Introduction
Materials and methods
Visual CT evaluation
Computer-based CT evaluation
Airway segmentation
Airway quantification using AirQuant
Statistical analysis
Results
Variable | Selected patients | Excluded patients | p value |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 90) | (n = 60) | ||
Median age (range) | 66 (44–86) | 66 (42–84) | 0.642 |
Gender (male/female) | 71/19 | 43/17 | 0.310 |
Survival (alive/dead) | 50/40 | 18/42 | 0.002 |
Median follow-up in years (range) | 2.68 (0.51–9.64) | 3.43 (0.39–12.37) | 0.619 |
Smoking (never/ever) | 25/65 | 24/36 | 0.118 |
Antifibrotic (never/ever) | 17/73 | 14/46 | 0.510 |
UIP (definite/probable/indeterminate) | 40/50/0 | 32/26/2 | 0.098 |
ILD extent | 42.64 + / − 12.17 | 50.10 + / − 13.21 | 0.001 |
FVC % predicted | 77.17 + / − 22.02 | 66.01 + / − 19.33 | 0.003 |
DLco % predicted | 50.56 + / − 16.33 | 46.90 + / − 21.61 | 0.315 |
Intersegmental tapering | 29.48 + / − 3.84 | NA | NA |
Segmental tortuosity | 0.18 + / − 1.00 | NA | NA |
Total segment count | 118.19 + / − 26.93 | NA | NA |
Variable | Hazard ratio | 95% CI-lower | 95% CI-upper | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.995 | 0.959 | 1.033 | 0.799 |
Gender | 0.246 | 0.087 | 0.697 | 0.008 |
Smoking | 2.875 | 1.262 | 6.550 | 0.012 |
Antifibrotic | 0.441 | 0.205 | 0.948 | 0.036 |
ILD extent | 1.049 | 1.021 | 1.078 | 0.001 |
Traction bronchiectasis extent | 1.145 | 1.058 | 1.239 | 0.001 |
Traction bronchiectasis severity | 1.143 | 1.052 | 1.243 | 0.002 |
UIP | 0.649 | 0.343 | 1.226 | 0.182 |
FVC | 0.988 | 0.971 | 1.006 | 0.197 |
DLco | 0.956 | 0.927 | 0.985 | 0.004 |
Intersegmental tapering | 0.816 | 0.745 | 0.895 | < 0.001 |
Segmental tortuosity | 1.543 | 1.119 | 2.128 | 0.008 |
Total segment count | 1.018 | 1.006 | 1.031 | 0.004 |
Variable | Hazard ratio | 95% CI-lower | 95% CI-upper | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 1.003 | 0.955 | 1.054 | 0.901 |
Gender | 0.244 | 0.051 | 1.154 | 0.075 |
Smoking | 2.367 | 0.685 | 8.174 | 0.173 |
Antifibrotic | 0.249 | 0.099 | 0.627 | 0.003 |
UIP | 0.451 | 0.218 | 0.933 | 0.032 |
FVC | 1.011 | 0.991 | 1.031 | 0.293 |
Intersegmental tapering | 0.749 | 0.664 | 0.845 | < 0.001 |
Age | 1.024 | 0.975 | 1.075 | 0.348 |
Gender | 0.151 | 0.033 | 0.692 | 0.015 |
Smoking | 1.527 | 0.468 | 4.988 | 0.483 |
Antifibrotic | 0.273 | 0.109 | 0.686 | 0.006 |
UIP | 0.575 | 0.269 | 1.226 | 0.152 |
FVC | 1.007 | 0.988 | 1.027 | 0.459 |
Segmental tortuosity | 1.736 | 1.222 | 2.466 | 0.002 |
Age | 1.014 | 0.972 | 1.058 | 0.519 |
Gender | 0.362 | 0.084 | 1.568 | 0.174 |
Smoking | 1.755 | 0.602 | 5.118 | 0.303 |
Antifibrotic | 0.216 | 0.092 | 0.510 | < 0.001 |
UIP | 0.473 | 0.233 | 0.961 | 0.038 |
FVC | 0.997 | 0.975 | 1.019 | 0.771 |
Total segment count | 1.013 | 0.999 | 1.026 | 0.067 |
Variable | Hazard ratio | 95% CI-lower | 95% CI-upper | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 1.026 | 0.974 | 1.082 | 0.328 |
Gender | 0.599 | 0.097 | 3.703 | 0.581 |
Smoking | 3.173 | 0.738 | 13.643 | 0.121 |
Antifibrotic | 0.260 | 0.093 | 0.728 | 0.010 |
UIP | 0.598 | 0.262 | 1.367 | 0.223 |
DLco | 0.974 | 0.941 | 1.008 | 0.133 |
Intersegmental tapering | 0.769 | 0.670 | 0.882 | < 0.001 |
Age | 1.047 | 0.992 | 1.105 | 0.097 |
Gender | 0.297 | 0.055 | 1.608 | 0.159 |
Smoking | 2.095 | 0.523 | 8.393 | 0.296 |
Antifibrotic | 0.316 | 0.115 | 0.868 | 0.025 |
UIP | 0.755 | 0.318 | 1.794 | 0.525 |
DLco | 0.970 | 0.939 | 1.002 | 0.069 |
Segmental tortuosity | 1.818 | 1.204 | 2.746 | 0.004 |
Age | 1.012 | 0.971 | 1.054 | 0.582 |
Gender | 0.484 | 0.125 | 1.877 | 0.294 |
Smoking | 1.628 | 0.550 | 4.816 | 0.379 |
Antifibrotic | 0.199 | 0.084 | 0.472 | < 0.001 |
UIP | 0.619 | 0.299 | 1.284 | 0.198 |
DLco | 0.962 | 0.932 | 0.993 | 0.017 |
Total segment count | 1.016 | 1.002 | 1.030 | 0.022 |
Variable | Hazard ratio | 95% CI-lower | 95% CI-upper | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.984 | 0.941 | 1.028 | 0.459 |
Gender | 0.684 | 0.168 | 2.775 | 0.595 |
Smoking | 3.892 | 1.316 | 11.508 | 0.014 |
Antifibrotic | 0.291 | 0.128 | 0.659 | 0.003 |
Traction bronchiectasis extent | 1.081 | 0.979 | 1.195 | 0.123 |
Intersegmental tapering | 0.812 | 0.724 | 0.911 | < 0.001 |
Age | 0.997 | 0.956 | 1.041 | 0.906 |
Gender | 0.448 | 0.120 | 1.669 | 0.231 |
Smoking | 2.889 | 1.058 | 7.886 | 0.038 |
Antifibrotic | 0.233 | 0.102 | 0.533 | 0.001 |
Traction bronchiectasis extent | 1.117 | 1.018 | 1.226 | 0.019 |
Segmental tortuosity | 1.491 | 1.059 | 2.100 | 0.022 |
Age | 1.002 | 0.960 | 1.045 | 0.943 |
Gender | 0.586 | 0.166 | 2.071 | 0.406 |
Smoking | 2.838 | 1.045 | 7.703 | 0.041 |
Antifibrotic | 0.239 | 0.103 | 0.553 | 0.001 |
Traction bronchiectasis extent | 1.136 | 1.037 | 1.245 | 0.006 |
Total segment count | 1.005 | 0.992 | 1.018 | 0.434 |
Variable | Hazard ratio | 95% CI-lower | 95% CI-upper | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.985 | 0.942 | 1.029 | 0.498 |
Gender | 0.637 | 0.157 | 2.590 | 0.528 |
Smoking | 3.855 | 1.280 | 11.608 | 0.016 |
Antifibrotic | 0.265 | 0.113 | 0.623 | 0.002 |
Traction bronchiectasis severity | 1.077 | 0.968 | 1.199 | 0.173 |
Intersegmental tapering | 0.815 | 0.725 | 0.915 | 0.001 |
Age | 0.997 | 0.955 | 1.041 | 0.905 |
Gender | 0.443 | 0.116 | 1.694 | 0.234 |
Smoking | 3.071 | 1.080 | 8.732 | 0.035 |
Antifibrotic | 0.200 | 0.084 | 0.477 | < 0.001 |
Traction bronchiectasis severity | 1.126 | 1.020 | 1.242 | 0.019 |
Segmental tortuosity | 1.489 | 1.061 | 2.091 | 0.021 |
Age | 1.002 | 0.960 | 1.045 | 0.940 |
Gender | 0.633 | 0.172 | 2.333 | 0.492 |
Smoking | 3.019 | 1.064 | 8.565 | 0.038 |
Antifibrotic | 0.193 | 0.080 | 0.464 | < 0.001 |
Traction bronchiectasis severity | 1.148 | 1.045 | 1.262 | 0.004 |
Total segment count | 1.008 | 0.995 | 1.021 | 0.229 |