Background
Methods
Study population and sample size
Review instrument
Statistical analysis
Characteristics | N (%) | PCS-12 Mean (±SD) | MCS-12 Mean (±SD) |
---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic profile
| |||
Sex
| |||
Male | 660 (45) | 46.8 (±10.4) | 47.7 (±10.8) |
Female | 807 (55) | 45.1 (±11.7) | 42.6 (±11.7) |
t-test (1465) = 3.01, p = 0.003 | t-test (1465) = 8.45, p < 0.001 | ||
Age group, years
| |||
18-45 | 498 (33.9) | 51.4 (±7.7) | 46.3 (±11.4) |
46-64 | 541 (36.9) | 46.5 (±10) | 44.9 (±11.6) |
≥ 65 | 428 (29.2) | 38.6 (±10.6) | 43.2 (±11.7) |
F-test (2, 1464) = 214.95, p < 0.001 | F-test (2, 1464) = 8.17, p < 0.001 | ||
Marital status
| |||
Married | 988 (67.3) | 45.2 (±10.5) | 45.2 (±11.5) |
Other | 479 (32.7) | 47.2 (±11.1) | 44.2 (±11.8) |
t-test (1465) = −3.34, p < 0.001 | t-test (1465) = 1.50, p = 0.13 | ||
Additional persons in the household
| |||
None | 138 (9.4) | 41.4 (±11.7) | 43.5 (±11.2) |
1 | 384 (26.2) | 42.5 (±11.2) | 44.3 (±12.2) |
>1 | 945 (64.4) | 47.9 (±9.9) | 45.3 (±11.4) |
F-test (2, 1464) = 50.99, p < 0.001 | F-test (2, 1464) = 2.23, p = 0.11 | ||
Education level
| |||
No formal education | 305 (20.8) | 38.6 (±11.3) | 42.9 (±12.6) |
Primary school | 309 (21) | 43.4 (±10.5) | 44 (±11.7) |
Secondary school | 588 (40.1) | 49.2 (±9.1) | 44.7 (±11.4) |
University degree | 265 (18.1) | 49.8 (±8.5) | 48.7 (±9.7) |
F-test (3, 1463) = 98.30, p < 0.001 | F-test (3, 1463) = 13.49, p < 0.001 | ||
Working activity
| |||
No | 843 (57.5) | 43.4 (±11.4) | 43.6 (±12) |
Yes | 624 (42.5) | 49.2 (±8.7) | 46.6 (±10.9) |
t-test (1465) = −10.62, p < 0.001 | t-test (1465) = −4.80, p < 0.001 | ||
Utilization of health services during the previous year
| |||
PCP accesses
| |||
<12 | 782 (53.3) | 49.8 (±9) | 47 (±11) |
≥12 | 685 (46.7) | 41.4 (±10.8) | 42.5 (±11.9) |
t-test (1465) = 16.33, p < 0.001 | t-test (1465) = 7.52, p < 0.001 | ||
PCP medical visits
| |||
None | 528 (36) | 49.8 (±9.2) | 47.3 (±11.4) |
<12 | 590 (40.2) | 46.5 (±10.3) | 44.4 (±11.3) |
≥12 | 349 (23.8) | 38.9 (±10.4) | 42.2 (±11.8) |
F-test (2, 1464) = 129.14, p < 0.001 | F-test (2, 1464) = 21.99, p < 0.001 | ||
Specialist visits in community health services
| |||
None | 890 (60.7) | 47.9 (±10.2) | 46.1 (±11.5) |
≥1 | 577 (39.3) | 42.7 (±10.8) | 43.1 (±11.5) |
t-test (1465) = 9.43, p < 0.001 | t-test (1465) = 4.89, p < 0.001 | ||
Private specialists visits
| |||
None | 778 (53) | 45.7 (±11) | 45.6 (±11.5) |
≥1 | 689 (47) | 46.1 (±10.5) | 44.1 (±11.5) |
t-test (1465) = −0.68, p = 0.50 | t-test (1465) = 2.55, p = 0.011 | ||
Emergency accesses
| |||
None | 1129 (77) | 46.5 (±10.6) | 45.4 (±11.4) |
≥1 | 338 (23) | 43.7 (±10.9) | 43.2 (±12.1) |
t-test (1465) = 4.28, p < 0.001 | t-test (1465) = 3.11, p = 0.002 | ||
Hospital admissions
| |||
None | 1279 (87.2) | 46.7 (±10.4) | 45.3 (±11.6) |
≥1 | 188 (12.8) | 40.6 (±11.4) | 42.1 (±11.5) |
t-test (1465) = 7.38, p < 0.001 | t-test (1465) = 3.54, p < 0.001 | ||
Behavioral risk factors and medical conditions
| |||
Smoking habit
| |||
Never smoker | 724 (49.3) | 45.1 (±11.1) | 44.6 (±12) |
Ex-smoker | 360 (24.6) | 44.2 (±10.5) | 45.9 (±10.4) |
Current smoker | 383 (26.1) | 49 (±9.6) | 44.6 (±12) |
F-test (2, 1464) = 10.03, p = 0.007 | F-test (2, 1464) = 1.82, p = 0.162 | ||
Excessive alcohol use
| |||
No | 1346 (91.7) | 45.7 (±10.7) | 44.7 (±11.7) |
Yes | 121 (8.3) | 47.9 (±10.8) | 47.3 (±10.8) |
t-test (1465) = −2.13, p = 0.033 | t-test (1465) = −2.41, p = 0.016 | ||
Chronic diseases
| |||
0 | 569 (38.8) | 52.3 (±6.9) | 47.9 (±10.7) |
1 | 478 (32.6) | 45.3 (±10) | 44.8 (±11.4) |
2 | 270 (18.4) | 39.5 (±10.2) | 41.4 (±12) |
≥3 | 150 (10.2) | 34.9 (±9.7) | 40.1 (±11.6) |
F-test (3, 1463) = 219.38, p < 0.001 | F-test (3, 1463) = 31.17, p < 0.001 | ||
Hypertension
| |||
No | 973 (66.3) | 48.4 (±9.9) | 46.1(±11.5) |
Yes | 494 (33.7) | 40.9 (±10.6) | 42.5 (±11.6) |
t-test (1465) = 13.4, p < 0.001 | t-test (1465) = 5.57, p < 0.001 | ||
Diabetes
| |||
No | 1300 (88.6) | 46.7 (±10.5) | 45.1 (±11.6) |
Yes | 167 (11.4) | 39.2 (±10.7) | 43.4 (±11.4) |
t-test (1465) = 8.79, p < 0.001 | t-test (1465) = 1.71, p = 0.086 | ||
Musculoskeletal problem
| |||
No | 1303 (88.8) | 47.2 (±10) | 45.4(±11.4) |
Yes | 164 (11.2) | 35.4 (±10.5) | 41.1 (±12.7) |
t-test (1465) = 14.17, p < 0.001 | t-test (1465) = 4.42, p < 0.001 | ||
Heart disease
| |||
No | 1352 (92.2) | 46.6 (±10.6) | 45.1(±11.6) |
Yes | 115 (7.8) | 37.7 (±9.2) | 42.5 (±11.3) |
t-test (1465) = 8.75, p < 0.001 | t-test (1465) = 2.32, p = 0.02 | ||
Gastrointestinal illness
| |||
No | 1375 (93.7) | 46.2 (±10.6) | 45.2 (±11.5) |
Yes | 92 (6.3) | 40.3 (±11.2) | 39.7 (±11.9) |
t-test (1465) = 5.15, p < 0.001 | t-test (1465) = 4.48, p < 0.001 | ||
Asthma/COPD
| |||
No | 1390 (94.7) | 46.3 (±10.6) | 44.9(±11.6) |
Yes | 77 (5.3) | 38.9 (±10.3) | 43.7 (±12.3) |
t-test (1465) = 5.91, p < 0.001 | t-test (1465) = 0.93, p = 0.35 | ||
Psychiatric disease
| |||
No | 1431 (97.5) | 46 (±10.7) | 45.2 (±11.5) |
Yes | 36 (2.5) | 41.9 (±10.7) | 32.7 (±9.9) |
t-test (1465) = 2.26, p = 0.024 | t-test (1465) = 6.44, p < 0.001 |
PCS-12 | MCS-12 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F (19, 1447) = 53.81, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.41, Adjusted R2 = 0.41 | F (17, 1449) = 15.00, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.15, Adjusted R2 = 0.14 | |||||||
COEFF | SE | t | P-value | COEFF | SE | t | P-value | |
Socio-demographic profile
| ||||||||
Gender, (male as reference) | ||||||||
Female | −1.50 | 0.47 | −3.20 | 0.001 | −4.58 | 0.59 | −7.75 | <0.001 |
Age, continuous | −0.14 | 0.02 | −7.63 | <0.001 | - | |||
Marital status, (married as reference) | ||||||||
Unmarried/widowed/divorced/separated | −0.54 | 0.49 | −1.11 | 0.265 | - | |||
Number in households, ordinal* | - | −0.90 | 0.49 | −1.85 | 0.065 | |||
Education level, ordinal° | 1.39 | 0.25 | 5.47 | <0.001 | 0.89 | 0.32 | 2.78 | 0.005 |
Working activity, (unemployed as reference) | ||||||||
Employed | - | - | ||||||
Behavioral risk factors
| ||||||||
Smoking habit, (never smoker as reference) | ||||||||
Ex-smoker | −0.55 | 0.57 | −0.98 | 0.327 | - | |||
Current smoker | 0.88 | 0.55 | 1.59 | 0.112 | −2.29 | 0.68 | −3.37 | 0.001 |
Alcohol abuse (non-excessive drinker as reference) | ||||||||
Excessive drinker | −1.65 | 0.83 | −2.00 | 0.045 | 1.63 | 1.07 | 1.53 | 0.127 |
Chronic diseases
| ||||||||
Hypertension (absence as reference) | −0.54 | 0.56 | −0.97 | 0.333 | −1.89 | 0.70 | −2.70 | 0.007 |
Diabetes (absence as reference) | −1.87 | 0.73 | −2.56 | 0.011 | - | |||
Musculoskeletal problem (absence as reference) | −6.96 | 0.73 | −9.47 | <0.001 | −1.48 | 0.94 | −1.58 | 0.115 |
Heart disease (absence as reference) | −2.93 | 0.87 | −3.37 | 0.001 | −1.51 | 1.10 | −2.70 | 0.173 |
Gastrointestinal illness (absence as reference) | −2.02 | 0.91 | −2.22 | 0.026 | −3.71 | 1.17 | −3.15 | 0.002 |
Asthma/COPD (absence as reference) | −4.66 | 0.98 | −4.74 | <0.001 | - | |||
Psychiatric disorders (absence as reference) | - | −10.11 | 1.84 | −5.49 | <0.001 | |||
Utilization of health services during the previous year
| ||||||||
PCP§ accesses, (<1 time per month as reference) | ||||||||
≥1 time per month | −1.34 | 0.56 | −2.40 | 0.017 | −1.65 | 0.72 | −2.31 | 0.021 |
PCP§ medical visits, ordinal†
| −1.67 | 0.34 | −4.87 | <0.001 | −0.86 | 0.44 | −1.95 | 0.051 |
Specialist visits in community health services, (<1 time as reference) | ||||||||
> 1 | −2.33 | 0.47 | −4.99 | <0.001 | −1.45 | 0.61 | −2.39 | 0.017 |
Private specialist visits, (<1 time as reference) | ||||||||
≥1 | −0.46 | 0.44 | −1.04 | 0.300 | −1.62 | 0.58 | −2.81 | 0.005 |
Emergency accesses, (<1 time as reference) | ||||||||
≥1 | −1.18 | 0.55 | −2.15 | 0.032 | −1.06 | 0.71 | −1.51 | 0.132 |
Hospital admissions, (<1 time as reference) | ||||||||
≥1 | −3.10 | 0.69 | −4.53 | <0.001 | −1.51 | 0.89 | −1.70 | 0.090 |
Results
Item description* (Health domain) | Item response category frequencies (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excellent | Very good | Good | Fair | Poor | ||
1. General health perception (GH°) | 6.5 | 16.6 | 39.6 | 27.3 | 10 | |
Yes, a lot
|
Yes, a little
|
Not limited
| ||||
2. Limitations in moderate activities during a typical day (PF§) | 11.2 | 26.4 | 62.4 | |||
3. Limitations in climbing several flights of stairs during a typical day (PF§) | 11.6 | 26.2 | 62.2 | |||
Yes
|
No
| |||||
4. Because accomplishment less of physical health (PR†) | 37.3 | 62.7 | ||||
5. Limitation in work because of physical health (PR†) | 35 | 65 | ||||
6. Because accomplishment less of emotional problems (ER‡) | 42.9 | 57.1 | ||||
7. Because carefulness less of emotional problems (ER‡) | 40 | 60 | ||||
Not at all
|
A little bit
|
Moderately
|
Quite a bit
|
Extremely
| ||
8. Interference of bodily pain with normal activities (BP**) | 38.5 | 16.5 | 27.6 | 15 | 2.4 | |
All of the time
|
Most of the time
|
A good bit of the time
|
Some of the time
|
A little of the time
|
None of the time
| |
9. Calm and peaceful (MH°°) | 11.7 | 26.8 | 13.7 | 29.9 | 13.5 | 4.4 |
10. Lot of Energy (V§§) | 15.3 | 23.9 | 15 | 29.3 | 13.1 | 3.4 |
11. Downhearted and blue (MH°°) | 4.3 | 9.1 | 7.7 | 30 | 30.1 | 18.8 |
12. Interference of physical or emotional problems with social activities (SF††) | 1.8 | 7.7 | - | 26 | 25.7 | 38.8 |
Summary scores
|
Median
|
Mean (±SD)
| ||||
Physical Component Summary (PCS) | 48.9 | 45.9 (±10.8) | ||||
Mental Component Summary (MCS) | 46.7 | 44.9 (±11.6) |