Background
Attempted suicide in young women and the relationship with ethnicity
Migration history of Caribbean and Cape-Verdean immigrants in the Netherlands
Risk factors for attempted suicide among girls of Caribbean and Cape-Verdean descent
Methods
Study design and procedure
Ethnicity
Dependent variable
Independent variables
Household structure
Emotional problems
Externalizing problems
Sexual abuse
Socio-economic status and educational track
Statistical analyses
Results
Sample description
Dutch | Creole-Surinamese | Antillean | Cape- Verdean | |
---|---|---|---|---|
N = 4691 | N = 130 | N = 357 | N = 433 | |
%, mean (sd)a | %, mean (sd)a | %, mean (sd)a | %, mean (sd)a | |
Socio-demographic factors | ||||
Age | ||||
14 | 56.6% | 48.5% | 36.4% | 37.9% |
15 | 38.4% | 36.2% | 48.5% | 51.3% |
16 | 4.9% | 15.4% | 15.1% | 10.9% |
Level of Education | ||||
Vocational Track | 43.0% | 76.0% | 89.5% | 82.0% |
Middle Track | 25.7% | 14.7% | 6.8% | 9.2% |
University Track | 31.3% | 9.3% | 3.7% | 8.8% |
SES score (−2.7–3.8)b | 0.16 (1.13) | 1.59 (1.35) | 1.71 (1.12) | 2.13 (1.09) |
Does not live with 2 biological parents (yes) | 22.9% | 71.1% | 75.2% | 55.0% |
Trauma | ||||
Sexual abuse (yes) | 8.0% | 9.2% | 11.0% | 8.9% |
Problems | ||||
Emotional problems (0–100) | 73.9 (15.1) | 70.7 (18.3) | 72.2 (18.2) | 73.9 (17.2) |
Aggressive behavior | ||||
Never | 75.4% | 42.3% | 40.8% | 46.2% |
Occasional | 21.5% | 42.3% | 46.2% | 42.5% |
Frequent | 3.1% | 15.4% | 13.0% | 11.4% |
Rates of attempted suicide
Dutch | Creole-Surinamese | Antillean | Cape-Verdean | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 4691 | N = 130 | N = 357 | N = 433 | |||||
N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | |
Attempted Suicide | ||||||||
No | 4264 | (90.9) | 110 | (84.6) | 307 | (86.0) | 397 | (91.7) |
Yes | 427 | (9.1) | 20 | (15.4)a | 50 | (14.0)b | 36 | (8.3) |
Associations between risk indicators and attempted suicide within the Caribbean groups, Cape Verdean Dutch group and majority Dutch group
Dutch (N = 4691) | Creole-Surinamese (N = 130) | Antillean (N = 357) | Cape Verdean (N = 433) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No SA (N = 4264) | SA (N = 427) | P | No SA (N = 110) | SA (N = 20) | P | No SA (N = 307) | SA (N = 50) | P | No SA (N = 397) | SA (N = 36) | P | |
Level of Educational, % | ||||||||||||
Low | 40.6 | 67.1 | <.001 | 75.2 | 80.0 | .77 | 89.8 | 87.8 | .61 | 81.6 | 86.1 | .75 |
Middle | 26.3 | 19.7 | 14.7 | 15.0 | 6.9 | 6.1 | 9.3 | 8.3 | ||||
High | 33.1 | 13.1 | 10.1 | 5.0 | 3.3 | 6.1 | 9.1 | 5.6 | ||||
SES score, mean (SD) | .15 (1.12) | .32 (1.23) | .003 | 1.54 (1.40) | 1.84 (1.06) | .37 | 1.68 (1.13) | 1.97 (0.98) | .12 | 2.12 (1.11) | 2.22 (0.81) | .62 |
Not living with 2 biological parents, % | 21.5 | 36.5 | <.001 | 68.5 | 85.5 | .14 | 75.7 | 72.0 | .57 | 53.9 | 66.7 | .14 |
Sexual abuse, % | 6.2 | 26.5 | <.001 | 5.5 | 30.0 | <.001 | 7.9 | 30.0 | <.001 | 6.9 | 30.6 | <.001 |
Emotional problems, mean (SD) | 75.3 (14.1) | 60.0 (18.0) | <.001 | 74.3 (14.8) | 51.3 (23.1) | <.001 | 74.9 (16.5) | 55.8 (19.4) | <.001 | 75.4 (16.2) | 58.3 (20.3) | <.001 |
Aggressive behavior, % | ||||||||||||
Never | 78.0 | 48.6 | <.001 | 43.6 | 35.0 | .72 | 42.8 | 28.6 | <.001 | 47.5 | 31.4 | .19 |
Occasional | 19.6 | 40.6 | 41.8 | 45.0 | 47.4 | 38.8 | 41.4 | 54.3 | ||||
Frequent | 2.3 | 10.8 | 14.5 | 20.0 | 9.8 | 32.7 | 11.1 | 14.3 |
Dutch (N = 4691) | Creole-Surinamese (N = 130) | Antillean (N = 357) | Cape Verdean (N = 433) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Level of education | ||||
Vocational track | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Middle track | 0.56 (0.42–0.74)** | 0.38 (0.04–3.75) | 0.16 (0.02–1.52) | 0.68 (0.17–2.67) |
University track | 0.35 (0.25–0.49)** | 0.10 (0.00–2.73) | 2.18 (0.45–10.48) | 0.60 (0.13–2.79) |
SES | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 1.39 (0.85–2.29) | 1.38 (0.95–2.10) | 1.24 (0.83–1.84) |
Not living with 2 biological parents | 1.44 (1.13–1.84)** | 0.92 (0.19–4.37) | 0.63 (0.26–1.52) | 1.21 (0.54–2.70) |
Sexual abuse | 2.52 (1.87–3.40)** | 4.00 (0.63–25.65) | 4.21 (1.56–11.35)** | 4.39 (1.79–10.78)** |
Emotional problems | 0.86 (0.85–0.88) ** | 0.80 (0.71–0.91) ** | 0.86 (0.81–0.91)** | 0.88 (0.83–0.93)** |
Aggressive behavior | ||||
Never | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Sometimes | 2.09 (1.63–2.68)** | 0.63 (0.16–2.47) | 1.06 (0.43–2.60) | 2.07 (0.88–4.84) |
Frequent | 4.40 (2.81–6.88)** | 0.58 (0.08–4.11) | 4.88 (1.71–13.94)** | 1.12 (0.29–4.27) |
R square of the model (Nagelkerke) | 0.26 | 0.41 | 0.34 | 0.22 |
Testing a model of risk indicators of suicidal behavior across majority Dutch, Caribbean and Cape Verdean ethnicity
Suicidal behavior (Model 1)a | Suicidal behavior (Model 2)a | Suicidal behavior (Model 3)a | Suicidal behavior (Model 4)a | Suicidal behavior (Model 5)a | Suicidal behavior (Model 6)a | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) P | OR (95% CI) P | OR (95% CI) P | OR (95% CI) P | OR (95% CI) P | OR (95% CI) P | |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Dutch | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Creole-Surinamese Dutch | 1.82 (1.12–2.95) .02 | 1.11 (0.67–1.86) .68 | 1.83 (1.11–3.03) 02 | 1.51 (0.89–2.58) .13 | 1.12 (0.68–1.87) .65 | 0.80 (0.45–1.44) .47 |
Antillean Dutch | 1.63 (1.19–2.23) .002 | 0.73 (0.50–1.06) .10 | 1.57 (1.14–2.18) .007 | 1.39 (0.98–1.98) .06 | 1.00 (0.72–1.39) .99 | 0.59 (0.39–0.89) .01 |
Cape Verdean Dutch | 0.91 (0.64–1.29) .58 | 0.53 (0.36–0.80) .002 | 0.90 (0.62–1.29) .56 | 0.82 (0.56–1.20) .82 | 0.57 (0.40–0.83) .003 | 0.41 (0.27–0.64) < .001 |
Socio-demographic factors | ||||||
Level of education | ||||||
Vocational track | REF | REF | ||||
Middle track | 0.52 (0.40–0.66) < .001 | 0.55 (0.42–0.72) < .001 | ||||
University track | 0.30 (0.22–0.40) < .001 | 0.38 (0.27–0.51) < .001 | ||||
Socioeconomic status | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) .49 | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) .37 | ||||
Not living with 2 biological parents | 1.75 (1.43–2.15) < .001 | 1.37 (1.09–1.71) .006 | ||||
Trauma | ||||||
Sexual abuse | 5.54 (4.43–6.92) < .001 | 2.72 (2.09–3.54) < .001 | ||||
Internalizing Problems | ||||||
Emotional problems | 0.85 (0.84–0.87) < .001 | 0.86 (0.85–0.88) < .001 | ||||
Externalizing behavior | ||||||
Aggressive behavior | ||||||
Never | REF | REF | ||||
Occasional | 2.95 (2.42–3.60) < .001 | 1.94 (1.55–2.43) < .001 | ||||
Frequent | 6.19 (4.51–8.47) < .001 | 3.72 (2.56–5.39) < .001 |