Background
Methods
Study population
Data collection and diagnosis criteria
Plasma TMAO concentration assays
Statistical analysis
Results
General characteristics
Characteristics | PE (N = 66) | Control (N = 198) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Year of education, years | |||
≤ 12 | 54 (81.80) | 136 (68.70) | 0.040 |
> 12 | 12 (18.20) | 62 (31.30) | |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (Kg/m2) | |||
< 18.5 | 12 (18.18) | 32 (16.16) | 0.842 |
18.5–22.9 | 38 (57.58) | 122 (61.62) | |
≥ 23 | 16 (24.24) | 44 (22.22) | |
Active or passive smoking during pregnancy | |||
Yes | 19 (28.78) | 40 (20.20) | 0.363 |
No | 48 (70.75) | 158 (79.80) | |
Fetal gender | |||
Male | 38 (57.58) | 100 (50.51) | 0.319 |
Female | 28 (42.42) | 98 (49.49) |
Distribution of maternal plasma TMAO
Characteristic | T2 plasma TMAO (μg/m3) | TD plasma TMAO (μg/m3) | Change of TMAO (μg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | 90.39 ± 45.91 | 175.01 ± 160.97 | 84.62 ± 159.32 |
Median | 84.80 | 138.60 | 54.13 |
Minimum | 4.15 | 21.0 | − 146.02 |
Maximum | 305.00 | 1560.00 | 1255.00 |
First Quartile | 57.58 | 86.30 | 0.00 |
Third Quartile | 116.36 | 207.04 | 123.04 |
Spearman Correlation with T2 plasma TMAO | 1.00 | 0.09* | −0.37ǂ |
Spearman Correlation with TD plasma TMAO | 0.09 | 1.00 | 0.87ǂ |
Group | T2 plasma TMAO (median (Q1, Q3), μg/m3) | TD plasma TMAO (median (Q1, Q3), μg/m3) | Change of TMAO (median (Q1, Q3), μg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|
Control (N = 198) | 84.05 (60.44, 113.90) | 134.96 (78.10, 202.15) | 53.71(− 2.60, 115.52) |
PE (N = 66) | 92.40 (53.80, 126.36) | 151.01 (103.45, 280.48) | 57.47 (8.32, 211.50) |
Difference with control (95%CI)a | 7.45(− 6.92, 21.83) | 33.25 (8.54, 57.97) | 24.36(−9.11, 57.84) |
pb | 0.296 | 0.010 | 0.167 |
EOPE (N = 17) | 72.30 (54.58, 109.66) | 370.00 (132.37, 514.86) | 297.70 (34.63, 454.05) |
Difference with control (95%CI)a | −2.62(−23.44, 18.19) | 191.25 (52.33,330.16) | 196.49 (63.67, 329.31) |
pb | 0.791 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
LOPE (N = 49) | 93.30(53.80, 149.00) | 138.71 (101.66, 207.00) | 30.63 (0.00, 122.42) |
Difference with control (95%CI)a | 12.33(−5.03, 29.70) | 14.55(−11.16, 40.28) | −4.66(−37.17, 27.84) |
pb | 0.162 | 0.245 | 0.766 |
Mild PE (N = 41) | 103.45 (53.80, 149.00) | 138.71 (100.68, 207.08) | 34.63(−1.03, 130.69) |
Difference with control (95%CI)a | 13.71(−6.17, 33.60) | 15.00(−13.00, 43.02) | −3.70(−40.44, 33.04) |
pb | 0.170 | 0.275 | 0.819 |
Sever PE (N = 25) | 85.10 (54.60, 109.66) | 168.24 (128.14, 476.65) | 85.23 (27.96, 340.35) |
Difference with control (95%CI)a | 0.15(−17.69, 17.99) | 78.93 (26.88, 130.98) | 88.10 (21.03, 155.17) |
pb | 0.976 | 0.002 | 0.006 |
PE type | Quartile for TMAO concentration in the second trimester (μg/m3) | p for trend | Per 50 μg/m3 increment | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (< 57.58) | Q2 (57.58- < 84.80) | Q3 (84.80- < 116.36) | Q4 (≥116.36) | |||
PE | ||||||
Case / Control | 21/ 45 | 9/ 57 | 14/ 52 | 22/ 44 | ||
OR (95%CI) | Reference | 0.34 (0.14, 0.81) | 0.58 (0.26, 1.27) | 1.07 (0.52, 2.22) | 0.611 | 1.33 (0.98, 1.79) |
ORaadj (95%CI) | Reference | 0.30 (0.12, 0.75) | 0.57 (0.24, 1.32) | 1.00 (0.47, 2.14) | 0.867 | 1.23 (0.90, 1.68) |
EOPE | ||||||
Case / Control | 6/ 45 | 3/ 57 | 4/ 52 | 4/ 44 | ||
OR (95%CI) | Reference | 0.40 (0.09, 1.67) | 0.58 (0.15, 2.17) | 0.68 (0.18, 2.58) | 0.643 | 0.89 (0.47, 1.67) |
ORaadj (95%CI) | Reference | 0.34 (0.08, 1.53) | 0.52 (0.13, 2.18) | 0.66 (0.16, 2.65) | 0.372 | 0.75 (0.39, 1.44) |
LOPE | ||||||
Case / Control | 15/ 45 | 6/ 57 | 10/ 52 | 18/ 44 | ||
OR (95%CI) | Reference | 0.32 (0.11, 0.88) | 0.58 (0.24, 1.41) | 1.23 (0.55, 2.74) | 0.389 | 1.48 (1.06, 2.05) |
ORaadj (95%CI) | Reference | 0.40 (0.16, 1.00) | 0.61 (0.24, 1.56) | 1.12 (0.48, 2.59) | 0.521 | 1.41 (1.00, 1.98) |
Mild PE | ||||||
Case / Control | 14/ 45 | 4/ 57 | 7/ 52 | 16/ 44 | ||
OR (95%CI) | Reference | 0.23 (0.07, 0.73) | 0.43 (0.16, 1.17) | 1.17 (0.51, 2.68) | 0.497 | 1.55 (1.09, 2.20) |
ORaadj (95%CI) | Reference | 0.25 (0.05, 1.19) | 0.43 (0.15, 1.30) | 1.19 (0.50, 2.86) | 0.510 | 1.35 (0.69, 2.64) |
Severe PE | ||||||
Case / Control | 7/ 45 | 5/ 57 | 7/ 52 | 6/ 44 | ||
OR (95%CI) | Reference | 0.56 (0.17, 1.90) | 0.87 (0.28, 2.66) | 0.88 (0.27, 2.82) | 0.999 | 0.98 (0.58, 1.66) |
ORaadj (95%CI) | Reference | 0.53 (0.15, 1.87) | 0.89 (0.26, 2.97) | 0.71 (0.20, 2.50) | 0.550 | 0.83 (0.48, 1.43) |
PE type | Quartile for TMAO concentration in the third trimester (μg/m3) | p for trend | Per 50 μg/m3 increment | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (< 86.30) | Q2 (86.30- < 138.60) | Q3 (138.60- < 207.04) | Q4 (≥207.04) | |||
PE | ||||||
Case / Control | 8/ 57 | 22/ 45 | 14/ 52 | 22/ 44 | ||
OR (95%CI) | Reference | 3.48 (1.42, 8.56) | 1.92 (0.74, 4.94) | 3.56 (1.45, 8.76) | 0.033 | 1.23 (1.09, 1.37) |
ORaadj (95%CI) | Reference | 3.62 (1.39, 9.43) | 2.10 (0.80, 5.55) | 4.25 (1.62, 11.10) | 0.018 | 1.24 (1.09, 1.40) |
EOPE | ||||||
Case / Control | 1/ 57 | 5/ 45 | 1/ 52 | 10/ 44 | ||
OR (95%CI) | Reference | 6.33 (0.71, 56.16) | 1.10 (0.07, 17.98) | 12.96 (1.60, 105.04) | 0.008 | 1.59 (1.29, 1.96) |
ORaadj (95%CI) | Reference | 5.76 (0.64, 52.27) | 1.15 (0.09, 14.88) | 14.86 (1.66, 129.85) | 0.010 | 1.62 (1.29, 2.03) |
LOPE | ||||||
Case / Control | 7/ 57 | 17/ 45 | 13/ 52 | 12/ 44 | ||
OR (95%CI) | Reference | 3.08 (1.17, 8.06) | 2.04 (0.75, 5.49) | 2.22 (0.81, 6.11) | 0.273 | 1.12 (0.99, 1.27) |
ORaadj (95%CI) | Reference | 3.41 (1.21, 9.56) | 2.23 (0.80, 6.22) | 2.70 (0.93, 7.85) | 0.190 | 1.12 (0.98, 1.28) |
Mild PE | ||||||
Case / Control | 7/ 57 | 13/ 45 | 10/ 52 | 11/ 44 | ||
OR (95%CI) | Reference | 2.35 (0.87, 6.39) | 1.57 (0.56, 4.41) | 2.04 (0.73, 5.68) | 0.319 | 1.14 (1.00, 1.31) |
ORaadj (95%CI) | Reference | 2.16 (0.75, 6.24) | 1.83 (0.62, 5.39) | 2.61 (0.87, 7.83) | 0.184 | 1.16 (1.00, 1.35) |
Severe PE | ||||||
Case / Control | 1/ 57 | 9/ 45 | 4/ 52 | 11/ 44 | ||
OR (95%CI) | Reference | 11.39 (1.39, 93.27) | 4.39 (0.48, 40.50) | 14.25 (1.77, 114.59) | 0.015 | 1.40 (1.18, 1.67) |
ORaadj (95%CI) | Reference | 12.25 (1.41, 106.65) | 4.42 (0.48, 40.92) | 14.37 (1.74, 118.77) | 0.019 | 1.41 (1.17, 1.70) |