Background
The measure of health related quality of life has increased considerably over the last few decades, and it is currently accepted as an essential element in investigations in oral health, especially to acquire characteristics of a non-clinical nature and felt by the patients. It entails evaluating the psychosocial aspects of health. Indeed, oral health problems can have impacts on the daily activities of patients. Thus a certain number of tools for measuring the quality of life related to oral health, such as the Oral Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL), have been developed [1]. The Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP) is an international socio-dental indicator of the quality of life related to oral health, commonly used to evaluate the impacts of oral health conditions on the capacities of individuals to perform daily activities [2]. The OIDP is a generic measurement instrument developed by Adulyanon et al. in 1996 [3] and then adapted in several countries (Greece, United Kingdom, Tanzania, Uganda, Norway, France, Iran, Japan, Spain, Korea, Sweden, Bosnia-Herzegovina, India, Chili, Nigeria, Croatia) [4‐19] where its psychometric properties were tested and deemed adequate, valid and reliable by cross-sectional studies. OIDP can be used in different age groups of people, in separated or in only one studies. It has been shown to be applicable to elderly people in Tanzania [6] and Bosnia [15], for children and adolescent in France [9], Uganda [7] and Nigeria [18]. A version for children is available, the Child-OIDP (C-OIDP).
Results from rare surveys conducted in Madagascar showed high level of oral diseases within the population, and particularly early tooth loss within adults aged 35 years old and above. Most of time, these oral diseases are left untreated [20]. Total edentelousness prevalence among 65 years old Malagasy people is high compared to that found in some African countries [21].
Anzeige
Like in many countries, Madagascar knew these two past decades the growing ageing populations. In this context and in order to oral health service planning for this age group, the OIDP index is worthy of consideration because of its adaptation for use in oral health needs assessment.
In Madagascar, there is no such questionnaire validated for use with the adult population, which constitute barriers to the development of this kind of research on population. The OIDP has never been adapted for Madagascar.
Prior to using a new measurement scale in a new context and new group of population, it was important to re-evaluate its psychometric properties.
The objectives of this study were to develop and test the reliability and validity of a Malagasy version of the OIDP questionnaire on a sample of Malagasy elderly adults.
Anzeige
Methods
A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed. According to statistics, in 2012, nearly 35% of adults in Madagascar were illiterate. Therefore the face-to-face interview method was applied in this study for those respondents unable to complete the questionnaire themselves. The OIDP questionnaire included 8 items, distributed in three dimensions: physical (03 items), psychological (03 items) and social (02 items) performance. It evaluated the degree to which the daily life of a person was negatively affected by their state of oral health.
The OIDP posed questions on the difficulties of performing eight daily activities (eating, speaking, tooth-brushing, sleeping, controlling emotions, smiling, working, and appreciating social contacts) related to oral health. The questionnaire was organized in two parts: in the first part, the respondents were asked to list the dental problems that they had to cope with during the previous six months. If the respondent expressed an impact on one of these activities, they had to indicate the severity and frequency of the impact by using scores from 1 to 3 for each one. The “impact” was recorded immediately the subject expressed having had a problem in one of the daily activities mentioned above. If no impact was perceived, the activity was assigned a “zero” score.
Recruitment of the respondents
The study population was composed of adults aged 55 years old or older. Recruitment was subject to the consent of the subjects to participate in the study.
Were included in the study people aged 55 years and over, with the ability to answer questions directly.
The elderly suffering from language disorder, hearing, mental handicap of depression type or relational difficulties were excluded.
The study was performed in the capital city, Antananarivo and its suburbs.
The validation process consisted of three steps: translation; qualitative validation including all the pre-tests and test-retests; and quantitative validation steps which included different internal and external reliability and validity tests, and construct, criterion and discriminant tests.
Forward translation and back-translation process
The OIDP questionnaire was first translated from English to Malagasy by two native bilingual persons, one a dentist and the other a linguist. The translators came up against several difficulties in expressing the concept of quality of life related to oral health in the Malagasy context. A committee of experts composed of translators and authors discussed the problematic points of the translation in order to reach consensus. A synthesis of the two translations was established to obtain a single preliminary version in Malagasy. The latter was pre-tested on 20 adult subjects. After each interview, a discussion with the respondents was held to check whether the phrasing, vocabulary and method of administering the questionnaire were pertinent and whether difficulties existed in understanding the items. Following this pre-test, minor modifications were made as certain words required dialectic equivalences. The finalised version was then retranslated into English by two new translators in conformity with the forward translation back-translation method [22, 23] to verify whether the Malagasy version correctly expressed the same content as the items of the original questionnaire. Minimal differences in the back-translation were discussed by a committee of experts. Several modifications were made to the wording of the phrases to match Malagasy conceptions and a penultimate version of the questionnaire was obtained. This version was then tested and retested 15 days afterwards, with about 60 subjects that did not take part in the pre-test or belong to the final study population, in view to evaluating the reproducibility, stability of the responses and the validity of the content.
Anzeige
Validation of the Malagasy version of the questionnaire
This step involved the participation of 406 adults.
Before administering the questionnaire, a clinical examination was performed by two calibrated dentists and the evaluation of oral health was carried out on the basis of indicators recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) [24]. The aim was to determine the number of natural teeth in the mouth, prosthesis use and requirements, and to describe the state of periodontal health.
Data analysis
The data permitted calculating a score for each activity and a global score. The OIDP scores were expressed by the sum of the different performance scores (severity score × frequency score) divided by the maximum possible global score, then multiplied by 100 to obtain a percentage score. The global score could range from 0 to 72; it was then divided by 72 and then multiplied by 100. Thus the final score of the questionnaire varied from 0 to 100. The highest OIDP scores expressed a lower quality of life.
The analysis was performed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 18.0 for Windows. The threshold of statistical significance was set at 0.05.
Anzeige
The face validity and content validity were tested during a pre-test.
The reproducibility of the responses to the Malagasy version of the OIDP was evaluated during the test-retest by Intra-class Correlation Coefficients (ICC) where the intra-individual and the inter-individual variations divided by the total variation were expressed as a ratio between 0 and 1. It is generally accepted that a coefficient at least equal to 0.7 is required to conclude on acceptable test-retest reproducibility.
Evaluation of the validity of the questionnaire
The descriptive analysis of the scores of the items was carried out first after which the external validity was evaluated by the strength of the correlation between the positive measures. The internal consistency reliability of the items was evaluated by calculating Cronbach’s alpha if the items were eliminated. A coefficient larger than 0.70 indicated acceptable reliability [25].
Since the OIDP scores were not normally distributed, Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney nonparametric tests were used to evaluate the construct validity. As no gold standard was available, it was difficult to establish the criterion validity.
Anzeige
Factor analyses including confirmatory factor analysis was performed based on the three dimensions of OIDP.
It is commonly agreed that tooth loss, in most cases is a consequence of oral diseases, and affects Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL). In this scope, the study was aimed to discriminate groups with reported dental pain in one hand and between subjects having or not more than ten missing and not replaced teeth in other hand.
Results
Four hundred and six people out of the 430 contacted accepted to participate in the study, i.e. a response rate of 94.5%.
The characteristics of the study population are presented in Table 1
Table 1
characteristics of the study population
Characteristics | Number | Percent | |
|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 178 | 43.8 |
Female | 228 | 56.2 | |
Age group | 55–60 years old | 285 | 70.3 |
61–64 years old | 29 | 13.9 | |
65–70 years old | 13 | 6.2 | |
71 years and older | 20 | 9.8 | |
Social status | Living alone | 121 | 30.2 |
Lives in couple | 254 | 63.02 | |
Education level | Never been at school | 28 | 6.9 |
Unfinished primary school | 72 | 17.8 | |
Unfinished secondary school | 66 | 16.3 | |
A finished secondary school | 81 | 20.0 | |
High school, university | 92 | 22.8 | |
Do not know | 9 | 0.1 | |
Do you smoke | Yes | 89 | 21.9 |
The average age was 60.89 years with a standard deviation 7.56. There were slightly more women (56.2%) than men. 63.02% of the respondents lived in couples. Slightly more than half of them had stopped their education at secondary school (51.4%). The prevalence of tobacco consumption was 21.9%.
Oral health status
The average Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) was 16.51 with a standard deviation of 8.88 and only 2.8% of the study population had no caries. The index was dominated by the Missing Teeth (MT) component for missing teeth of 11.94 (9.09). Total edentulousness of both mandibles was recorded in 9% of subjects and 46.9% had more than 10 missing teeth. Nearly two thirds required dental prosthetics. More than one third of the respondents said that they were handicapped by dental pain 6 months prior to the survey (Table 2).
Table 2
Percentage distribution of clinical status in malagasy eldery subjects (n = 209)
Clinical state | Categories | Indices Mean (SD) |
|---|---|---|
Mean teeth number | Tooth decay (DT) | 3.58 (3.90) |
Missing teeth (MT) | 11.94 (9.09) | |
Filled teeth (FT) | 0.99 (2.57) | |
DMFT | 16.51 (8.88) | |
Denture status | Both edentulous |
N (%) 30 (8.9) |
Upper edentulous | 41 (10.2) | |
Lower edentulous | 23 (5.7) | |
Number of natural teeth | 0 | 18 (7.7) |
1–10 | 106 (50.7) | |
11–20 | 51 (24.4) | |
21 and more | 36 (17.2) | |
Prosthetics needs reported | No need | 103 (25.4) |
In one jaw | 53 (13.2) | |
In both jaw | 246 (61.2) | |
Perceived dental pain | No pain | 227 (56.3) |
Moderate pain | 115 (28.5) | |
Acute pain | 61 (15.1) | |
Perceived oral health status | Healthy | 162 (40.2) |
Poor oral health | 241 (59.8) |
Impacts of the state of oral health on the quality of daily life
Table 3 shows that 6 months prior to the survey, psychological (46.43%) and physical (45.06%) performance were the areas subject to the greatest impacts of the state of oral health. Nearly 74% of the respondents reported at least one impact and the daily activities most affected were “smiling”, “eating” and “sleeping, relaxing”, for 61.8, 59.8 and 40.0%, respectively. All the other activities were affected at levels between 37 and 39%.
Table 3
Percentage distribution (percentage of adults affected less than once a month or more) and mean frequency scores (SD) for the eight OIDP items and the OIDP ADD and OIDP SC scores
Affected: | Yes N (%) | Mean (SD) |
|---|---|---|
Physical performances (45.06%) | ||
1. Eating and enjoying food | 241 (59.8) | 1.93 (2.02) |
2. Speaking and pronouncing clearly | 152 (37.7) | 1.24 (1.85) |
3. Cleaning teeth | 152 (37.7) | 1.07 (1.68) |
Psychological performances (46.43%) | ||
4. Sleeping and relaxing | 161 (40.0) | 1.00 (1.49) |
5. Smiling, laughing | 154 (61.8) | 1.23 (1.81) |
6. Maintaing usual emotional status without being irritable | 151 (37.5) | 0.92 (1.46) |
Social performances (37.8%) | ||
7. Carrying out major work or social role | 157 (38.9) | 0.86 (1.32) |
8. Enjoying contact with people | 148 (36.7) | 0.90 (1.41) |
OIDP SC total scores | 298 (73.9) | 3.27 (2.95) |
OIDP ADD scores | - | 9.14 (9.55) |
Reliability tests of the Malagasy OIDP
During the test retest, the Malagasy OIDP presented an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.895 with a Confidence Interval (CI) of 95% (0.878–0.910) at p <0.001. In this study, we did not find any significant association between the OIDP scores according to (as a function of) gender and age (p > 0.05).
The inter-item correlation coefficients of the Malagasy OIDP ranged from r = 0.37 (relation between the problem of tooth cleaning and eating) at r = 0.67 (relation between smiling and speaking). There was no negative value (Table 4).
Table 4
Reliability analysis of OIDP index for Malagasy participants: OIDP items Correlation matrix (1–8)
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Eating | 1,00 | |||||||
2. Speaking | 0.484**
| 1,00 | ||||||
3. Cleaning teeth | 0.370**
| 0.470**
| 1,00 | |||||
4. Sleeping and relaxing | 0.489**
| 0.392**
| 0.456**
| 1 | ||||
5. Smiling, laughing | 0.504**
| 0.673**
| 0.401**
| 0.398**
| 1 | |||
6. Maintaining usual emotional status | 0.484**
| 0.499**
| 0.465**
| 0.629**
| 0.487**
| 1 | ||
7. Carrying out major work | 0.466**
| 0.403**
| 0.424**
| 0.582**
| 0.480**
| 0.666**
| 1 | |
8. Enjoying contact with people | 0.399**
| 0.450**
| 0.389**
| 0.397**
| 0.555**
| 0.560**
| 0.542**
| 1 |
Table 5 shows the results of the internal reliability test with a Cronbach alpha of 0.87. Eliminating the different items did not lead to any increase in this value.
Table 5
Analysis of interne coherence of OIDP items: complete correlation of corrected items, Cronbach’s alpha if items deleted. Reliability analysis: Corrected item-total correlations
Performances | Corrected item-total correlation | Cronbach’s alpha if items deleted |
|---|---|---|
Eating | 0.610 | 0.86 |
Speaking and pronouncing clearly | 0.657 | 0.85 |
Cleaning teeth | 0.560 | 0.86 |
Sleeping and relaxing | 0.631 | 0.86 |
Smiling, laughthing | 0.681 | 0.85 |
Carring work | 0.724 | 0.85 |
Maintaining emotional status | 0.676 | 0.85 |
Enjoying contact with other people | 0.624 | 0.86 |
Global Cronbach’alpha for the 8 items : 0.876 |
The results of the construct and criterion validation are presented in Table 6. The problems caused by the absence or not of teeth felt by the respondents matched with the mean scores of the OIDP (p < 0.001).
Table 6
Construct validity and criterion validity of OIDP questionnaire scores in relation with clinical measures on the sample (n = 403)
Variables | Categories |
N (%) | Score OIDP | percentiles |
p
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prosthetics needs reported | Kruskal Wallis | ||||
Khi2 = 21.96 | [0,0-2,0-2,0] | <0.001 | |||
No need | 103 (23.6) | 27.91 | [0,0-0,0-1,0] | <0.001 | |
on 01 maxillary | 53 (13.02) | 2.19 | [0,0-0,0-0,0] | 0.134 | |
on 02 maxillaries | 246 (61.00) | 34.02 | [0,0-1,0-1,0] | <0.001 | |
Dental pain reported | Mann & Whitney | ||||
0.59 (0.739) | [0,0-0,0-1,0] | <0.001 | |||
No pain | 227 (56.3) | 12.18 (14.35) | [0,0-1,0-1,0] | ||
Medium dental pain | 115 (28.5) | 26.15 (17.92) | [0,0-0,0-1,0] | ||
Perceived difficulty to eat | Mann & Whitney | ||||
0.60 (0.49) | <0.001 | ||||
No difficulty to eat | 162 (40.2) | ||||
Poor oral health | 241 (59.8) | [0,0-1,0-1,0] |
The factor analysis assessment results showed that KMO value, 0.698, was acceptable in the present study. The results showed that the first dimension (physical performances) explained 80.32% of variances (Table 7).
Table 7
Factor analysis (principal component analysis) with VARIMAX rotation
Dimension of OIDP | Mean | SD | Number |
|---|---|---|---|
Physical performances | 4,24 | 4,409 | 403 |
Psychological performances | 3,14 | 3,894 | 403 |
Social performances | 1,75 | 2,402 | 403 |
Indice KMO et test de Bartlett | |||
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin sampling precision measure. | ,698 | ||
Test de sphéricité de Bartlett | Khi2 approximated | 672,428 | |
ddl | 3 | ||
Signification de Bartlett | ,000 | ||
Factors | Eigenvalues variables explained | ||
Total | % variance | % cumulated | |
1 | 2.410 | 80.326 | 80.326 |
2 | 0.394 | 13.134 | 93.459 |
3 | 0.196 | 6.541 | 100.000 |
Extraction Sommes des carrés des facteurs retenus | |||
Total | % de la variance | % cumulés | |
1 | 2.410 | 80.326 | 80.326 |
2 | |||
3 | |||
Regarding the criterion validity test, the statistical significance (p <0.001) was observed for the comparison of the OIDP scores between the different categories of self-declared state of oral health (perceived pain, difficulty in eating). As for the construct validity, the scores of individuals who perceived needs for prosthetic care were much higher than those who thought they had no need of it (p <0.001).
Discriminant validity
As shown in Table 8 significant differences were found between groups having or not reported dental pain and in Table 9, significant differences were observed between the group with more than 10 missing teeth (MT > 10) and that with MT < 10. The participants with MT > 10 were 4.10 times (2.674–6.299) and 1.85 times (1.217–2.812) more numerous in reporting emotional, irritability and eating difficulties than the MT < 10 group.
Table 8
Discriminant validity: percentage of distribution: (%) number and Odds ratio of simple scores of OIDP (SC) according to dental pain
Affected: | No Dental pain N (%) | Dental pain N (%) | OR (95% IC) |
p* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Eating and enjoying | 84 (37.0) | 157 (89.2) | 14,067 [8.140–24.310] | 0.000 |
2. Speaking and pronouncing clearly | 68 (30.0) | 84 (47.7) | 2.135 [1.417–3.317] | 0.000 |
3. Cleaning teeth | 71 (31.3) | 81 (46.0) | 1.873 [1.246–2.818] | 0.002 |
4. Sleeping and relaxing | 36 (15.9) | 125 (71.0) | 13.004 [8.026–21.089] | 0.000 |
5. Smiling, laughing | 63 (27.8) | 91 (51.7) | 2.787 [1.841–4.218] | 0.000 |
6. Maintaining usual emotional status without being irritable | 43 (18.9) | 108 (61.4) | 6.796 [4.335–10.656] | 0.000 |
7. Carrying out major work or social role | 40 (17.6) | 117 (66.5) | 9.271 [5.834–14.732] | 0.000 |
8. Enjoying contact with people | 51 (22.5) | 97 (55.1) | 4.237 [2.755–6.517] | 0.000 |
Table 9
Discriminant validity: percentage of distribution: (%) number and Odds ratio of simple scores of OIDP (SC) according to number of missing teeth (MT)
Affected: | MT < 10 N (%) | MT > 10 N (%) | OR (95% IC) |
p
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Eating and enjoying | 132 (54.1) | 109 (68.6) | 1.850 (1.217–2.812) | 0.003 |
2. Speaking and pronouncing clearly | 66 (27.0) | 86 (54.1) | 3.177 (2.086–4.840) | 0.000 |
3. Cleaning teeth | 73 (29.9) | 79 (49.7) | 2.313 (1.528–3.501) | 0.000 |
4. Sleeping and relaxing | 81 (33.2) | 80 (50.3) | 2.038 (1.353–3.069) | 0.000 |
5. Smiling, laughing | 62 (25.4) | 92 (57.9) | 4.031 (2.630–6.177) | 0.000 |
6. Maintaining usual emotional status without being irritable | 60 (24.6) | 91 (57.2) | 4.104 (2.674–6.299) | 0.000 |
7. Carrying out major work or social role | 70 (44.6) | 87 (55.4) | 3.004 (1.978–4.561) | 0.000 |
8. Enjoying contact with people | 67 (27.5) | 81 (50.9) | 2.743 (1.804–4.172) | 0.000 |
Discussion
This is the first study to have evaluated oral health quality of life using a Malagasy version of the OIDP questionnaire. The translation did not come up against major difficulties apart from the cultural adjustment of terms. The comparison between the first translation and the back-translation did not reveal differences in content. The validity of the content was also established by asking the participants whether they understood the questions in the questionnaire. The size of the sample was not calculated but was large enough to validate the questionnaire for which a minimum of between 50 and 100 subjects is recommended by Altman [26] and between 100 and 200 subjects by Stewart A et al. [1].
The prevalence of negative impacts of oral health was high for this study population. Smiling and eating were the activities most affected by negative impacts. The “eating” item was subject to the greatest impact, as reported for adults in the literature [8, 10, 13, 15, 16, 19] while, the high frequency of difficulties in relaxing and sleeping can be explained by the dental pain described by this study population.
In this study, missing teeth were not replaced despite the fact that two third of the study population presented needs in dental prosthetics, and it was found that caries were also left untreated; the D-T component of the DMFT was 3.58.
Dental health services in developing countries are very limited. Palliative care is not given priority due to its high cost and is often limited to emergency treatment such as the extraction of teeth. Periodontal diseases are frequent [27, 28].
Kaiser recommends values of greater than 0,05 as acceptable. In the present study analysis, the KMO value is 0,698. Bartlett’s measure shows a highly appropriate p value of 0,000 [29].
As with Ostberg AL et al., 2008, in Swedish, we did not find a significant association between OIDP scores, gender, age group [8], or level of education, contrary to the study by Montero et al., in Spain, where the differences between genders were reported with women being more affected [12]. When evaluating OIDP reliability by the test retest, which focused on the reproducibility of the values of items when the same subjects responded to the questionnaire twice, the coefficient of correlation was acceptable, higher than 0.7 with a CI of 95% not including the value 1 and p < 0.001.
All the inter-item correlations were positive, thus demonstrating good internal consistency and good homogeneity of the items. The values were not high enough to suspect redundancy of responses.
With respect to reliability, the Cronbach alpha higher than 0.80 found in this study was the same as that of J. Eric et al. in 2011, and of Lawal et al. in Nigeria in 2013, indicating the good internal consistency of the Malagasy OIDP [15, 18]. Indeed, Nunnaly and Bernstein suggested that an alpha of 0.70 to 0.90 indicates good internal consistency [30] and Terwee et al., proposed values between 0.70 and 0.95 [31].
The alpha value found in this study was even higher than those of previous studies: Dorri M et al. in Iran, α = 0.79; Naito M et al. in Japan, α = 0.77 and Purohit et al. in India, α = 0.70 [10, 11, 16].
In line with our observations many authors have tested the internal consistency of the OIDP with the Cronbach alpha, but reserves have been expressed regarding the pertinence of this coefficient which can vary according to the number of items on a scale [25].
The validity of the construct and criteria was evaluated by studying the relation between the OIDP scores and the subjective measures (self-reported dental pain, perceived need for prosthetic treatment). The method of only taking into account subjective measures without clinical measures was also employed when validating the Greek OIDP [4]. Indeed, some authors have argued that clinical indicators measure the state of health whereas studying quality of life requires indicators that evaluate psychosocial aspects that can only be expressed subjectively. In this study, the relation between OIDP scores and subjective measures was positively significant and in the direction expected. For example, the worse the state of oral health, the higher the mean OIDP scores were. This means that the construct validity of the Malagasy OIDP was good. Similarly to all the previous validations carried out in other countries, the results of this study showed that the internal reliability test was successful as nearly all the values of the inter-item correlations were above the recommended minimum of 0.20 [25]. The results confirmed the excellent quality of the OIDP for evaluating the impacts of state of oral health on the performance of daily activities.
The Malagasy version of the OIDP for adults was capable of distinguishing the impacts of reported dental pain or not between groups and poor dentition between the group with more than 10 missing teeth and that with fewer missing teeth, and the differences were significantly significant. A higher OIDP score was linked to having 10 or more missing teeth. The same results were obtained in a study carried out on elderly persons in Sweden [14].
The subjects that complained most of positive impacts effectively corresponded to those identified by the clinical examination as having the most absent teeth and this in accordance with the systematic review and meta analysis conducted by Gerritsen et al., which found that subjects with fewer than 10 teeth were twice as likely to report an impact compared with subjects having 21–32 teeth; subject with 11–20 teeth were 1.5 times more likely to report an impact. Moreover, the review indicates that not only number, but also location and distribution of missing teeth affect the severity of OHQoL impairment [32].
Moreover, in this study the F-T component of DMFT showed a nearly null value. The study population had also reported dental pain on the remaining teeth and this is a major problem for these still in activities adults aged 55 to 60 year old which represented two third of the study people.
The limitations of this study concern in particular the problem of seeing the respondents again after they had benefited from treatments to evaluate the reactivity of the questionnaire, by comparing the self-evaluation of the impacts of state of oral health before and after treatment.
Conclusion
The Malagasy version of the OIDP presented satisfactory psychometric properties. It appeared reliable and valid for use on adult and elderly persons in Madagascar. This enables the use of this instrument in future studies to assess the impact of oral health on Malagasy adults’ quality of life.
Acknowledgements
I would like to acknowledge the support of Doctoral Department of University of Mahajanga, particularly the Head officer and at the same time my supervisor Noeline Razanamihaja who encouraged me to pursue this topic and spent extra time helping me to achieve a clearer structure.
I am also grateful to all the persons who helped us to carry out this work.
Funding
This research is supported with authors’ own funds.
Availability of data and materials
Row data in SPSS are available and the OIDP malagasy version used in the study.
Authors’ contributions
NR (DDS, MPH, PhD, HDR): Supervisor: substantial contributions to conception and design; revising the article; critically for important intellectual content and final approval of the version to be published. ER (DDS, MPH): Principal researcher, Author: substantial contributions to conception and design; acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data; drafting and revising the article. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
This research was anonymous, for identification, we used number. However, we used the malagasy consent form before interview of each participant.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Approbation for the research on human subjects was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Ministry of Health. Before the interview, each individual was informed of the aims of the study and their consent to participate in the study was requested.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.