Background
Methods
Subjects
Patients with Schizophrenia (n = 22) | Healthy Individuals (n = 20) | χ2 or t
| |
---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic variables
| |||
Age (yrs) | 34.9 (7.5) | 31.0 (7.8) | 1.70 |
Gender (male/female) | 15/7 | 9/11 | 2.30 |
Education (yrs) | 14.0 (3.5) | 16.6 (2.6) | 2.67* |
Parental education | 11.7 (3.4) | 12.8 (3.0) | 1.16 |
Premorbid IQ1
| 106.6 (14.6) | 116.7 (17.5) | 2.02* |
Patient's history
| |||
Age at onset of illness (yrs) | 24.8 (6.5) | N/A | |
Duration of illness (yrs) | 10.4 (7.6) | N/A | |
Symptom severity
| |||
BPRS total score (average) | 42.3 (11.9) | N/A | |
CGI | 4.4 (0.9) | N/A | |
Extrapyramidal side effects
| |||
EPS total score | 6.0 (4.2) | N/A | |
BAS score (global) | 1.0 (1.1) | N/A | |
Average medication dose
| |||
Antipsychotic (cpe2) | 524.8 (239.3) | N/A |
Technical procedures
Cognitive tasks
Test sequence
Settings
Data collection
MFV
Statistical analyses
Results
Performance
Association of performance
a) Healthy subjects (n = 20) | |||
---|---|---|---|
SOC | Task difficulty | RT before shift | RT after shift |
Adjusted planning time | Easy | 0.37 | 0.63* |
Difficult | 0.39 | 0.62* | |
Movement execution time | Easy | -0.05 | 0.19 |
Difficult | 0.75** | 0.65* | |
b) Patients (n = 22)
| |||
Adjusted planning time | Easy | 0.28 | -0.10 |
Difficult | 0.41 | 0.35 | |
Movement execution time | Easy | 0.61* | 0.19 |
Difficult | 0.35 | 0.40 |
MFV
SOC | artery | patients | 95% CI | healthy subjects | 95% CI | df | F | ES |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Planning
| ||||||||
easy | MCA | 1.0235 (0.0387) | 1.0117 – 1.0416 | 1.0691 (0.0567) | 1.0505 – 1.0811 | 2,40 | 13.71*** | 0.27 |
difficult | 1.0138 (0.0354) | 1.0043 – 1.0335 | 1.0486 (0.0573) | 1.0283 – 1.0583 | 2,40 | 5.50* | 0.12 | |
Mov. exe. | ||||||||
easy | MCA | 1.0767 (0.0458) | 1.0600 – 1.0991 | 1.0891 (0.0616) | 1.0661 – 1.1062 | 2,40 | n.s. | - |
difficult | 1.0562 (0.0526) | 1.0356 – 1.0843 | 1.0742 (0.0667) | 1.0453 – 1.0951 | 2,40 | n.s. | - | |
Planning
| ||||||||
easy | ACA | 1.0184 (0.0346) | 1.0009 – 1.0399 | 1.0490 (0.0532) | 1.0213 – 1.0592 | 2,34 | n.s. | - |
difficult | 1.0180 (0.0474) | 0.9961 – 1.0406 | 1.0339 (0.0804) | 1.0013 – 1.0446 | 2,34 | n.s. | - | |
Mov. exe. | ||||||||
easy | ACA | 1.0506 (0.0509) | 1.0330 – 1.0731 | 1.0597 (0.0518) | 1.0380 – 1.0769 | 2,34 | n.s. | - |
difficult | 1.0564 (0.0651) | 1.0286 – 1.0847 | 1.0652 (0.0737) | 1.0377 – 1.0922 | 2,34 | n.s. | - | |
WCST | artery | patients | 95% CI | healthy subjects | 95% CI | df | F | ES |
steady-state | MCA | 1.0610 (0.0479) | 1.0414 – 1.0805 | 1.0751 (0.0493) | 1.0546 – 1.0948 | 2,40 | n.s. | - |
steady-state | ACA | 1.0363 (0.0492) | 1.0210 – 1.0641 | 1.0494 (0.0550) | 1.0215 – 1.0647 | 2,34 | n.s. | - |
SOC | side | men | women | mean diff. | 95% CI | df | t-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Planning
| |||||||
easy | Left | 1.0708 (0.0588) | 1.0595 (0.0600) | 0.0113 | -0.0449 – 0.0674 | 18 | 0.42 |
difficult | MCA | 1.0617 (0.0560) | 1.0271 (0.0646) | 0.0347 | -0.0228 – 0.0922 | 18 | 1.27 |
Planning
| |||||||
easy | Right | 1.0702 (0.0627) | 1.0765 (0.0586) | -0.0063 | -0.0634 – 0.0508 | 18 | 0.23 |
difficult | MCA | 1.0542 (0.0651) | 1.0548 (0.0587) | -0.0007 | -0.0588 – 0.0575 | 18 | 0.02 |
Mov. exe. | |||||||
easy | Left | 1.0866 (0.0437) | 1.0867 (0.0719) | -0.0001 | -0.0577 – 0.0575 | 18 | 0.00 |
difficult | MCA | 1.0843 (0.0588) | 1.0622 (0.0841) | 0.0220 | -0.0478 – 0.0919 | 18 | 0.66 |
Mov. exe. | |||||||
easy | Right | 1.0842 (0.0522) | 1.0977 (0.0812) | -0.0135 | -0.0794 – 0.0524 | 18 | 0.13 |
difficult | MCA | 1.0791 (0.0540) | 1.0702 (0.0780) | -0.0041 | -0.0689 – 0.0607 | 18 | 0.14 |
WCST | side | men | women | mean diff. | 95% CI | df | t-value |
steady-state | Left MCA | 1.0887 (0.0707) | 1.0750 (0.0571) | 0.0136 | -0.0463 – 0.0736 | 18 | 0.48 |
steady-state | Right MCA | 1.0730 (0.0344) | 1.0657 (0.0563) | 0.0074 | -0.0378 – 0.0525 | 18 | 0.34 |
SOC | side | men | women | mean diff. | 95% CI | df | t-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Planning
| |||||||
easy | Left | 1.0198 (0.0402) | 1.0283 (0.0456) | -0.0085 | -0.0492 – 0.0322 | 19 | 0.44 |
difficult | MCA | 1.0128 (0.0367) | 1.0139 (0.0435) | -0.0011 | -0.0389 – 0.0366 | 19 | 0.06 |
Planning
| |||||||
easy | Right | 1.0158 (0.0396) | 1.0415 (0.0426) | -0.0257 | -0.0650 – 0.0136 | 19 | 1.37 |
difficult | MCA | 1.0104 (0.0337) | 1.0226 (0.0506) | -0.0122 | -0.0508 – 0.0264 | 19 | 0.66 |
Mov. exe. | |||||||
easy | Left | 1.0747 (0.0544) | 1.0855 (0.0470) | -0.0108 | -0.0614 – 0.0397 | 19 | 0.45 |
difficult | MCA | 1.0438 (0.0482) | 1.0850 (0.0435) | -0.0413 | -0.0866 – 0.0040 | 19 | 1.91 |
Mov. exe. | |||||||
easy | Right | 1.0692 (0.0524) | 1.0870 (0.0339) | -0.0177 | -0.0636 – 0.0282 | 19 | 0.81 |
difficult | MCA | 1.0398 (0.0623) | 1.0847 (0.0474) | -0.0449 | -0.1012 – 0.0113 | 19 | 1.67 |
WCST | side | men | women | mean diff. | 95% CI | df | t-value |
steady-state | Left MCA | 1.0559 (0.0381) | 1.0868 (0.0572) | -0.0308 | -0.0745 – 0.0128 | 19 | 1.48 |
steady-state | Right MCA | 1.0388 (0.0489) | 1.0889 (0.0495) | -0.0501 | -0.0976 – -0.0026 | 19 | 2.20* |