Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare but highly malignant neoplasm with limited treatment options.
Methods
In this study, the clinicopathological features of 22 ACCs and 22 adrenocortical adenomas (ACA) were analyzed, and the EGFR protein expression, EGFR gene mutation status and EGFR gene copy number alteration of all tumors were examined using immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and the Scorpion Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS), respectively.
Results
EGFR protein expression was detected in 63.6% of the ACC samples, and EGFR FISH was positive in 50% of the ACC samples (all were high polysomy on chromosome 7). In contrast, 27.3% of the ACA samples demonstrated EGFR expression, and none of the ACA samples tested positive by FISH. There were significant differences between the ACC and ACA in terms of protein expression (P = 0.035) and gene copy number alterations (P < 0.001).
Conclusions
EGFR protein expression and high polysomy on chromosome 7 are frequent abnormalities in ACC than in ACA.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1746-1596-9-19) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Jing Zhang, Cuiping Wang contributed equally to this work.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
JZ designed the experiment and drafted the manuscript, CW immunohistochemistry staining and FISH, JG performed mutational detection, JS designed the experiment and statistically analysis, XZ and SW performed FISH analysis, ZL conceived of the study, and participated in its design and coordination. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Background
Adrenocortical tumors are a common type of tumor and have a prevalence of at least 3% in populations over the age of 50[1]. The vast majority of these tumors are benign adrenocortical adenomas (ACA), and only a small subset constitutes malignant adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC)[2]. These tumor entities are discriminated according to gross and microscopic criteria, such as the Weiss score[3]. Although each criterion is strictly defined, some features are potentially more problematic (e.g., diffuse architecture, necrosis, and sinusoidal, venous and capsular invasions). However, thus far, no generally accepted marker has been established to determine malignancy in these tumors[4, 5]. ACC is a rare endocrine tumor with a poor overall prognosis[1]. Complete surgical resection is the only available curative treatment, and distant recurrences are common even after these procedures[6]. The genetic background of ACC is poorly understood, and further study is necessary to identify novel targets for tailored therapies.
It has been proposed that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway is important for cancer pathophysiology. EGFR belongs to the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase receptors, which have strong regulatory effects on cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and migration[7]. Increased levels of EGFR gene expression have been reported in adenocarcinomas of the head and neck, lung, pancreas, bladder, ovary, cervix, brain, breast, colon and prostate, among others, and have been frequently associated with adverse prognoses[7‐9]. In recent years, EGFR has become a promising target for therapies against various tumor entities. For example, treatment with the monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab and the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib (in monotherapy or in combination with cytotoxic drugs) has resulted in improved survival in patients with colorectal cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer[10, 11].
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For ACCs, EGFR expression and EGFR point mutations have also been described[12‐16]. However, there has been no comprehensive investigation of EGFR protein expression or somatic EGFR gene mutations and amplifications for adrenocortical neoplasms. In our previous study, we have found that EGFR protein expression was more frequent in myxoid ACC than in myxoid ACA[17]. However, EGFR mutations and EGFR amplification were rare in these myxoid tumors. In this study, we analyzed the clinicopathological features of 22 conventional ACC and 22 conventional ACA samples. Furthermore, we explored EGFR protein expression, EGFR mutations and EGFR copy number in these tumors and correlated these results with the clinicopathological features of these patients.
Materials and methods
Case selection
A total of 1355 consecutive adrenocortical tumors that were surgically resected at the Department of Surgery at Peking Union Medical College Hospital during the period between 2000 and 2012 were reviewed, and specimens were selected from archived paraffin-embedded blocks. Among these tumors, there were 22 cases of conventional ACC. At the same time, 22 cases of conventional ACA were randomly selected. (including 5 cases of conventional ACC and 5 cases of conventional ACA which have been published before[17]). The diagnoses were based on clinical, biochemical and morphological data. All histological diagnoses were confirmed by two pathologists at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Clinicopathological information was obtained by reviewing the medical records in detail with regard to patient age and sex, the date of surgery, the pathological stage and the histological findings. The follow-up period ranged from 2 to 99 months, with a mean of 28.3 months for all patients. This study was conducted with the approval of the Ethics Committee of the Peking Union Medical College Hospital and with the informed consent of all patients.
Immunohistochemical study
EGFR protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry using a mouse anti-human EGFR monoclonal antibody (clone 2-18C9, Pharm Dx kit, Dako North America, Inc., Via Real, Carpinteria, CA, USA), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Sections (4 μm thick) were cut from paraffin tissue blocks, deparaffinized in xylene, and rehydrated in decreasing concentrations of ethanol. Appropriate positive and negative controls were used, and positive results were defined as samples demonstrating greater than 10% of tumor cells with membranous staining of any intensity. The percentage of positive cells and the intensity, which was defined as mild (1+), moderate (2+) or strong (3+) were recorded for each sample.
DNA extraction and EGFR mutations using the scorpion amplified refractory mutation system
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor sections were deparaffinized and air-dried. Tumor cells were acquired by micro-dissection from 6–8 slides of each sample. Genomic DNA from the tumors was extracted with standard proteinase K digestion and a DNeasy minispin column (TIANamp Genomic DNA Kit, BEIJING). Twenty-nine specific EGFR mutations in exons 18 through 21 were detected using the EGFR mutation test kit of the Scorpion Amplified Refractory Mutation System (SARMS) (DxS, Manchester, UK). This kit enabled the detection of 19 specific deletions between 2235 and 2257 in exon 19, T790M, L858R, L861Q, G719X, S768I as well as 3 insertions in exon 20. The mutant assays, which used allele-specific real-time polymerase chain reactions, were performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol using the Applied Biosystem (ABI) 7500 real-time PCR system[18‐20]. The data were analyzed using the ABI SDS software.
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Fluorescent in situ hybridization
An EGFR FISH analysis was performed using the LSI EGFR SpectrumOrange/CEP 7 SpectrumGreen probe (Vysis, Abbott Laboratories), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The FISH analyses were performed independently by two authors who were blinded to the clinical characteristics of the patients and to all other molecular variables. For the EGFR FISH analyses, 60 nuclei were scored for signals from both DNA probes using an Olympus BX51TRF microscope (Olympus, Japan) equipped with a triple-pass filter (DAPI/Green/Orange; Vysis) at a final magnification of 1000 × .
Chromosome 7 polysomy and monosomy were defined as the presence of more than three signals or one signal, respectively, from greater than 20% of the tumor cells. The EGFR gene status was classified into the following six categories according to the frequency of tumor cells with specific copy numbers of the EGFR gene and the chromosome 7 centromere, as described previously[21]. Based on the EGFR gene status, the patients were further classified into the following two groups: 1) EGFR FISH-negative or low gene copy number (disomy, low trisomy, high trisomy, and low polysomy) or 2) EGFR FISH-positive or high gene copy number (high polysomy and gene amplification). For each FISH preparation, known positive and negative cells were used as controls.
Statistical analysis
Correlations between the different groups were evaluated by Pearson’s Chi-squared test or Fisher’s two-tailed exact test. The mean values of continuous data were assessed using independent samples t test. Survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method, and P-values were calculated using the log-rank test. Data were analyzed with SPSS software for Windows, version 15.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). P-values less than 0.05 were accepted as significant.
Results
Clinical data
Table 1 summarizes the clinical data for both malignant and benign adrenocortical tumors. The ages of patients ranged from 2 to 75 years, with mean age of 45.4 years. The overall male/female ratio was 1:1. Fifteen patients had hormonal abnormalities (7 with an ACA and 8 with an ACC), 9 patients had Cushing syndrome (3 with an ACA and 6 with an ACC), 5 had primary hyperaldosteronism (4 with an ACA and 1 with an ACC), and 1 male ACC patient with concomitant feminization. None of the patients had a prior history of malignancy. There were no significant differences in terms of patient age or sex, the existence of endocrine syndrome, or the tumor location between the malignant and benign tumor samples. Of the patients with malignant tumors, 6 demonstrated synchronous metastasis, and 11 experienced tumor recurrence (local recurrence and/or metachronous distant metastasis) during the follow-up period. Twelve patients died from the disease (mean overall survival was 19.6 months), 2 were alive with the disease, 3 were alive without the disease at the final follow-up, and 5 were lost track of during follow-up. Of the patients with benign tumors (mean follow-up of 25.5 months), 16 were alive without disease following the operation, and 6 were lost track of during follow-up. The malignant tumors had a significantly larger size and weight than the benign tumors (P < 0.001) (Table 1).
Table 1
Clinicopathological features and EGFR gene status of the 44 adrenocortical tumors
Overall, EGFR expression was detected in 14 ACC cases (63.6%), including 6 samples where the tumor cells showed strong staining intensities (3+) (Figure 1a). In addition, EGFR immunoreactivity was moderate (2+) in 3 cases and weak (1+) in 5 cases, whereas no specific staining was detected in 8 cases (36.4%). In contrast, 7 ACA cases (31.8%) showed EGFR expression; none demonstrated 3+ EGFR immunoreactivity, 2 cases showed 2+ EGFR levels and 5 cases showed 1+ EGFR levels. The remaining 15 cases (68.2%) showed level 0 staining (Figure 1b). There was a statistically significant difference in the EGFR immunostaining between benign and malignant tumors (P = 0.035) (Table 1). Among the 22 ACC cases, EGFR protein expression was not associated with gender, age, tumor size, tumor weight, hormonal function, recurrence, metastasis or tumor stage (Table 2).
Figure 1
EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) gene status in adrenocortical neoplasms: (a) This image demonstrates strong membrane EGFR expression (3+) in adrenocortical carcinoma, as detected by immunohistochemistry. (b) This image demonstrates an absence of membrane EGFR expression in adrenocortical adenoma, as detected by immunohistochemistry. (c) The cancer cells demonstrate high polysomy on chromosome 7 in adrenocortical carcinoma, as detected by FISH(fluorescence in situ hybridization). (d) The tumor cells display disomy for the EGFR in adrenocortical adenoma, as detected by FISH (Green signals represent the chromosome 7 centromere, and red signals represent the EGFR gene).
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Table 2
Relationship between EGFR protein expression, EGFR copy number and clinicopathological characteristics of adrenocortical carcinomas
EGFR mutations and copy number in adrenocortical tumors
None of the 29 specific EGFR mutations in exons 18 to 21 were detected in the ACA and ACC cases examined.
None of the ACC cases demonstrated EGFR gene amplification, 11 cases showed high polysomy (Figure 1c), 5 cases showed low trisomy, 6 cases showed disomy and no cases displayed evidence of low polysomy or high trisomy. None of the ACA cases demonstrated EGFR gene amplification, although there were also no ACA cases with high polysomy or high trisomy. Two ACA cases showed low polysomy, 6 casesshowed low trisomy, and 14 cases showed disomy (Figure 1d). According to the criteria of Capuzzo et al.[21], eleven ACC cases (50%) showed FISH positivity, and all ACA cases demonstrated FISH negativity. There was a statistically significant difference in the EGFR gene copy number alterations between the benign and malignant tumors (P < 0.001) (Table 1). EGFR FISH positivity was not found to be associated with gender, age, tumor size, tumor weight, hormonal function, recurrence, metastasis or tumor stage (Table 2).
Relationship between EGFR protein expression, EGFR copy number and clinicopathological characteristics of ACC
Among the 22 ACC cases, EGFR protein expression was not associated with EGFR FISH positivity (Table 3). Nine of the 11 (81.8%) EGFR FISH-positive cases,all of which were classified as high polysomy, showed EGFR protein expression. Five of the 11 (45.5%) FISH-negative cases, which included 2 low-trisomy cases and 3 disomy cases, showed EGFR protein expression. And 5 EGFR protein expression cases were FISH-negative. The survival curves that were derived using the Kaplan–Meyer method demonstrated that there was no significant association between EGFR protein expression and the overall survival of patients with ACC. The survival curves also demonstrated that there was no significant association between high polysomy on chromosome 7 and the overall survival of patients with ACC.
Table 3
Relationship between EGFR copy number and EGFR protein expression of in adrenocortical carcinomas
The molecular changes that are involved in the pathogenesis of ACC are poorly understood. TNM classification remains the most commonly used parameter for guiding therapy and prognosis. However, there is a need for new prognostic and therapeutic markers, particularly with the development of new molecular-targeted therapies, including anti-EGFR molecules. In this study, we have investigated EGFR protein expression, EGFR mutations, and EGFR gene copy number variations in adrenocortical neoplasms, specifically in 22 conventional ACC cases and 22 conventional ACA cases.
EGFR is a member of the EGF-related family of tyrosine kinase receptors. Upon the binding of EGFR ligands, downstream signaling pathways are activated, which results in strong stimulatory effects on cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, angiogenesis and migration[7, 8]. The expression of EGFR in ACC has been described in previous studies[12‐15]. However, some of these studies have not differentiated between cytoplasmic and membranous staining, and only the latter type is currently considered to represent specific staining. In our previous study, we have found that EGFR protein expression was more frequent in myxoid ACC than in myxoid ACA[17]. In the current study, our results also demonstrated that EGFR immunoreactivity was significantly more frequent among conventional ACC than conventional ACA cases. The relative abundance of EGFR in ACC suggests that anti-EGFR agents may be beneficial for patients with ACC.
Cetuximab, gefitinib, and erlotinib, chemotherapeutic agents that target the EGFR gene, have been administered to patients with cancer (e.g., non-small-cell lung cancer)[22]. In addition, EGFR gene mutations have been reported in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, and the status of these mutations has been correlated with the clinical response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as gefitinib[23]. Kotoula et al. detected four tumor specimens that harbored TK domain mutations from a panel of 35 ACC (11.4%), suggesting that ACC that harbor an EGFR mutation exhibit increased phosphorylation of EGFR compared with wild-type carcinomas[16]. In contrast, our previous and current study did not detect any mutations in samples of ACC and ACA[17]. It is possible that the method used in this study was only able to detect 29 of the most common mutations.
EGFR gene amplification and structural genetic alterations have been reported in several types of adenocarcinoma, including non-small-cell lung cancer, glioblastoma, pancreatic cancer, and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
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In our previous study of 10 myxoid adrenocortical neoplasms, only 1 ACA showed high polysomy on chromosome 7[17]. In current study, we examined the EGFR gene copy number in conventional ACC and ACA. Moreover, our study analyzed the relationship between EGFR copy number and the clinicopathological features of patients with ACC. In our series of cases, 50% of the ACC cases showed FISH positivity, and all ACA cases demonstrated FISH negativity based on the criteria of Capuzzo et al.[21]. We discovered that there was a statistically significant difference between benign and malignant tumors regarding their alterations in the EGFR gene copy number. This result could potentially be used for the differential diagnosis of ACA and ACC. In addition, all of the positive cases showed high polysomy on chromosome 7, and none of the ACC cases demonstrated EGFR amplification, suggesting that EGFR amplification may be rare in ACC. However, according to the statistical analysis, EGFR FISH positivity was not associated with gender, age, tumor size, tumor weight, hormonal function, recurrence, metastasis or tumor stage. Therefore, our study does not provide evidence that high polysomy is related to the aggressive nature of these tumors. The survival curves demonstrated that there were no significant associations between EGFR protein expression, high polysomy on chromosome 7 and the overall survival of patients with ACC. This result may be related to certain cases that were lost track of during follow-up, but it would be necessary to increase the number of cases and the rate of follow-up for future studies.
In our study, EGFR protein expression and high polysomy were more frequently seen in conventional ACC than in conventional ACA, and EGFR immunohistochemical staining were more intensive in ACC cases than in ACA cases, whether this can be used as differential diagnosis still need to be demonstrated by large sample size. Furthermore, no association was found between EGFR protein expression and alterations in the EGFR gene copy number, this suggested that EGFR protein expression may not be due to increased copy number, other mechanisms, possibly transcriptional, post-transcriptional or epigenetic, may be associated with EGFR protein expression.
In summary, EGFR expression and high polysomy on chromosome 7 are frequent abnormalities in ACC than in ACA, suggesting that these abnormalities could potentially be used in the differential diagnosis of ACA and ACC. Furthermore, an investigation of the EGFR gene status may provide further information regarding potential therapeutic targets in patients with ACC.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by National Science and Technology Support Project (the 11th Five-Year Plan) of China (grant 2006BAI02A14), the Scientific Research Special Projects of Health Ministry of China (grant 200802011) and Young Scientific Research Fund of PUMCH (grant 2010160).
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Open Access
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
JZ designed the experiment and drafted the manuscript, CW immunohistochemistry staining and FISH, JG performed mutational detection, JS designed the experiment and statistically analysis, XZ and SW performed FISH analysis, ZL conceived of the study, and participated in its design and coordination. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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