Background
Methods
Study population
Dependent variables and variables of interest
Covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Demographic characteristics
Waist circumference (inches) | Triglycerides (mg/dL) | HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | Blood pressure (mmHg) | Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N
| % | Mean ± SD | p-value | Mean ± SD | p-value | Mean ± SD | p-value | Mean ± SD | p-value | Mean ± SD | p-value | ||||||
Total | 1423 | 100.0 | 31.9 | 4.0 | 133.0 | 120.5 | 52.0 | 12.8 | 114.2 | 15.1 | 95.0 | 16.6 | |||||
Free thyroxine hormone (ng/dL) | 0.0388 | 0.0020 | 0.1873 | 0.9267 | <.0001 | ||||||||||||
Low (< 0.80) | 15 | 1.1 | 32.8 | 2.4 | 162.7 | 74.4 | 51.8 | 13.4 | 116.3 | 12.5 | 97.1 | 14.4 | |||||
Normal (low tertile) (< 1.17) | 424 | 29.8 | 32.1 | 4.1 | 141.3 | 131.9 | 51.8 | 13.1 | 114.6 | 16.0 | 95.9 | 16.8 | |||||
Normal (mid tertile) (< 1.31) | 488 | 34.3 | 31.8 | 3.9 | 133.9 | 118.3 | 52.1 | 12.2 | 113.9 | 15.6 | 93.8 | 12.2 | |||||
Normal (high tertile) (< 1.70) | 472 | 33.2 | 31.9 | 4.2 | 125.2 | 114.9 | 52.2 | 13.2 | 113.9 | 13.9 | 94.5 | 17.5 | |||||
High (1.70≤) | 24 | 1.7 | 31.8 | 4.1 | 102.1 | 53.0 | 48.2 | 7.2 | 116.6 | 11.8 | 109.4 | 45.2 | |||||
Thyroid stimulating hormone (uIU/mL) | 0.2965 | 0.9867 | 0.1489 | 0.6965 | 0.1958 | ||||||||||||
Low (< 0.50) | 30 | 2.1 | 30.8 | 2.9 | 108.4 | 66.1 | 55.9 | 14.5 | 116.3 | 14.2 | 94.9 | 10.9 | |||||
Normal (low tertile) (< 1.80) | 476 | 33.5 | 32.1 | 4.1 | 136.6 | 144.8 | 51.3 | 13.1 | 114.3 | 14.9 | 96.2 | 19.4 | |||||
Normal (mid tertile) (< 2.87) | 468 | 32.9 | 32.1 | 4.0 | 131.7 | 111.9 | 52.1 | 12.5 | 113.6 | 14.8 | 94.6 | 13.4 | |||||
Normal (high tertile) (< 5.00) | 334 | 23.5 | 31.6 | 4.1 | 132.0 | 104.4 | 52.5 | 12.7 | 114.7 | 16.0 | 94.8 | 18.4 | |||||
High (5.00≤) | 115 | 8.1 | 31.7 | 4.0 | 132.9 | 96.0 | 51.6 | 12.3 | 114.0 | 14.7 | 92.1 | 10.8 | |||||
Thyroid peroxidase antibody (IU/mL) | 0.5217 | 0.5189 | 0.4016 | 0.0369 | 0.9543 | ||||||||||||
Normal (< 34) | 1324 | 93.0 | 31.9 | 4.1 | 132.2 | 120.2 | 52.0 | 12.8 | 114.0 | 15.1 | 95.1 | 17.0 | |||||
High (under low FT4) (34≤) | 56 | 3.9 | 31.7 | 4.0 | 155.3 | 149.2 | 50.6 | 12.5 | 114.4 | 13.1 | 92.6 | 10.1 | |||||
High (under high FT4) (34≤) | 43 | 3.0 | 31.5 | 3.1 | 127.9 | 79.6 | 51.5 | 13.7 | 119.4 | 16.6 | 94.0 | 10.6 | |||||
Thyroid peroxidase antibody (IU/mL) | 0.9967 | 0.3755 | 0.5473 | 0.0827 | 0.5928 | ||||||||||||
Normal (< 34) | 1324 | 93.0 | 31.9 | 4.1 | 132.2 | 120.2 | 52.0 | 12.8 | 114.0 | 15.1 | 95.1 | 17.0 | |||||
High (under low TSH) (34≤) | 39 | 2.7 | 31.5 | 4.2 | 124.8 | 69.9 | 50.5 | 12.5 | 114.8 | 14.3 | 93.7 | 12.0 | |||||
High (under high TSH) (34≤) | 60 | 4.2 | 31.6 | 3.3 | 155.5 | 148.5 | 51.3 | 13.4 | 117.7 | 15.2 | 93.0 | 9.1 | |||||
Age | 0.4481 | 0.0347 | 0.0217 | <.0001 | 0.0746 | ||||||||||||
19–44 | 870 | 61.1 | 31.5 | 4.3 | 125.1 | 119.9 | 53.5 | 12.7 | 109.9 | 12.2 | 92.9 | 16.7 | |||||
45–64 | 471 | 33.1 | 32.6 | 3.4 | 149.0 | 126.9 | 50.0 | 13.0 | 119.9 | 16.6 | 98.1 | 15.4 | |||||
64< | 82 | 5.8 | 32.9 | 3.4 | 125.4 | 69.6 | 47.5 | 9.8 | 126.1 | 16.8 | 98.3 | 19.3 | |||||
Gender | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||||||||||
Male | 683 | 48.0 | 33.7 | 3.8 | 166.2 | 151.9 | 47.7 | 11.1 | 118.4 | 14.2 | 98.0 | 20.1 | |||||
Female | 740 | 52.0 | 30.3 | 3.6 | 102.4 | 68.3 | 55.9 | 13.0 | 110.3 | 14.9 | 92.2 | 12.0 | |||||
Education level | 0.7844 | 0.5789 | 0.0002 | 0.0034 | 0.9794 | ||||||||||||
Elementary school or less | 119 | 8.4 | 32.8 | 3.1 | 150.5 | 114.0 | 46.3 | 11.0 | 124.4 | 15.0 | 97.6 | 12.0 | |||||
Middle school | 108 | 7.6 | 32.6 | 4.2 | 148.5 | 105.8 | 50.6 | 11.6 | 120.8 | 15.9 | 97.4 | 15.2 | |||||
High school | 574 | 40.3 | 31.9 | 4.0 | 132.5 | 126.4 | 53.0 | 13.2 | 114.5 | 15.4 | 94.9 | 16.3 | |||||
College or over | 622 | 43.7 | 31.6 | 4.2 | 127.4 | 118.2 | 52.3 | 12.7 | 110.8 | 13.3 | 94.1 | 17.8 | |||||
Marital status | <.0001 | 0.5017 | 0.0569 | 0.2066 | <.0001 | ||||||||||||
Married-cohabit | 813 | 57.1 | 32.3 | 3.7 | 136.4 | 110.3 | 51.3 | 12.4 | 116.0 | 16.3 | 96.7 | 17.9 | |||||
Married-no co habit or bereaved or divorced | 130 | 9.1 | 32.5 | 3.8 | 147.0 | 121.8 | 50.0 | 13.5 | 118.0 | 15.5 | 98.8 | 18.4 | |||||
Unmarried | 480 | 33.7 | 31.1 | 4.5 | 123.5 | 135.2 | 53.8 | 12.9 | 110.1 | 11.5 | 91.0 | 12.8 | |||||
Household income level | 0.0328 | 0.6671 | 0.1671 | 0.0484 | 0.4857 | ||||||||||||
Quartile 1 (lowest) | 346 | 24.3 | 32.5 | 4.3 | 137.7 | 125.9 | 51.3 | 13.0 | 116.5 | 16.3 | 95.2 | 15.3 | |||||
Quartile 2 | 336 | 23.6 | 31.8 | 3.8 | 124.2 | 100.7 | 52.5 | 13.2 | 113.5 | 14.2 | 94.8 | 18.1 | |||||
Quartile 3 | 386 | 27.1 | 31.9 | 3.8 | 137.2 | 115.6 | 51.0 | 12.4 | 113.9 | 14.5 | 94.3 | 11.8 | |||||
Quartile 4 (highest) | 355 | 24.9 | 31.5 | 4.1 | 132.2 | 136.4 | 53.1 | 12.6 | 112.7 | 15.1 | 95.6 | 20.5 | |||||
Region | 0.0163 | 0.0112 | 0.3290 | 0.6709 | 0.7321 | ||||||||||||
Urban area | 1043 | 73.3 | 31.7 | 3.9 | 127.4 | 113.4 | 52.3 | 12.6 | 113.6 | 15.1 | 94.6 | 16.4 | |||||
Rural area | 380 | 26.7 | 32.5 | 4.3 | 148.5 | 137.1 | 51.1 | 13.2 | 115.9 | 14.9 | 96.0 | 17.2 | |||||
Occupation | 0.1036 | 0.7295 | <.0001 | 0.5925 | 0.1260 | ||||||||||||
White color | 445 | 31.3 | 31.9 | 4.1 | 132.0 | 117.5 | 51.7 | 13.2 | 111.4 | 13.5 | 94.9 | 19.3 | |||||
Pink color | 209 | 14.7 | 32.0 | 3.9 | 126.2 | 95.8 | 52.9 | 12.5 | 114.1 | 14.1 | 94.6 | 13.6 | |||||
Blue color | 315 | 22.1 | 33.0 | 3.6 | 157.2 | 147.9 | 51.4 | 13.3 | 120.1 | 15.9 | 98.6 | 17.6 | |||||
Unemployed or else | 454 | 31.9 | 31.2 | 4.2 | 120.3 | 109.8 | 52.2 | 12.1 | 112.9 | 15.4 | 92.7 | 13.8 | |||||
Alcohol consumption | 0.0108 | 0.3359 | 0.2579 | 0.8845 | 0.4812 | ||||||||||||
Ever | 85 | 6.0 | 32.1 | 3.7 | 123.2 | 95.3 | 51.5 | 13.9 | 116.0 | 17.3 | 95.5 | 11.2 | |||||
Never | 1338 | 94.0 | 31.9 | 4.1 | 133.6 | 121.9 | 52.0 | 12.7 | 114.1 | 14.9 | 94.9 | 16.9 | |||||
Smoking | 0.0062 | 0.0025 | 0.5679 | 0.6979 | 0.3499 | ||||||||||||
Ever | 603 | 42.4 | 33.5 | 4.1 | 167.2 | 146.6 | 48.8 | 12.8 | 117.5 | 15.0 | 97.2 | 16.3 | |||||
Never | 820 | 57.6 | 30.8 | 3.6 | 107.9 | 88.9 | 54.2 | 12.3 | 111.7 | 14.7 | 93.3 | 16.7 | |||||
Walking activity | 0.8915 | 0.3812 | 0.4642 | 0.0845 | 0.1128 | ||||||||||||
Active | 581 | 40.8 | 31.8 | 3.9 | 127.3 | 121.2 | 52.5 | 12.7 | 112.7 | 14.3 | 93.5 | 13.8 | |||||
Inactive | 842 | 59.2 | 32.0 | 4.1 | 137.0 | 119.8 | 51.6 | 12.8 | 115.2 | 15.5 | 96.0 | 18.3 | |||||
Stress level | 0.1867 | 0.0485 | 0.0567 | 0.1300 | 0.5092 | ||||||||||||
High | 451 | 31.7 | 31.9 | 4.4 | 141.3 | 145.7 | 51.9 | 12.6 | 112.6 | 14.0 | 95.0 | 18.7 | |||||
Middle | 800 | 56.2 | 31.8 | 3.9 | 128.1 | 101.0 | 52.0 | 12.9 | 114.0 | 15.1 | 94.7 | 14.9 | |||||
Low | 172 | 12.1 | 32.6 | 3.7 | 134.0 | 129.7 | 52.1 | 12.9 | 119.1 | 16.9 | 96.2 | 18.5 |
Multiple analysis
Variable | Waist circumference (inches) | Triglycerides (mg/dL) | HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | Blood pressure (mmHg) | Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
βa | S.E | p-value | βa | S.E | p-value | βa | S.E | p-value | βa | S.E | p-value | βa | S.E | p-value | |
Free thyroxine hormone (ng/dL) | |||||||||||||||
Low (< 0.80) | 1.383 | 0.938 | 0.1407 | 38.690 | 30.172 | 0.2000 | −0.267 | 3.109 | 0.9317 | 0.758 | 3.532 | 0.8301 | 2.727 | 4.217 | 0.5180 |
Normal (low tertile) (< 1.17) | 0.327 | 0.240 | 0.1731 | 9.957 | 7.705 | 0.1964 | −0.279 | 0.801 | 0.7272 | −0.712 | 0.905 | 0.4313 | 1.698 | 1.077 | 0.1152 |
Normal (mid tertile) (< 1.31) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||||
Normal (high tertile) (< 1.70) | − 0.426 | 0.236 | 0.0714 | −21.145 | 7.591 | 0.0054 | 1.439 | 0.788 | 0.0681 | −0.359 | 0.890 | 0.6869 | 0.268 | 1.061 | 0.8003 |
High (1.70≤) | −0.735 | 0.753 | 0.3292 | −49.713 | 24.227 | 0.0404 | −1.718 | 2.603 | 0.5095 | 2.068 | 2.836 | 0.4661 | 15.992 | 3.386 | <.0001 |
Thyroid stimulating hormone (uIU/mL) | |||||||||||||||
Low (< 0.50) | −1.253 | 0.673 | 0.0629 | −20.614 | 21.742 | 0.3432 | 4.393 | 2.227 | 0.0487 | 2.656 | 2.569 | 0.3014 | 0.178 | 3.040 | 0.9533 |
Normal (low tertile) (< 1.80) | −0.318 | 0.234 | 0.1742 | 0.479 | 7.559 | 0.9495 | −0.558 | 0.783 | 0.4759 | 0.630 | 0.880 | 0.4743 | 1.680 | 1.057 | 0.1122 |
Normal (mid tertile) (< 2.87) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||||
Normal (high tertile) (< 5.00) | − 0.378 | 0.257 | 0.1414 | 3.591 | 8.297 | 0.6652 | 0.035 | 0.859 | 0.9671 | 1.283 | 0.966 | 0.1843 | 0.713 | 1.160 | 0.5392 |
High (5.00≤) | −0.093 | 0.374 | 0.8044 | 9.045 | 12.095 | 0.4547 | −0.890 | 1.246 | 0.4748 | 0.660 | 1.406 | 0.6389 | −1.511 | 1.691 | 0.3717 |
Thyroid peroxidase antibody (IU/mL)b | |||||||||||||||
Normal (< 34) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||||
High (under low FT4) (34≤) | 0.396 | 0.498 | 0.4268 | 36.075 | 16.046 | 0.0247 | −2.475 | 1.674 | 0.1396 | −0.814 | 1.866 | 0.6626 | −2.152 | 2.249 | 0.3387 |
High (under high FT4) (34≤) | −0.620 | 0.556 | 0.2655 | −6.054 | 17.922 | 0.7356 | 0.118 | 1.862 | 0.9493 | 4.319 | 2.084 | 0.0384 | −1.604 | 2.512 | 0.5232 |
Thyroid peroxidase antibody (IU/mL)c | |||||||||||||||
Normal (< 34) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||||
High (under low TSH) (34≤) | −0.307 | 0.587 | 0.6014 | −5.248 | 18.895 | 0.7812 | −1.617 | 1.966 | 0.4110 | −0.493 | 2.198 | 0.8225 | −1.511 | 2.648 | 0.5682 |
High (under high TSH) (34≤) | 0.111 | 0.478 | 0.8162 | 32.181 | 15.396 | 0.0368 | −1.130 | 1.608 | 0.4825 | 2.723 | 1.791 | 0.1288 | −2.169 | 2.157 | 0.3149 |
Sensitivity analysis
Variables | Free thyroxine hormone levels | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Normal (low tertile) | Normal (mid tertile) | Normal (high tertile) | High | |||||||||
βa | S.E | p-value | βa | S.E | p-value | βa | βa | S.E | p-value | βa | S.E | p-value | |
Waist circumference | |||||||||||||
Age | |||||||||||||
19~ 44 | 3.248 | 1.715 | 0.0586 | 0.400 | 0.345 | 0.2471 | Ref. | −0.537 | 0.300 | 0.0738 | −1.062 | 0.892 | 0.2343 |
45~ 64 | 0.745 | 1.113 | 0.5037 | 0.470 | 0.352 | 0.1818 | Ref. | 0.078 | 0.410 | 0.8495 | 0.394 | 1.668 | 0.8134 |
64< | −1.085 | 3.667 | 0.7684 | −0.026 | 0.927 | 0.9777 | Ref. | −1.638 | 1.226 | 0.1868 | −3.990 | 3.705 | 0.2859 |
Gender | |||||||||||||
Male | 1.998 | 2.172 | 0.3580 | 0.804 | 0.405 | 0.0477 | Ref. | −0.270 | 0.336 | 0.4206 | −0.684 | 0.957 | 0.4749 |
Female | 1.481 | 0.982 | 0.1322 | 0.070 | 0.284 | 0.8061 | Ref. | −0.556 | 0.328 | 0.0909 | −2.002 | 1.277 | 0.1173 |
Triglycerides | |||||||||||||
Age | |||||||||||||
19~ 44 | 124.396 | 51.798 | 0.0165 | 10.341 | 10.430 | 0.3217 | Ref. | −25.519 | 9.066 | 0.0050 | −49.843 | 26.938 | 0.0646 |
45~ 64 | 22.880 | 41.955 | 0.5858 | 14.699 | 13.253 | 0.2680 | Ref. | −11.085 | 15.441 | 0.4732 | −78.026 | 62.873 | 0.2153 |
64< | −29.035 | 77.925 | 0.7108 | −6.737 | 19.693 | 0.7335 | Ref. | 20.424 | 26.056 | 0.4363 | −21.240 | 78.744 | 0.7883 |
Gender | |||||||||||||
Male | −8.759 | 88.150 | 0.9209 | 19.926 | 16.443 | 0.2260 | Ref. | −29.603 | 13.619 | 0.0301 | −56.536 | 38.816 | 0.1457 |
Female | 59.246 | 19.538 | 0.0025 | 6.175 | 5.645 | 0.2744 | Ref. | −8.730 | 6.527 | 0.1815 | −39.210 | 25.395 | 0.1230 |
HDL cholesterol | |||||||||||||
Age | |||||||||||||
19~ 44 | −3.987 | 5.399 | 0.4605 | 0.135 | 1.096 | 0.9021 | Ref. | 2.554 | 0.952 | 0.0075 | −0.867 | 2.954 | 0.7692 |
45~ 64 | 0.799 | 4.276 | 0.8518 | −1.313 | 1.360 | 0.3348 | Ref. | −1.687 | 1.581 | 0.2868 | −5.880 | 6.408 | 0.3594 |
64< | 6.579 | 10.435 | 0.5309 | −1.360 | 2.688 | 0.6149 | Ref. | 3.663 | 3.507 | 0.3007 | 10.076 | 10.581 | 0.3450 |
Gender | |||||||||||||
Male | −4.968 | 6.373 | 0.4360 | −0.661 | 1.201 | 0.5824 | Ref. | 1.028 | 0.994 | 0.3017 | 0.343 | 2.981 | 0.9085 |
Female | 1.003 | 3.743 | 0.7888 | 0.050 | 1.089 | 0.9634 | Ref. | 1.908 | 1.256 | 0.1292 | −3.308 | 4.865 | 0.4968 |
Blood pressure | |||||||||||||
Age | |||||||||||||
19~ 44 | 9.081 | 5.089 | 0.0747 | −0.032 | 1.029 | 0.9751 | Ref. | 0.639 | 0.893 | 0.4741 | 1.560 | 2.646 | 0.5556 |
45~ 64 | −4.007 | 5.626 | 0.4767 | −2.552 | 1.779 | 0.1522 | Ref. | −3.081 | 2.075 | 0.1382 | −1.728 | 8.439 | 0.8378 |
64< | −12.387 | 20.182 | 0.5417 | 5.314 | 5.101 | 0.3017 | Ref. | −2.610 | 6.749 | 0.7003 | 22.083 | 20.395 | 0.2833 |
Gender | |||||||||||||
Male | −12.655 | 7.995 | 0.1139 | 2.073 | 1.497 | 0.1666 | Ref. | −0.438 | 1.239 | 0.7239 | 2.575 | 3.522 | 0.4649 |
Female | 4.899 | 3.870 | 0.2060 | −2.082 | 1.122 | 0.0638 | Ref. | − 0.001 | 1.294 | 0.9996 | 3.303 | 5.030 | 0.5116 |
Fasting glucose | |||||||||||||
Age | |||||||||||||
19~ 44 | −3.880 | 7.421 | 0.6012 | 1.190 | 1.494 | 0.4261 | Ref. | 1.333 | 1.299 | 0.3050 | 17.139 | 3.859 | <.0001 |
45~ 64 | 5.895 | 5.216 | 0.2591 | 1.833 | 1.648 | 0.2665 | Ref. | −2.049 | 1.920 | 0.2865 | 14.249 | 7.817 | 0.0690 |
64< | 13.834 | 18.440 | 0.4561 | −0.592 | 4.660 | 0.8994 | Ref. | 1.248 | 6.166 | 0.8403 | 3.026 | 18.633 | 0.8715 |
Gender | |||||||||||||
Male | 0.545 | 11.505 | 0.9623 | 3.968 | 2.146 | 0.0649 | Ref. | −0.335 | 1.778 | 0.8506 | 21.236 | 5.066 | <.0001 |
Female | 3.278 | 3.480 | 0.3466 | 0.346 | 1.006 | 0.7307 | Ref. | 1.431 | 1.163 | 0.2187 | 5.173 | 4.524 | 0.2532 |