Background
Methods
Study design
Participants
Measures
Procedure
Treatment course I: Psychiatric treatment for clinical cases
Treatment course II: Preventive treatment for subclinical cases
Statistical analysis
Ethics
Results
Questionnaire response
Company | Recipients N | Response N (%) | Recipients N | Response N (%) | Recipients N | Response N (%) | Recipients N | Response N (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0: pre-treatment assessment | T1: Screening, diagnostic assessment and initiation of treatment | T2: 6-month follow-up | T3: 12-month follow-up | |||||
1. Public service | 163 | 107 (65.6) | 167 | 101 (60.5) | 170 | 96 (56.5) | 180 | 100 (55.6) |
2. Public service | 166 | 100 (60.2) | 167 | 94 (56.3) | 170 | 106 (62.4) | 160 | 97 (60.6) |
3. Private, financial | 251 | 181 (72.1) | 240 | 161 (67.1) | 247 | 161 (65.2) | 246 | 166 (67.5) |
4. Private, manufacturing | 148 | 74 (50.0) | 162 | 71 (43.8) | 165 | 71 (43.0) | 156 | 69 (44.2) |
5. Private, manufacturing | 125 | 59 (47.2) | 130 | 55 (42.3) | 135 | 50 (37.0) | 139 | 59 (42.4) |
6. Public, education | 198 | 88 (44.4) | 202 | 92 (45.5) | 185 | 82 (44.3) | 182 | 72 (39.6) |
Total | 1051 | 609 (57.9) | 1068 | 586 (54.9) | 1072 | 566 (52.8) | 1063 | 563 (53.0) |
Identified cases
Baseline characteristics
Clinical cases (n = 38) | Subclinical cases (n = 20) | Untreated cases (n = 15) | Healthy subjects (n = 513) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Female | 22 (57.9) | 7 (35.0) | 11 (73.3) | 201 (39.2) |
Male | 16 (42.1) | 13 (65.0) | 4 (26.7) | 312 (60.8) |
Age | ||||
Years (mean, sd) | 43.6 (9.8) | 44.8 (9.3) | 46.9 (10.3) | 45.3 (9.9) |
Marital status | ||||
Married/live together | 27 (71.1) | 15 (75.0) | 14 (93.3) | 432 (84.2) |
Single | 11 (28.9) | 5 (25.0) | 1 (7.1) | 81 (15.8) |
Company | ||||
1: public service | 0 (0.0) | 6 (30.0) | 2 (13.3) | 92 (17.9) |
2: public service | 7 (18.4) | 7 (35.0) | 1 (6.7) | 79 (15.4) |
3: private, financial | 11 (28.9) | 3 (15.0) | 6 (40.0) | 154 (30.0) |
4: private, manufacturing | 6 (15.8) | 2 (10.0) | 1 (6.7) | 62 (12.1) |
5: private, manufacturing | 5 (13.2) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (13.3) | 48 (9.4) |
6: public, education | 9 (23.7) | 2 (10.0) | 3 (20.0) | 78 (15.2) |
Working hour system | ||||
Day work | 24 (63.2) | 17 (85.0) | 8 (53.3) | 359 (70.0) |
Shift work | 5 (13.1) | 1 (5.0) | 3 (20.0) | 67 (13.1) |
24-h shift | 1 (2.6) | 1 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | 28 (5.5) |
Other | 8 (21.1) | 1 (5.0) | 4 (26.7) | 59 (11.5) |
Field of work | ||||
Administration/management | 9 (23.7) | 5 (25.0) | 6 (40.0) | 158 (30.8) |
Internal logistics and service | 13 (34.2) | 9 (45.0) | 3 (20.0) | 136 (26.5) |
Teaching | 4 (10.5) | 2 (10.0) | 2 (13.3) | 55 (10.7) |
Customer service | 5 (13.2) | 3 (15.0) | 0 (0.0) | 71 (13.8) |
Production | 7 (18.4) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (20.0) | 38 (7.4) |
Rescue work | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.0) | 1 (6.7) | 50 (9.7) |
Other | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.4) |
N/A | 3 (0.6) | |||
Job-satisfaction (mean, sd) | 7.3 (2.2) | 6.7 (2.2) | 7.8 (2.5) | 8.6 (1.8) |
Length of service | ||||
Years (mean, sd) | 16.7 (10.6) | 17.7 (11.4) | 20.9 (12.8) | 19.3 (11.6) |
Work hours per week | ||||
Hours (mean, sd) | 35.4 (8.0) | 36.6 (4.4) | 36.1 (3.0) | 37.1 (4.6) |
Overtime latest month | ||||
Hours (mean, sd) | 10.7 (30.9) | 4.7 (9.4) | 1.9 (4.2) | 5.6 (14.7) |
Sick days latest month | ||||
Days (mean, sd) | 4.3 (9.0) | 0.2 (0.6) | 1.8 (2.3) | 0.6 (2.4) |
Physical illness | ||||
Yes | 13 (34.2) | 9 (45.0) | 7 (46.7) | 120 (23.4) |
No | 25 (65.8) | 11 (55.0) | 8 (53.3) | 393 (76.6) |
In treatment with psychotropic drugs | ||||
Yes | 7 (18.4) | 2 (10.0) | 3 (20.0) | 16 (3.1) |
No | 31 (81.6) | 18 (90.0) | 12 (80.0) | 497 (96.9) |
Season for screening | ||||
1. quarter (Jan-Mar) | 11 (28.9) | 3 (15.0) | 6 (40.0) | 148 (28.8) |
2. quarter (Apr-Jun) | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (1.0) |
3. quarter (Jul-Sep) | 22 (57.9) | 17 (85.0) | 6 (40.0) | 300 (58.5) |
4. quarter (Oct-Dec) | 4 (10.5) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (20.0) | 60 (11.7) |
Unmet need for treatment
Treatment effect
Clinical cases | ||||||
T0 (n = 32) | T1 (n = 38) | T2 (n = 26) | T3 (n = 28) | Co-efficient (CI), treatment period (T1-T3) | p-value | |
Global Severity Index (GSI) | 1.07 (0.49) | 1.15 (0.44) | 0.94 (0.56) | 0.75 (0.67) | −0.385 (− 0.576, − 0.194) | < 0.001 |
Subscale – depression (DEP) | 1.60 (0.79) | 1.74 (0.62) | 1.43 (0.88) | 1.18 (0.93) | −0.574 (− 0.849, − 0.244) | 0.004 |
Subscale – anxiety (ANX) | 0.89 (0.72) | 0.98 (0.73) | 0.78 (0.67) | 0.53 (0.73) | −0.377 (− 0.561, − 0.193) | < 0.001 |
Subclinical cases | ||||||
T0 (n = 17) | T1 (n = 20) | T2 (n = 14) | T3 (n = 12) | Co-efficient (CI), treatment period (T1-T3) | p-value | |
Global Severity Index (GSI) | 0.75 (0.48) | 0.74 (0.33) | 0.46 (0.27) | 0.53 (0.36) | −0.236 (− 0.457, − 0.016) | 0.036 |
Subscale – depression (DEP) | 1.01 (0.75) | 1.07 (0.67) | 0.75 (0.56) | 0.75 (0.55) | −0.363 (− 0.748, 0.022) | 0.064 |
Subscale – anxiety (ANX) | 0.58 (0.55) | 0.52 (0.37) | 0.21 (0.21) | 0.36 (0.40) | −0.220 (− 0.431, − 0.009) | 0.041 |
Untreated cases | ||||||
T0 (n = 11) | T1 (n = 15) | T2 (n = 8) | T3 (n = 9) | Co-efficient (CI), treatment period (T1-T3) | p-value | |
Global Severity Index (GSI) | 0.73 (0.56) | 0.76 (0.39) | 0.41 (0.30) | 0.49 (0.22) | −0.333 (− 0.581, − 0.085) | 0.009 |
Subscale – depression (DEP) | 1.06 (0.77) | 1.13 (0.57) | 0.75 (0.59) | 0.88 (0.41) | −0.348 (− 0.725, 0.028) | 0.070 |
Subscale – anxiety (ANX) | 0.53 (0.51) | 0.64 (0.47) | 0.29 (0.35) | 0.22 (0.16) | −0.433 (− 0.708, − 0.159) | 0.002 |
Healthy Subjects | ||||||
T0 (n = 419) | T1 (n = 512) | T2 (n = 389) | T3 (n = 370) | Co-efficient (CI), treatment period (T1-T3) | p-value | |
Global Severity Index (GSI) | 0.25 (0.27) | 0.21 (0.25) | 0.19 (0.21) | 0.20 (0.25) | 0.007 (−0.012, 0.026) | 0.472 |
Subscale – depression (DEP) | 0.33 (0.42) | 0.27 (0.38) | 0.27 (0.35) | 0.28 (0.39) | 0.027 (−0.005, 0.058) | 0.096 |
Subscale – anxiety (ANX) | 0.17 (0.27) | 0.14 (0.28) | 0.13 (0.24) | 0.13 (0.23) | 0.001 (−0.022, 0.023) | 0.957 |
Initial difference of slope per yeara (first order time covariate) | Change of difference of slope over time per half year (second order time covariate) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefs | CI | p-value | Coefs | CI | p-value | |||
Clinical cases | ||||||||
Global Severity Index (GSI) | − 0.254 | −1.064 | 0.556 | 0.540 | 0.161 | −0.701 | 1.023 | 0.714 |
Depression sub-scale (DEP) | −0.433 | −1.698 | 0.831 | 0.502 | 0.238 | −1.108 | 1.583 | 0.730 |
Anxiety sub-scale (ANX) | −0.294 | −1.168 | 0.581 | 0.510 | 0.256 | −0.676 | 1.188 | 0.591 |
Coefs | CI | p-value | Coefs | CI | p-value | |||
Subclinical cases | ||||||||
Global Severity Index (GSI) | −0.914 | −1.754 | −0.075 | 0.033 | 0.945 | 0.065 | 1.825 | 0.035 |
Depression sub-scale (DEP) | −1.092 | −2.399 | 0.215 | 0.101 | 1.054 | −0.316 | 2.424 | 0.132 |
Anxiety sub-scale (ANX) | −1.043 | −2.021 | −0.066 | 0.036 | 1.157 | 0.132 | 2.182 | 0.027 |