Background
Methods
Search strategy
Inclusion criteria, exposures and outcomes
Data extraction
Evidence quality evaluation
Order | Question |
---|---|
1 | The study clearly describes its objectives and hypotheses? |
2 | The study clearly describes the exposures and outcomes? |
3 | The study describes basic characteristics of participants (age and gender)? |
4 | The results of the statistical analysis were presented explicitly (p values and/or confidence intervals)? |
5 | The study provided estimates of random variability in the results of the main outcome measures (standard deviation, standard error, confidence interval)? |
6 | The results were adjusted for possible confounding variables through stratification or multivariate analysis? |
7 | The study informs the loss characteristics (numbers and reasons)? |
8 | Participants were followed for the same time or the study was adjusted for different follow-up times? |
9 | Statistical tests used were adequate (non application of parametric statistics for population under 100)? |
10 | The measures used for the main outcomes were accurate (description of the technique for the diagnosis of malaria and nutritional status)? |
11 | The demographic characteristics of the groups were comparable or adjusted (age and geographic area)? |
12 | The participants of different groups were recruited in the same period of time? |
Results
Selection and general characteristics of the study
Identification | Country | Age group/follow-up time |
Plasmodium species | Sample size | Exposure (undernutrition) | Outcome | Effect measure/intensity | Result | Covariates tested or adjusted |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pazzaglia et al. [28] | Vietnam | Follow-up of 28 days |
P. falciparum
| Grams/day | Multiple regression | Age, race, total duration of infection, duration of primary attack, pre-patent period, incubation period, peak of fever | |||
58 | Increment on weight | Time to peak parasite density | NI (p = 0.050) | Protection | |||||
42 | Increment on weight | Time to peak gametocytaemia | NI (p = 0.050) | Risk | |||||
Snow et al. [29] | Gambia | 1 to 4 years (Follow-up of 4 months) |
P. falciparum
| Z-score (mean with SD) (NCHS, 1977) | “t” Test (mean z-score at baseline anthropometry) | None | |||
138 | H/A | Incidence (clinical malaria vs no malaria) | −0.96 vs −0.89 | No association | |||||
138 | W/H | Incidence (clinical malaria vs no malaria) | −1.03 vs −1.18 | No association | |||||
138 | W/A | Incidence (clinical malaria vs no malaria) | −1.39 vs −1.47 | No association | |||||
34 | H/A | Incidence (asymptomatic malaria vs no malaria) | −0.97 vs −0.89 | No association | |||||
34 | W/H | Incidence (asymptomatic malaria vs no malaria) | −0.96 vs −1.18 | No association | |||||
34 | W/A | Incidence (asymptomatic malaria vs no malaria) | −1.35 vs −1.47 | No association | |||||
59 | H/A | High parasite density in clinical malaria (≥5000/µL) | −1.03 vs −0.94 | No association | |||||
59 | W/H | High parasite density in clinical malaria (≥5000/µL) | −1.32 vs −0.91 | No association | |||||
59 | W/A | High parasite density in clinical malaria (≥5000/µL) | −1.67 vs −1.28 | No association | |||||
15 | H/A | High parasite density on asymptomatic infection (≥5000/µL) | −1.84 vs −0.81 | No association | |||||
15 | W/H | High parasite density on asymptomatic infection (≥5000/µL) | −0.89 vs −1.06 | No association | |||||
15 | W/A | High parasite density on asymptomatic infection (≥5000/µL) | −1.34 vs −1.36 | No association | |||||
Van den Broeck et al. [21] | Congo | <5 years |
P. falciparum
| Z-score (<−2) (NCHS, 1977) | RR | None | |||
64 | H/A | Mortality (3 months follow up) | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
64 | W/H | Mortality (3 months follow up) | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
64 | W/A | Mortality (3 months follow up) | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
64 | AC/A | Mortality (3 months follow up) | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
64 | H/A | Mortality (3–30 months follow up) | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
64 | W/H | Mortality (3–30 months follow up) | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
64 | W/A | Mortality (3–30 months follow up) | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
64 | AC/A | Mortality (3–30 months follow up) | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
Genton et al. [22] | Papua New Guinea | 11 months to 11 years |
P. falciparum
| Z-score (<−2) (NCHS, 1977) | OR | Age, duration of symptoms, temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, parasite density, glycaemia, haemoglobin, maematocri, white cell count | |||
121 | W/A | Mortality (cerebral malaria) | 0.98 (0.65–1.49) | No association | |||||
Olumese et al. [7] | Nigeria | 1 to 5 years |
P. falciparum
| Percentile ≤80 % (NCHS, 1977) | Fisher’s exact test | None | |||
57 | W/A | Death or recover with neurological deficit on cerebral malaria | NI (p = 0.037) | Risk | |||||
Renaudin et al. [20] | Chad | <5 years |
P. falciparum
| Z-score (<−2) (NCHS, 1977) | X2 (Chi-square) | None | |||
227 | W/H | Mortality | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
Williams et al. [30] | Vanuatu | <10 years |
P. falciparum/P. vivax
| Z-score (<−2) (NCHS, 1977) | RR | None | |||
702 | W/H | Incidence (P. falciparum
| NI (NS) | No association | |||||
702 | W/A | Incidence (P. falciparum
| 1.1 (0.57–2.1) | No association | |||||
702 | W/H | Incidence (P.vivax
)
| NI (NS) | No association | |||||
702 | W/A | Incidence (P.vivax
)
| 2.6 (1.5–4.4) | Risk | |||||
Man et al. [2] | Gambia | <5 years |
P. falciparum
| Z-score (<−2) (NCHS, 1977) | RR | None | |||
5,620 | W/A | Mortality | NI (S) | Risk | |||||
1,292 | W/A | Cerebral malaria | NI (S) | Risk | |||||
1,473 | W/A | Malarial anaemia | NI (S) | Risk | |||||
Genton et al. [16] | Papua New Guinea | 10 months to 10 years |
P. falciparum/ vivax/malariae
| Z-score (<−2) (NCHS, 1977) | RR | Age, bednet use | |||
136 | H/A | Incidence (P. spp.) | 1.1 (0.97–1.24) | No association | |||||
136 | W/H | Incidence (P. spp.) | 0.95 (0.81–1.11) | No association | |||||
136 | H/A | Incidence (P. falciparum
)
| 1.13 (0.98–1.29) | No association | |||||
136 | W/H | Incidence (P. falciparum) | 0.92 (0.77–1.11) | No association | |||||
136 | H/A | High parasite density (P. falciparum≥5,000/µL) | 1.19 (1.01–1.40) | Protection | |||||
136 | W/H | High parasite density (P. falciparum≥5,000/µL) | 0.96 (0.77–1.19) | No association | |||||
136 | H/A | High parasite density (P. falciparum≥10,000/µL) | 1.18 (0.98–1.41) | No association | |||||
136 | W/H | High parasite density (P. falciparum≥10,000/µL) | 0.97 (0.75–1.24) | No association | |||||
136 | H/A | Incidence (P. vivax) | 0.96 (0.73–1.25) | No association | |||||
136 | W/H | Incidence (P. vivax) | 0.95 (0.70–1.28) | No association | |||||
136 | H/A | Incidence (P.malariae) | 0.83 (0.44–1.57) | No association | |||||
136 | W/H | Incidence (P.malariae) | 0.90 (0.49–1.63) | No association | |||||
Schellenberg et al. [31] | Tanzania | <4 years (Follow-up of 1 year) |
P. falciparum
| Percentile ≤25 (NCHS, 1977) | OR | None | |||
651 | W/A (1-7 months) | Mortality | 3.2 (1.2–8.9) | Risk | |||||
1,620 | W/A (8 months–4 years) | Mortality | 3 (1.5–6.2) | Risk | |||||
Percentile >25–50 (NCHS, 1977) | |||||||||
651 | W/A (1–7 months) | Mortality | 2.6 (1–6.9) | No association | |||||
651 | W/A (8 months–4 years) | Mortality | 1.9 (0.8–4.2) | No association | |||||
Tonglet et al. [32] | Congo | <2 years (Follow-up of 3 months) |
P. falciparum
| 842 | Median <25 (NCHS, 1977) <9 months | OR | Age, gender, time of enrolment, malaria during preceding month, diet, adequate growth as judged by care-taker | ||
842 | H/A | Incidence | 1.16 (0.54–1.77) | No association | |||||
842 | H/A increment | Incidence | 1.53 (0.95–2.11) | No association | |||||
842 | W/A | Incidence | 1.31 (0.68–1.94) | No association | |||||
842 | W/A increment | Incidence | 1.05 (0.40–1.69) | No association | |||||
842 | AC/A | Incidence | 2.32 (1.68–2.97) | Risk | |||||
842 | AC/A increment | Incidence | 0.98 (0.35–1.60) | No association | |||||
Median <25 (NCHS, 1977) ≥9 months | |||||||||
842 | H/A | Incidence | 0.71 (0.28–1.14) | No association | |||||
842 | H/A increment | Incidence | 0.74 (0.31–1.16) | No association | |||||
842 | W/A | Incidence | 0.68 (0.24–1.11) | No association | |||||
842 | W/A increment | Incidence | 0.70 (0.28–1.13) | No association | |||||
842 | AC/A | Incidence | 0.97 (0.54–1.40) | No association | |||||
842 | AC/A increment | Incidence | 1.10 (0.68–1.51) | No association | |||||
Deen et al. [33] | Gambia | <5 years (Follow-up of 20 weeks) |
P. falciparum
| Z-score (<−2) (NCHS, 1977) | RR | Age, gender, ethnicity | |||
487 | H/A | Incidence | 1.35 (1.08–1.69) | Risk | |||||
487 | W/H | Incidence | 0.87 (0.69–1.10) | No association | |||||
487 | W/A | Incidence | 1.01 (0.82–1.26) | No association | |||||
Muller et al. [34] | Burkina Faso | 6 to 30 months (Follow-up of 6 months) |
P. falciparum
| Z-score (≤−2) (NCHS, 1977) | RR | Age, gender, bednet use, socioeconomic status, ethnicity | |||
685 | H/A | Incidence | 1 (0.9–1.1) | No association | |||||
685 | W/H | Incidence | 1 (0.9–1.1) | No association | |||||
685 | W/A | Incidence | 1 (0.9–1.2) | No association | |||||
685 | H/A | High parasite density (≥5,000/µL) | 1 (0.9–1.2) | No association | |||||
685 | W/H | High parasite density (≥5,000/µL) | 1 (0.9–1.2) | No association | |||||
685 | W/A | High parasite density (≥5,000/µL) | 1 (0.9–1.2) | No association | |||||
685 | H/A | High parasite density (≥10,000/µL) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | No association | |||||
685 | W/H | High parasite density (≥10,000/µL) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | No association | |||||
685 | W/A | High parasite density (≥10,000/µL) | 1 (0.5–1.8) | No association | |||||
Mockenhaupt et al. [35] | Ghana | 6 months to 9 years |
P. falciparum
| Z-score (<−2) (NCHS, 1977) | OR | Age, gender, shock, respiratory distress, haemoglobinuria, multiple convulsions, severe anemia, jaundice, prostration, cerebral malaria, impaired consciousness, hyperlactataemia hyperparasitaemia hypoglycaemia, hyperpyrexia | |||
285 | W/H | Mortality (severe malaria) | 2.8 (1.1–7.0) | Risk | |||||
Nyakeriga et al. [36] | Kenia | 28 to 60 months (Follow-up of 1 year and 5 months) |
P. falciparum
| Z-score (<−2) (NCHS, 1977) | Incidence | RR | Age, ethnicity, season, haemoglobin genotype | ||
341 | H/A | Incidence | 1.09 (0.92–1.28) | No association | |||||
341 | W/A | Incidence | 0.96 (0.78–1.19) | No association | |||||
Danquah et al. [37] | Ghana | 3 months to 2 years (Follow-up of 1 year and 9 months) |
P. falciparum
| Z-score (≤−2) (WHO, 2006) | RR | Season, food availability | |||
1,200 | H/A, L/A, W/H and W/A combined index | Incidence (non-severe malaria) | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
1,200 | H/A, L/A, W/H and W/A combined index | Incidence (assymptomatic malaria) | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
Fillol et al. [17] | Senegal | 12 to 70 months (Follow-up of 25 weeks) |
P. falciparum
| Z-score (<−2) (WHO, 2006) | OR | Age, gender, site of residence, presumptive antimalarial treatment | |||
874 | H/A | Incidence | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
874 | W/H | Incidence | 0.33 (0.13–0.81) | Protection | |||||
874 | W/A | Incidence | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
874 | H/A | High parasite density (>300 parasites/µL) | 2.42 (1.12–5.24) | Risk | |||||
874 | W/H | High parasite density (>300 parasites/µL) | 0.48 (0.04–5.34) | No association | |||||
874 | W/A | High parasite density (>300 parasites/µL) | 0.55 (0.35–2.66) | No association | |||||
Arinaitwe et al. [38] | Uganda | 6 weeks to 1 year (Follow-up of 1 year and 4 months) |
P. falciparum
| Z-score (<−2) (WHO, 2006) | RR | Age, site of residence, chemoprophylaxis, breastfeeding, HIV status | |||
99 | H/A | Incidence | 1.24 (1.03–1.48) | Risk | |||||
99 | W/A | Incidence | 1.12 (0.86–1.46) | No association | |||||
Mitangala et al. [15] | Congo | 6 to 59 months (Follow-up of 1 year) |
P. falciparum (99 %)/malariae/mixed malaria (P. falciparum + P. ovale) | Z-score (<−3) (WHO, 2006) | OR | Age, season | |||
790 | H/A | Incidence | 1.21 (0.76–1.92) | No association | |||||
790 | W/H | Incidence | 1.46 (0.84–2.53) | No association | |||||
790 | W/A | Incidence | 1.13 (0.82–1.55) | No association | |||||
790 | AC | Incidence | 1.14 (0.71–1.83) | No association | |||||
787 | H/A | Incidence (high parasite density -≥5000/µL) | 0.48 (0.25–0.91) | Protection | |||||
787 | W/H | Incidence (high parasite density -≥5000/µL) | 0.87 (0.38–1.99) | No association | |||||
787 | W/A | Incidence (high parasite density -≥5000/µL) | 0.85 (0.53–1.35) | No association | |||||
787 | AC | Incidence (high parasite density -≥5000/µL) | 0.83 (0.44–1.55) | No association | |||||
Alexandre et al. [39] | Brazil | 1 month to 14 years (Follow-up of 12 months) |
P. vivax (72.6 %)/P. falciparum(22.5 %)/Mixed malaria P. vivax + P. falciparum(4.9 %) | Z-score (<−2) (WHO, 2006; WHO, 2007) | HR | Age, gender, maternal education, socioeconomic status | |||
202 | H/A | Incidence | 0.31 (0.10–0.99) | Protection |
Identification | Country |
Age group/follow-up time
|
Plasmodium species | Sample size | Exposure | Outcome | Effect measure/statistic and CI | Result | Covariates tested or adjusted |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rowland et al. [40] | Gambia | 6 months to 3 years (Follow-up of 1 year) |
P. falciparum
| Regression | None | ||||
152 | Incidence | Increment on weight | 1.072 (268) (p = <0.001) | Risk | |||||
152 | Incidence | Increment on weight | 7.0 (6.0) (NS) | No association | |||||
Williams et al. [30] | Vanuatu | <10 years |
P. falciparum/vivax
| Z-score (<−2) (NCHS, 1977) | IRR (Incidence rate ratio) | None | |||
911 | Incidence (P. falciparum) | W/H | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
911 | Incidence (P. falciparum) | W/A | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | No association | |||||
911 | Incidence (P. vivax) | W/H | 2.2 (1–4.9) | Risk | |||||
911 | Incidence (P. vivax) | W/A | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | No association | |||||
Hautvast et al. [41] | Zambia | 6 months to 3 years and 4 months (Follow-up of 1 year and 9 months) |
P. falciparum (94 %)/Mixed malaria(19 %) | Parasite density (mean with SD) | Z-score (mean with SD) |
r (Pearson’s) | Age, gender, socioeconomic status, maternal height, haemoglobin, albumin, zinc, retinol, thyrotropin, iron, ferritin, parasite density, C-reative protein, alfa-acid glycoprotein | ||
108 | Cohort 1 Parasite density on period 1 (age range of 6–9 months) vs Z-score on period 2 (age range of 14–20 months) | H/A | −0.30 (p = 0.005) | Risk | |||||
102 | Cohort 2 Parasite density on period 2 (age range of 14–20 months) vs Z-score on period 3 (age range of 22–30 months) | H/A | −0.28 (p = 0.03) | Risk | |||||
Deen et al. [33] | Gambia | <5 years (Follow-up of 20 weeks) |
P. falciparum
| Z-score (<−2) (NCHS, 1977) | “t” Test | Age, gender, ethnicity | |||
392 | Incidence | H/A | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
392 | Incidence | W/H | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
392 | Incidence | W/A | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
Friedman et al. [42] | Kenia | 12 to 35 years |
P. falciparum
| Parasite density (mean with SD) | Z-score (mean with SD) (CDC/NCHS, 2000) | B (Pearson’s) | Age, parasite density, peripheral blood mononuclear cell production of TNF-alfa in response to mitogen or malarial antigens | ||
147 | Whole cohort Parasite density in the previous transmission period vs Z-score and Kg/m2
| BMI/Age | −0.201 (p = 0.11) | No association | |||||
83 | Tanner stage <3 (prepubescent) Parasite density in the previous transmission period vs Z-score | Kg/m
2
BMI (mean with SD) <17 kg/m2 (≥20 years) | −0.324 (p = 0.02) | Risk | |||||
83 | Tanner stage ≥3 (adult) Parasite density in the previous transmission period vs Kg/m2
| BMI (mean with SD) <17 kg/m2 (≥20 years) | 0.16 (p = 0.51) | No association | |||||
Nyakeriga et al. [36] | Kenia | 28 to 60 months (Follow-up of 1 year and 5 months) |
P. falciparum
| Z-score (<−2) (NCHS, 1977) | RR | Risk | Age, ethnicity, season, haemoglobin genotype | ||
340 | Incidence | H/A | 1.89 (1.01–3.53) | Risk | |||||
340 | Incidence | W/A | 1.33 (0.64–2.70) | No association | |||||
Sowumi et al. [43] | Nigeria | <13 years (Follow-up of 14 days) |
P. falciparum
| Fall in weight | OR | Age, gender, fever, duration of illness, parasitaemia, haematocrit, liver and spleen enlargement | |||
432 | Parasite density(≥100,000/µl parasites) | ≤5 % from admission to d14 | 1.21 (0.72–2.01) | No association | |||||
Danquah et al. [37] | Ghana | 3 months to 2 years (Follow-up of 1 year and 9 months) |
P. falciparum
| Z-score (≤−2) (WHO, 2006) | GEE (General estimating equation) | Season, food availability | |||
1200 | Incidence | H/A or L/A | −0.18 (p = 0.01) | Risk | |||||
1200 | Incidence | W/H | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
1200 | Incidence | W/A | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
Kang et al. [44] | Ghana | 3 months to 2 years (Follow-up of 1 year and 9 months) |
P. falciparum
| Z-score (<−2) (WHO, 2006) | RR | Gender, birth weight, birth season, ethnicity group, alpha-thalassaemia, village of birth, mother’s occupation, mother’s education, family’s financial status, mosquito protection, sickle cell trait | |||
884 | Incidence | H/A or L/A | 0.32 (0.09–1) | No association | |||||
Olney et al. [45] | Zanzibar | <13 years (Follow-up of 6 months) |
P. falciparum
| Z-score (mean with SD) (WHO, 2006) | Regression | None | |||
247 | Incidence 5–9 months | H/A | 0.008 (NS) | No association | |||||
247 | Incidence 10–14 months | H/A | −0.063 (NS) | No association | |||||
Muhangi et al. [46] | Uganda | Birth to 1 year (Follow-up of 1 year) |
P. falciparum
| Z-score (<−2) (WHO, 2006) | OR | Gender, number of living children in the family, early weaning, maternal age, maternal education, socio-economic status, low birth weight, HIV exposure | |||
1502 | Incidence | L/A | 2.12 (1.38-3.27) | Risk | |||||
1502 | Incidence | W/L | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
1502 | Incidence | W/A | NI (NS) | No association | |||||
Padonou et al. [47] | Benin | Birth to 18 months (Follow-up of 18 months) |
P. falciparum
| Z-score (WHO, 2006) | Coefficient | Birth place, mother’s age, maternal short stature and low weight status, parity, number of pre-natal visits, marital status, mother’s education, bed net protection, household wealth score, birth weight and length, gender, gestational age, prematurity, intra-uterine growth retardation, maternal anemia, placental malaria infection, use of intermittent preventive treatment | |||
520 | Incidence | H/A | −0.03(0.02) (p = 0.15) | No association | |||||
520 | Incidence | W/H | −0.01 (0.02) (p = 0.74) | No association | |||||
Alexandre et al. [39] | Brazil | 1 month to 14 years (Follow-up of 12 months) |
P. vivax (72.6 %)/P. falciparum (22.5 %)/Mixed malaria P.vivax + P. falciparum (4.9 %) | Cm/year (WHO, 2006; WHO, 2007) | OR | Age, gender, maternal education, socioeconomic status | |||
39 | Incidence | ≤5 years Increment on height | 1.1 (0.2–6.4) | No association | |||||
108 | Incidence | 5–10 years Increment on height | 4.0 (1.4–11.4) | Risk | |||||
55 | Incidence | 10–14 years Increment on height | 1.1 (0.2–4.8) | No association | |||||
39 | Incidence | Z-score (<−2) ≤5 years H/A | 6.9 (0.3–161.6) | No association | |||||
Z-score (<−2) (WHO, 2006; WHO, 2007) 5–10 years | |||||||||
108 | Incidence | H/A | 0.9 (0.3–3.1) | No association | |||||
108 | Incidence | W/A | 5.1 (0.5–45.9) | No association | |||||
108 | Incidence | BMI/A | 4.2 (0.4–39.1) | No association | |||||
Z-score (<−2) (WHO, 2006; WHO, 2007) 10–14 years | |||||||||
55 | Incidence | H/A | 0.4 (0.1–2.2) | No association | |||||
55 | Incidence | BMI/A | 1.0 (0.1–17.0) | No association |
Malnutrition as exposure for malaria
Anthropometric parameters
Malaria incidence
Parasite density
Mortality and severity
Malaria as exposure for malnutrition
Anthropometric parameters
Methodological quality of studies
Identification | Question | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Score (%) | |
Pazzaglia et al. [28] | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | 58.3 |
Snow et al. [29] | Y | N | N | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | N | – | Y | 54.5 |
Van den Broeck et al. [21] | Y | N | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | 58.3 |
Genton et al. [22] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | – | Y | 90.9 |
Olumese et al. [7] | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | 75.0 |
Renaudin et al. [20] | Y | N | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | 58.3 |
Williams et al. [30] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | – | Y | 82.8 |
Man et al. [2] | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | N | N | Y | 58.3 |
Genton et al. [16] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 91.6 |
Schellenberg et al. [31] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 91.6 |
Tonglet et al. [32] | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | 75.0 |
Deen et al. [33] | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 91.6 |
Müller et al. [34] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 91.6 |
Mockenhaupt et al. [35] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | 91.6 |
Nyakeriga et al. [36] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 91.6 |
Danquah et al. [37] | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | 75.0 |
Fillol et al. [17] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 100.0 |
Arinaitwe et al. [38] | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 91.6 |
Mitangala et al. [15] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 100.0 |
Alexandre et al. [39] | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | 83.3 |
Identification |
Question
| ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Score (%) | |
Rowland et al. [40] | Y | N | N | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | 63.6 |
Williams et al. [30] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | 81.8 |
Hautvast et al. [41] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 100.0 |
Deen et al. [33] | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 91.6 |
Friedman et al. [42] | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 91.6 |
Nyakeriga et al. [36] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 91.6 |
Sowumi et al. [43] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 91.6 |
Danquah et al. [37] | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | 75.0 |
Kang et al. [44] | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 75.0 |
Olney et al. [45] | Y | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 66.6 |
Muhangi et al. [46] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | - | Y | 90.9 |
Padonou et al. [47] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 100.0 |
Alexandre et al. [39] | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | 83.3 |