Introduction
Methods
Study population
Measurement
Measure of socio-demographic characteristics
Definition of MCR
Measurement of positive control and aging awareness in SPA
Assessment of depression and anxiety
Assessment of cognitive function
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of demographic variables and the prevalence of MCR
Characteristics | Relatively Healthy n (%) | MCR n (%) | Only SCC n (%) | Only GS n (%) | χ2 | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
205 (18) | 131 (11.5) | 774 (68.7) | 27 (2.4) | |||
Gender | ||||||
Men | 102 (49.8) | 51 (38.9) | 289 (37.3) | 11 (40.7) | 10.485 | 0.015 |
Female | 103 (50.2) | 80 (61.1) | 485 (62.7) | 16 (59.3) | ||
Marital status | ||||||
Married | 181 (88.3) | 102 (77.9) | 647 (83.6) | 26 (96.3) | 9.650 | 0.022 |
Widowed or divorced | 24 (11.7) | 29 (22.1) | 127 (16.4) | 1 (3.7) | ||
Education | ||||||
Illiterate | 8 (3.9) | 17 (13.0) | 46 (6.0) | 3 (11.2) | 35.426 | <0.001 |
Primary | 29 (14.1) | 30 (22.9) | 101 (13.0) | 4 (14.8) | ||
Middle school | 66 (32.2) | 38 (29) | 202 (26.1) | 12 (44.4) | ||
Tertiary or above | 102 (49.8) | 46 (35.1) | 424 (54.9) | 8 (29.6) | ||
Monthly income (¥) | ||||||
< 1000 | 15 (7.3) | 16 (12.2) | 72 (9.3) | 3 (11.1) | 15.824 | 0.071 |
1000–2999 | 64 (31.2) | 47 (35.9) | 207 (26.7) | 7 (25.9) | ||
3000–4999 | 87 (42.4) | 56 (42.7) | 332 (42.9) | 14 (51.9) | ||
≥ 5000 | 39 (19.1) | 12 (9.2) | 163 (21.1) | 3 (11.1) | ||
Living arrangement | ||||||
Living with family | 191 (93.2) | 126 (96.2) | 718 (93.5) | 27 (100) | 3.362 | 0.339 |
Living alone | 14 (6.8) | 5 (3.8) | 50 (6.5) | 0 (0) | ||
Hypertension | ||||||
yes | 127 (62) | 70 (53.4) | 456 (59) | 14 (51.9) | 2.941 | 0.401 |
no | 78 (38) | 61 (46.6) | 317 (41) | 13 (48.1) | ||
Diabetes | ||||||
yes | 178 (86.8) | 110 (84.0) | 670 (86.7) | 25 (92.6) | 1.618 | 0.655 |
no | 27 (13.2) | 21 (16.0) | 103 (13.3) | 2 (7.4) | ||
Diet | ||||||
Balanced | 125 (61.3) | 50 (38.2) | 379 (49) | 11 (40.7) | 23.220 | 0.001 |
Carnivorous | 8 (3.9) | 4 (3) | 36 (4.7) | 3 (11.2) | ||
Vegetarian | 71 (34.8) | 77 (58.8) | 358 (46.3) | 13 (48.1) | ||
Smoking | ||||||
yes | 147 (71.7) | 99 (75.6) | 606 (78.4) | 19 (70.4) | 4.797 | 0.187 |
no | 58 (28.3) | 32 (24.4) | 167 (21.6) | 8 (29.6) | ||
Drinking history | ||||||
yes | 138 (67.3) | 100 (76.9) | 579 (74.9) | 16 (59.3) | 8.369 | 0.039 |
no | 67 (32.7) | 30 (23.1) | 194 (25.1) | 11 (40.7) |
Comparison of related variables between different groups
Characteristics (Mean ± SD or Mean rank) | Relatively Healthy (n = 205) | MCR (n = 131) | Only SCC (n = 774) | Only GS (n = 27) | F/χ2 | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 71.35±4.63 | 73.19±6.42 | 71.44±5.07 | 71.48±6.13 | 4.502 | 0.004 |
BMI | 24.62±3.09 | 25.11±3.27 | 24.63±3.03 | 25.17±2.49 | 1.164 | 0.322 |
Depression | 503.75 | 646.22 | 574.77 | 524.37 | 18.680 | <0.001 |
Anxiety | 503.86 | 619.78 | 576.94 | 568.94 | 16.206 | 0.001 |
MMSE | 606.12 | 439.69 | 582.55 | 526.15 | 25.294 | <0.001 |
Aging awareness | 3.04±1.09 | 3.51±0.80 | 3.17±0.90 | 3.14±1.09 | 6.818 | <0.001 |
Positive control | 606.08 | 534.61 | 568.05 | 481.70 | 9.420 | 0.024 |
MCR | Only SCC | Only GS | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95%CI | P value | OR | 95%CI | P value | OR | 95%CI | P value | |
Model 1 | |||||||||
Aging awareness | 1.705 | 1.335–2.179 | < 0.001 | 1.147 | 0.974–1.349 | 0.099 | 1.058 | 0.687–1.629 | 0.797 |
Positive control | 0.606 | 0.398–0.921 | 0.019 | 0.716 | 0.516–0.993 | 0.045 | 0.406 | 0.218–0.758 | 0.005 |
Model 2 | |||||||||
Aging awareness | 1.588 | 1.226–2.056 | < 0.001 | 1.143 | 0.965–1.354 | 0.122 | 1.058 | 0.685–1.634 | 0.798 |
Positive control | 0.594 | 0.385–0.916 | 0.018 | 0.681 | 0.490–0.945 | 0.022 | 0.378 | 0.199–0.717 | 0.003 |
Model 3 | |||||||||
Age (year) | 1.023 | 0.977–1.072 | 0.329 | 0.998 | 0.965–1.032 | 0.887 | 1.032 | 0.939–1.114 | 0.602 |
Male | 1.141 | 0.595–2.184 | 0.692 | 0.657 | 0.425–1.017 | 0.060 | 0.251 | 0.059–1.065 | 0.061 |
Education | |||||||||
Illiterate | 2.450 | 0.782–7.676 | 0.124 | 1.032 | 0.411–2.593 | 0.946 | 2.983 | 0.478–18.628 | 0.242 |
Primary | 1.340 | 0.650–2.762 | 0.428 | 0.612 | 0.363–1.032 | 0.066 | 1.147 | 0.285–4.621 | 0.847 |
Middle school | 1.311 | 0.752–2.288 | 0.340 | 0.670 | 0.465–0.965 | 0.032 | 1.942 | 0.737–5.118 | 0.179 |
Married | 0.691 | 0.350–1.366 | 0.287 | 0.782 | 0.471–1.298 | 0.342 | 4.809 | 0.586–39.47 | 0.144 |
Diet | |||||||||
Balanced diet | 0.469 | 0.287–0.766 | 0.002 | 0.677 | 0.481–0.952 | 0.025 | 0.529 | 0.216–1.297 | 0.164 |
Meat diet | 0.495 | 0.137–1.784 | 0.282 | 0.962 | 0.420–2.206 | 0.928 | 1.626 | 0.352–7.514 | 0.534 |
Drinking history (No) | 1.258 | 0.636–2.487 | 0.510 | 1.007 | 0.643–1.75 | 0.976 | 0.237 | 0.057–0.989 | 0.048 |
Aging awareness | 1.386 | 1.062–1.810 | 0.016 | 1.071 | 0.899–1.276 | 0.440 | 1.042 | 0.667–1.630 | 0.856 |
Positive control | 0.624 | 0.402–0.969 | 0.036 | 0.687 | 0.492–0.959 | 0.027 | 0.377 | 0.197–0.720 | 0.003 |
Depression | 1.195 | 1.045–1.368 | 0.009 | 1.098 | 0.982–1.227 | 0.101 | 0.967 | 0.720–1.297 | 0.821 |
MMSE | 0.872 | 0.775–0.981 | 0.022 | 0.964 | 0.884–1.051 | 0.409 | 0.911 | 0.742–1.119 | 0.376 |
Anxiety | 1.093 | 0.959–1.245 | 0.183 | 1.097 | 0.990–1.217 | 0.078 | 1.078 | 0.843–1.378 | 0.548 |