Background
Methods
Study population
Ethics statement
Molecular analysis of CYP1A1 m1, m2, GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms
Blood collection and DNA isolation
CYP1A1 m1 and m2 genotyping
GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotyping
Estimation of 8-oxodG, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes
Statistical analyses
Results
General characteristic features of the study group
Variables | Patients n = 246 (%) | Controls n = 250 (%) |
p value |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Male | 177 (71.95) | 180 (73.91) | 0.99 |
Female | 69 (28.05) | 70 (26.09) | 0.99 |
Age | |||
Mean ± (SD) | 57.57 ± 10.19 | 58.06 ± 9.56 | |
Stages of NSCLC | |||
II | 28 (7.66) | ||
III | 82 (34.23) | ||
IV | 136 (58.11) | ||
Histology | |||
Squamous-cell carcinoma | 97 (43.24) | ||
Adenocarcinoma | 109 (48.65) | ||
Large cell and others | 40 (8.11) | ||
Alcoholism | |||
Consumers | 95 (38.62)* | 26 (10.4) | 0.01 |
Non-consumers | 151 (61.38)* | 224 (89.6) | 0.01 |
Smoking status | |||
Never-smokers | 98 (39.84)* | 175 (69.08) | <0.001 |
Ex-smokers | 42 (17.07)* | 12 (4.35) | <0.001 |
Current smokers | 106 (43.08) * | 63 (26.57) | <0.001 |
≤20 pack years | 38 (15.45) | 28 (11.2) | 0.16 |
21–40 pack years | 34 (13.82)* | 18 (7.2) | 0.01 |
41–60 pack years | 8 (3.25) | 5 (18.85) | 0.38 |
>60 pack years | 26 (10.57)* | 12 (7.72) | 0.01 |
Passive smokers | 38 (15.45)* | 5 (2) | <0.001 |
Molecular analysis of CYP1A1 m1, m2, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes
Genotyping distribution of CYP1A1 m1 (T3801C 3′ noncoding region)
Genotype/Allele | Lung cancer (n = 246) | Controls (n = 250) | χ2
| OR (95 % CI) |
p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) |
N (%) | ||||
TT | 122 (49.59) | 143 (57.2) | 1 | Reference | |
TC | 95 (38.62) | 93 (37.2) | 0.10 | 1.06 (0.73, 1.55) | 0.42 |
CC | 29 (11.78) | 14 (5.6) | 5.98 |
2.25 (1.16, 4.37) |
0.007* |
Genotyping distribution of CYP1A1 m2 (Exon 7 Ile462Val)
Genotype/Allele | Lung cancer (n = 246) | Controls (n = 250) | χ2
| OR (95 % CI) |
p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) |
N (%) | ||||
AA | 73 (29.67) | 196 (78.4) | 1 | Reference | |
AG | 143 (58.14) | 34 (13.6) | 106.9 |
8.82 (5.67, 13.72) |
0.001* |
GG | 30 (12.19) | 20 (8) | 2.43 | 1.59 (0.88, 2.89) | 0.12 |
Risk associated with additive effect of CYP1A1 m1 and CYP1A1 m2 polymorphisms within the same gene
Genotypic distributions of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes
Genotype | Lung cancer (n = 246) | Controls (n = 250) | χ2
| OR (95 % CI) |
p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) |
N (%) | ||||
GSTM1 (+/+) | 182 (73.98) | 187 (76.0) | 1 | Reference | |
GSTM1 (−/−) | 64 (26.1) | 63 (24.0) | 0.04 | 1.04 (0.69, 1.56) | 0.83 |
Genotype | Lung cancer (n = 226) | Controls (n = 210) | χ2
| OR (95 % CI) |
p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) |
N (%) | ||||
GSTT1 (+/+) | 200 (81.30) | 224 (89.6) | 1 | Reference | |
GSTT1 (−/−) | 46 (18.69) | 26 (10.4) | 6.86 |
1.98 (1.18, 3.32) |
0.008* |
Risk associated with combination of the two glutathione-S-transferase gene polymorphisms
Risk of NSCLC associated with CYP1A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes stratified by smoking exposure
Variables smoking status | Cases/ controls non-smokers 98/175 | OR (95 % CI) non-smokers |
p
| Cases/ controls smokers 148/75 | OR (95 % CI) smokers |
p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CYP1A1m1 (T/T) | 49/115 | 0.52 (0.31, 0.86) | 0.01 | 63/58 | 0.21 (0.11, 0.40) | <0.001 |
CYP1A1m1 (T/C) | 40/48 |
1.82 (1.08, 3.07) | 0.02* | 70/15 |
3.59 (1.87, 6.88) | <0.001
*
|
CYP1A1m1 (C/C) | 9/12 | 1.37 (0.56, 3.38) | 0.48 | 15/2 |
4.11 (0.91,18.5) |
0.04*,#
|
CYP1A1m2 (A/A) | 33/142 | 0.11 (0.06, 0.20) | 0.001 | 40/54 | 0.14 (0.07, 0.26) | <0.001 |
CYP1A1m2 (A/G) | 56/17 |
12.39 (6.53, 23.51) |
0.001* | 87/17 |
4.86 (2.58, 9.15) |
<0.001* |
CYP1A1m2 (G/G) | 9/16 | 1.05 (0.42, 2.36) | 0.99 | 21/4 |
2.93 (0.96, 8.88) |
0.04*,#
|
GSTM1 (+/+) | 76/133 | 1.09 (0.60, 1.96) | 0.77 | 106/54 | 0.98 (0.52, 1.82) | 0.95 |
GSTM1 (−/−) | 22/42 | 0.92 (0.51, 1.65) | 0.77 | 42/21 | 1.01 (0.54, 1.89) | 0.95 |
GSTT1 (+/+) | 89/158 | 1.06 (0.45, 2.48) | 0.88 | 111/66 | 0.40 (0.18, 0.90) | 0.02 |
GSTT1 (-/-) | 9/17 | 0.93 (0.40, 2.19) | 0.88 | 37/9 |
2.44 (1.11, 5.38) |
0.02* |
Association of CYP1A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes stratified by histology
Genotype | Squamous | % | Adeno | % | Large + others | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CYP1A1m1 (T/T) | 45 | 46.4 | 48 | 44 | 12 | 30 |
CYP1A1m1 (T/C) | 46 | 47.4 | 52 | 47.7 | 21 | 52.5 |
CYP1A1m1 (C/C) | 6 | 6.2 | 9 | 8.3 | 7 | 17.5 |
CYP1A1m2 (A/A) | 25 | 25.8 | 37 | 33.9 | 11 | 27.5 |
CYP1A1m2 (A/G) | 62 | 63.9 | 56 | 51.4 | 25 | 62.5 |
CYP1A1m2 (G/G) | 10 | 10.3 | 16 | 14.7 | 4 | 10 |
GSTM1 (+/+) | 69 | 71.1 | 80 | 73.4 | 33 | 82.5 |
GSTM1 (−/−) | 28 | 28.9 | 29 | 26.6 | 7 | 17.5 |
GSTT1 (+/+) | 78 | 80.4 | 88 | 80.7 | 34 | 85 |
GSTT1 (−/−) | 19 | 19.6 | 21 | 19.3 | 6 | 15 |
Risk of NSCLC associations with combination of CYP1A1 and GST genes
CYP1A1m1
|
CYP1A1m2
|
GSTM1
|
GSTT1
| |
---|---|---|---|---|
CYP1A1m1
| 1 | −0.005 | −0.123 | −0.074 |
– | 0.935 | 0.054 | 0.250 | |
CYP1A1m2
| −0.005 | 1 | 0.152a
| −0.167b
|
0.935 | – | 0.017 | 0.009 | |
GSTM1
| −0.123 | 0.152a
| 1 | −0.047 |
0.054 | 0.017 | – | 0.465 | |
GSTT1
| −0.074 | −0.167b
| −0.047 | 1 |
0.250 | 0.009 | 0.465 | – |
Impact of gene polymorphisms on oxidative stress markers
Gene | Genotype | Lung cancer patients (SOD levels) |
p value | Controls (SOD levels) |
p value | Total p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| Mean ± SE |
n
| Mean ± SE | |||||
CYP1A1, m1 | T/T | 121 | 914.28 ± 30.05 | 138 | 1166.08 ± 12.8 | 0.92 | ||
T/C | 89 | 915.73 ± 17.03 | 0.45 | 98 | 1165.71 ± 13.93 | 0.35 | 0.14 | |
C/C | 28 | 910.74 ± 13.57 | 0.62 | 14 | 1070.00 ± 37.60 | 0.78 | 0.65 | |
CYP1A1, m2
| A/A | 71 | 922.25 ± 18.18 | 196 | 1190.00 ± 10.61 | <0.01* | ||
A/G | 156 | 909.87 ± 12.00 | 0.81 | 34 | 1165.91 ± 20.61 | 0.14 |
0.05* | |
G/G | 11 | 898.18 ± 67.01 | 0.07 | 20 | 1080.58 ± 23.82 | 0.08 |
0.02* | |
GSTM1
| +/+ | 174 | 927.01 ± 11.81 | 187 | 1214.54 ± 7.47 | <0.01* | ||
–/– | 64 | 875.00 ± 18.00 | 0.56 | 63 | 1175.71 ± 10.72 | 0.15 | <0.01* | |
GSTT1
| +/+ | 192 | 929.58 ± 10.57 | 224 | 1168.03 ± 9.86 | 0.91 | ||
–/– | 46 | 843.91 ± 24.69 |
0.04* | 26 | 1096.12 ± 23.16 | 0.10 |
0.05* |
Gene | Genotype | Lung cancer patients (GPx levels) |
p value | Controls (GPx levels) |
p value | Total p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| Mean ± SE |
n
| Mean ± SE | |||||
CYP1A1
m1 | T/T | 121 | 47.51 ± 4.52 | 138 | 55.44 ± 0.60 | <0.01* | ||
T/C | 89 | 45.77 ± 2.45 |
0.01* | 98 | 55.15 ± 0.69 | 0.74 | <0.01* | |
C/C | 28 | 43.42 ± 2.02 | <0.01* | 14 | 51.42 ± 1.74 | 0.79 | 0.06 | |
CYP1A1
m2
| A/A | 71 | 48.18 ± 6.45 | 196 | 59.35 ± 0.33 | <0.01* | ||
A/G | 156 | 44.02 ± 1.75 | <0.01* | 34 | 55.26 ± 0.65 | 0.17 | <0.02* | |
G/G | 11 | 45.94 ± 2.93 |
0.01* | 20 | 54.67 ± 0.91 | 0.53 | <0.01* | |
GSTM1
| +/+ | 174 | 46.22 ± 1.74 | 187 | 57.69 ± 0.36 | <0.01* | ||
–/– | 64 | 40.87 ± 2.69 | 0.33 | 63 | 54.41 ± 0.84 | 0.21 | <0.01* | |
GSTT1
| +/+ | 192 | 46.66 ± 1.53 | 224 | 55.50 ± 0.47 | <0.001* | ||
–/– | 46 | 36.95 ± 3.95 |
0.05* | 26 | 51.69 ± 1.12 | 0.07 | <0.001* |
Gene | Genotype | Lung cancer patients (MDA levels) |
p value | Controls (MDA levels) |
p value | Total p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| Mean ± SE |
n
| Mean ± SE | |||||
CYP1A1 m1 | T/T | 127 | 4.18 ± 0.24 | 138 | 1.72 ± 0.10 |
0.01* | ||
T/C | 90 | 4.21 ± 0.13 | <0.01* | 98 | 1.79 ± 0.24 | 0.42 | <0.01* | |
C/C | 29 | 4.30 ± 0.13 | <0.01* | 14 | 2.00 ± 0.42 | 0.83 | <0.01* | |
CYP1A1
m2
| A/A | 73 | 4.23 ± 0.15 | 196 | 1.56 ± 0.11 |
0.07
| ||
A/G | 162 | 4.22 ± 0.11 | 0.39 | 34 | 1.75 ± 0.23 | 0.34 | 0.79 | |
G/G | 11 | 4.52 ± 0.39 | 0.87 | 20 | 2.12 ± 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.86 | |
GSTM1
| +/+ | 182 | 4.11 ± 0.10 | 187 | 1.73 ± 0.03 | <0.01* | ||
–/– | 64 | 4.60 ± 0.13 |
0.02* | 63 | 1.95 ± 0.71 | 0.21 | <0.001* | |
GSTT1
| +/+ | 200 | 4.06 ± 0.09 | 224 | 1.75 ± 0.29 | <0.001* | ||
–/– | 46 | 5.00 ± 0.20 | 0.31 | 26 | 1.91 ± 0.12 | 0.09 | <0.01* |
Gene | Genotype | Lung cancer patients (8-OhdG levels) |
p value | Controls (8-OhdG levels) |
p value | Total p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| Mean ± SE |
n
| Mean ± SE | |||||
CYP1A1 m1 | T/T | 64 | 6.03 ± 0.09 | 57 | 4.22 ± 0.10 | 0.71 | ||
T/C | 45 | 6.08 ± 0.12 | 0.41 | 37 | 4.44 ± 0.11 | 0.44 | 0.25 | |
C/C | 16 | 6.11 ± 0.23 | 0.18 | 6 | 4.50 ± 0.19 | 0.27 | 0.13 | |
CYP1A1
m2
| A/A | 41 | 5.91 ± 0.21 | 79 | 4.28 ± 0.17 | 0.42 | ||
A/G | 78 | 6.03 ± 0.09 |
0.007* | 17 | 4.37 ± 0.17 | 0.47 | 0.58 | |
G/G | 6 | 6.13 ± 0.13 |
0.04* | 4 | 4.75 ± 0.19 | 0.45 | 0.67#
| |
GSTM1
| +/+ | 102 | 5.97 ± 0.78 | 71 | 4.26 ± 0.85 | 0.39 | ||
–/– | 23 | 6.43 ± 0.16 | 0.60 | 29 | 4.61 ± 0.10 | 0.28 | 0.07 | |
GSTT1
| +/+ | 101 | 5.88 ± 0.69 | 88 | 4.23 ± 0.64 | 0.16 | ||
–/– | 24 | 6.82 ± 0.17 |
0.02* | 12 | 5.35 ± 0.10 | 0.63 |
0.04* |
Multiple regression analysis of different variants in lung cancer patients
Variable | Unstandardised coeeficients | Standardized coefficients |
t
| Sig. | 95 % confidence interval for B
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower bound | Upper bound | ||||||
B
a
| Standard errorb
| ||||||
Age | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.012 | 1.241 | 0.216 | 0.000 | 0.002 |
Sex | −0.017 | 0.014 | −0.015 | −1.245 | 0.215 | −0.044 | 0.010 |
Smoking | −0.005 | 0.008 | −0.009 | −0.624 |
0.034* | −0.021 | 0.011 |
Passive smoking | −0.003 | 0.018 | −0.002 | −0.165 | 0.869 | −0.038 | 0.032 |
Histology | −0.049 | 0.009 | −0.094 | −5.402 |
0.000* | −0.067 | −0.031 |
Stage | −0.173 | 0.017 | −0.463 | −9.935 |
0.000* | −0.207 | −0.138 |
Alcohol | 0.007 | 0.011 | 0.007 | 0.639 | 0.523 | −0.015 | 0.030 |
Diet | −0.001 | 0.013 | −0.001 | −0.063 | 0.950 | −0.026 | 0.025 |
Place of living | −0.004 | 0.006 | −0.007 | −0.666 | 0.506 | −0.015 | 0.007 |
Familial | −0.018 | 0.023 | −0.008 | −0.769 | 0.443 | −0.063 | 0.027 |
MDA | 0.026 | 0.013 | 0.083 | 1.991 |
0.048* | 0.000 | 0.052 |
GPx | −0.005 | 0.001 | −0.199 | −9.468 |
0.000* | −0.006 | −0.004 |
SOD | −0.005 | 0.000 | 0.012 | 0.494 | 0.622 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
8-OHdG | 0.019 | 0.012 | 0.045 | 1.622 | 0.106 | −0.004 | 0.043 |
CYPM1 | −0.003 | 0.007 | −0.003 | −0.376 |
0.007* | −0.016 | 0.011 |
CYPM2 | −0.002 | 0.008 | −0.003 | −0.268 | 0.789 | −0.019 | 0.014 |
GSTM1
| −0.008 | 0.015 | −0.006 | −0.512 | 0.609 | −0.037 | 0.022 |
GSTT1
| −0.020 | 0.018 | −0.014 | −1.072 |
0.025* | −0.056 | 0.017 |