Introduction
Materials and methods
Sample
Diagnostic assessment
Assessment of offspring psychopathology
Assessments of parental psychopathology
Assignment of parental diagnoses
Assessment of family environment
Statistical analysis
Results
Cumulative lifetime incidences up to age 28 for SAD
Parental psychopathology and the risk for offspring SAD
Parental psychopathology | Offspring SAD status | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No SAD (N = 537) | Symptomatic SAD (N = 244) | Subthreshold SAD (N = 190) | DSM-IV threshold SAD (N = 82) | Symptomatic vs. no SAD | Subthreshold vs. no SAD | DSM-IV threshold vs. no SAD | ||||||||||||||||||
N
| %w** | %w*** |
N
| %w** | %w*** |
N
| %w** | %w*** |
N
| %w** | %w*** | OR | 95% CI |
P
| OR | 95% CI |
P
| OR | 95% CI |
P
| ||||
Social anxiety disorder | 67 | 12.10 | 48.35 | 36 | 13.77 | 24.82 | 22 | 11.67 | 16.75 | 12 | 17.41 | 10.08 | 1.30 | 0.76 | 2.23 | 0.342 | 1.44 | 0.75 | 2.78 | 0.271 |
3.21
|
1.21
|
8.49
|
0.019
|
Any other anxiety disordera
| 179 | 53.72 | 46.85 | 81 | 58.87 | 22.20 | 83 | 69.50 | 20.82 | 42 | 80.42 | 10.13 | 1.23 | 0.80 | 1.90 | 0.347 |
1.92
|
1.17
|
3.16
|
0.010
|
3.44
|
1.58
|
7.53
|
0.002
|
Any depressive disorderb
| 178 | 53.80 | 47.81 | 83 | 56.89 | 20.83 | 86 | 70.53 | 22.25 | 37 | 78.42 | 9.11 | 1.13 | 0.73 | 1.73 | 0.584 |
1.99
|
1.21
|
3.26
|
0.006
|
2.99
|
1.35
|
6.59
|
0.007
|
Any alcohol use disorderc
| 144 | 47.87 | 47.67 | 66 | 52.04 | 21.65 | 62 | 64.87 | 21.71 | 27 | 73.89 | 8.98 | 1.17 | 0.74 | 1.83 | 0.509 |
1.96
|
1.16
|
3.30
|
0.011
|
3.07
|
1.34
|
7.03
|
0.008
|
Any disorderd
| 381 | 70.90 | 48.27 | 185 | 75.21 | 23.10 | 155 | 81.66 | 19.98 | 72 | 87.73 | 8.65 | 1.23 | 0.85 | 1.79 | 0.275 |
1.77
|
1.12
|
2.80
|
0.014
|
2.88
|
1.37
|
6.07
|
0.005
|
No anxiety, depressive or alcohol use disorder* | 156 | 29.10 | 59.81 | 59 | 24.79 | 22.99 | 35 | 18.34 | 13.54 | 10 | 12.27 | 3.65 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Family environment and the risk for offspring SAD
Family environment | Offspring SAD status | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No SAD | Symptomatic SAD | Subthreshold SAD | DSM-IV threshold SAD | Symptomatic versus no SAD | Subthreshold versus no SAD | DSM-IV threshold versus no SAD | ||||||||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ORa
| 95% CI |
P
| ORb
| 95% CI |
P
| ORc
| 95% CI |
P
| ||||
Parenting style (FEE)
| ||||||||||||||||||||
Overprotection | 13.25 | 2.74 | 13.41 | 2.86 | 13.75 | 3.16 | 14.64 | 3.28 | 1.02 | 0.96 | 1.08 | 0.583 |
1.08
|
1.01
|
1.16
|
0.021
|
1.19
|
1.09
|
1.30
|
0.000
|
Emotional warmth | 23.79 | 3.92 | 23.54 | 3.71 | 23.28 | 4.08 | 22.21 | 4.94 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 1.04 | 0.832 | 0.96 | 0.92 | 1.01 | 0.106 |
0.90
|
0.83
|
0.97
|
0.007
|
Rejection | 9.43 | 1.50 | 9.69 | 1.74 | 9.72 | 1.72 | 10.38 | 2.50 | 1.08 | 0.97 | 1.19 | 0.156 |
1.12
|
1.01
|
1.25
|
0.043
|
1.34
|
1.15
|
1.55
|
0.000
|
Family functioning (FAD)
| ||||||||||||||||||||
General functioning | 1.60 | 0.41 | 1.65 | 0.44 | 1.67 | 0.43 | 1.68 | 0.47 | 1.24 | 0.84 | 1.83 | 0.289 | 1.30 | 0.86 | 1.96 | 0.206 | 1.51 | 0.81 | 2.80 | 0.190 |
Offspring SAD status | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Symptomatic SAD | Subthreshold SAD | DSM-IV threshold SAD | ||||||||||
OR | 95% CI |
P
| OR | 95% CI |
P
| OR | 95% CI |
P
| ||||
Parental psychopathology status, controlled for parenting style (FEE)
| ||||||||||||
Social anxiety disorder | 1.32 | 0.75 | 2.36 | 0.338 | 1.43 | 0.71 | 2.92 | 0.319 |
3.27
|
1.14
|
9.34
|
0.027
|
Any other anxiety disordera
| 1.26 | 0.79 | 2.02 | 0.326 |
2.01
|
1.18
|
3.44
|
0.011
|
3.02
|
1.31
|
6.98
|
0.010
|
Any depressive disorderb
| 1.15 | 0.73 | 1.82 | 0.539 |
1.94
|
1.14
|
3.31
|
0.015
|
2.71
|
1.16
|
6.34
|
0.022
|
Any alcohol use disorderc
| 1.19 | 0.73 | 1.93 | 0.490 |
1.91
|
1.08
|
3.38
|
0.026
|
2.86
|
1.18
|
6.97
|
0.021
|
Any disorderd
| 1.25 | 0.84 | 1.88 | 0.273 |
1.80
|
1.09
|
2.95
|
0.021
|
2.74
|
1.23
|
6.12
|
0.014
|
Parenting style (FEE), controlled for parental psychopathology
| ||||||||||||
Overprotection | 1.02 | 0.96 | 1.08 | 0.584 |
1.08
|
1.01
|
1.16
|
0.021
|
1.18
|
1.08
|
1.29
|
0.000
|
Emotional warmth | 1.00 | 0.96 | 1.04 | 0.875 | 0.96 | 0.92 | 1.01 | 0.130 |
0.91
|
0.84
|
0.98
|
0.012
|
Rejection | 1.08 | 0.97 | 1.19 | 0.159 |
1.12
|
1.00
|
1.25
|
0.048
|
1.33
|
1.15
|
1.54
|
0.000
|