivated protein kinase in glucose uptake stimulated by the globular domain of adiponectin in primary rat adipocytes. Diabetes. 2003;52(6):1355–63.PubMedCrossRef

85.

Cypess AM, Kahn CR. Brown fat as a therapy for obesity and diabetes. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2010;17(2):143–9.PubMedCrossRef

86.

Ginter E, Simko V. Brown fat tissue––a potential target to combat obesity. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2012;113(1):52–6.PubMed

87.

• Seale P, Conroe HM, Estall J, Kajimura S, Frontini A, Ishibashi J, et al. Prdm16 determines the thermogenic program of subcutaneous white adipose tissue in mice. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(1):96–105. Demonstrates BAT-derived factors can improve WAT function and whole body metabolic homeostasis.PubMedCrossRef

88.

• Bostrom P, Wu J, Jedrychowski MP, Korde A, Ye L, Lo JC, et al. A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature. 2012;481(7382):463–8. Demonstrates BAT-derived factors can improve WAT function and whole body metabolic homeostasis.PubMedCrossRef

89.

Gavrilova O, Marcus-Samuels B, Graham D, Kim JK, Shulman GI, Castle AL, et al. Surgical implantation of adipose tissue reverses diabetes in lipoatrophic mice. J Clin Invest. 2000;105(3):271–8.PubMedCrossRef

90.

Klebanov S, Astle CM, DeSimone O, Ablamunits V, Harrison DE. Adipose tissue transplantation protects ob/ob mice from obesity, normalizes insulin sensitivity and restores fertility. J Endocrinol. 2005;186(1):203–11.PubMedCrossRef

91.

• Ablamunits V, Klebanov S, Giese SY, Herold KC. Functional human to mouse adipose tissue xenotransplantation. J Endocrinol. 2012;212(1):41–7. Successful xenotransplantation of WAT to compensate for hormone deficiency.PubMedCrossRef

92.

Tran TT, Kahn CR. Transplantation of adipose tissue and stem cells: role in metabolism and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2010;6(4):195–213.PubMedCrossRef

93.

Skarulis MC, Celi FS, Mueller E, Zemskova M, Malek R, Hugendubler L, et al. Thyroid hormone induced brown adipose tissue and amelioration of diabetes in a patient with extreme insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(1):256–62.PubMedCrossRef

94.

Vegiopoulos A, Muller-Decker K, Strzoda D, Schmitt I, Chichelnitskiy E, Ostertag A, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 controls energy homeostasis in mice by de novo recruitment of brown adipocytes. Science. 2010;328(5982):1158–61.PubMedCrossRef

95.

Bordicchia M, Liu D, Amri EZ, Ailhaud G, Dessi-Fulgheri P, Zhang C, et al. Cardiac natriuretic peptides act via p38 MAPK to induce the brown fat thermogenic program in mouse and human adipocytes. J Clin Invest. 2012;122(3):1022–36.PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Adipose Tissue, Hormones, and Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes
verfasst von: Subhadra C. Gunawardana
Publikationsdatum: 01.10.2012
Verlag: Current Science Inc.
Erschienen in: Current Diabetes Reports / Ausgabe 5/2012
Print ISSN: 1534-4827
Elektronische ISSN: 1539-0829
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-012-0300-9

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

„Überwältigende“ Evidenz für Tripeltherapie beim metastasierten Prostata-Ca.

22.05.2024 Prostatakarzinom Nachrichten

Patienten mit metastasiertem hormonsensitivem Prostatakarzinom sollten nicht mehr mit einer alleinigen Androgendeprivationstherapie (ADT) behandelt werden, mahnt ein US-Team nach Sichtung der aktuellen Datenlage. Mit einer Tripeltherapie haben die Betroffenen offenbar die besten Überlebenschancen.

So sicher sind Tattoos: Neue Daten zur Risikobewertung

22.05.2024 Melanom Nachrichten

Das größte medizinische Problem bei Tattoos bleiben allergische Reaktionen. Melanome werden dadurch offensichtlich nicht gefördert, die Farbpigmente könnten aber andere Tumoren begünstigen.

CAR-M-Zellen: Warten auf das große Fressen

22.05.2024 Onkologische Immuntherapie Nachrichten

Auch myeloide Immunzellen lassen sich mit chimären Antigenrezeptoren gegen Tumoren ausstatten. Solche CAR-Fresszell-Therapien werden jetzt für solide Tumoren entwickelt. Künftig soll dieser Prozess nicht mehr ex vivo, sondern per mRNA im Körper der Betroffenen erfolgen.

Frühzeitige HbA1c-Kontrolle macht sich lebenslang bemerkbar

22.05.2024 Typ-2-Diabetes Nachrichten

Menschen mit Typ-2-Diabetes von Anfang an intensiv BZ-senkend zu behandeln, wirkt sich positiv auf Komplikationen und Mortalität aus – und das offenbar lebenslang, wie eine weitere Nachfolgeuntersuchung der UKPD-Studie nahelegt.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Die Highlights vom Kongress des American College of Cardiology 2024

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 5/2012

Harnessing the Immunomodulatory and Tissue Repair Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Restore β Cell Function

Influence of Type 1 Diabetes Genes on Disease Progression: Similarities and Differences Between Countries

Autologous Regulatory T Cells for the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

The Role of Hyaluronan and the Extracellular Matrix in Islet Inflammation and Immune Regulation

Risks, Benefits, and Therapeutic Potential of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Autoimmune Diabetes