Pleural effusion (PE) can be divided into benign pleural effusion (BPE) and malignant pleural effusion (MPE). There is no consensus on the identification of lung cancer-associated MPE using the optimal cut-off levels from five common tumor biomarkers (CEA, CYFRA 21-1, CA125, SCC-Ag, and NSE). Therefore, we aimed to find indicators for the auxiliary diagnosis of lung cancer-associated MPE by analyzing and then validating the optimal threshold levels of these biomarkers in pleural fluid (PF) and serum, as well as the PF/serum ratio.
Patients and method
The study has two sets of patients, i.e. the training set and the test set. In the training set, 348 patients with PE, between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2017, were divided into BPE and MPE based on the cytological diagnosis. Subsequently, the optimal cut-off levels of tumor biomarkers were analyzed. In the test set, the diagnostic compliance rate was verified with 271 patients with PE from January 1, 2018 to July 31, 2019 to evaluate the auxiliary diagnostic value of the aforementioned indicators.
Result
In the training set, PF CEA at the cut-off value of 5.23 ng/ml was the most effective indicator for MPE compared with other tumor biomarkers (all p < 0.001). In the test set, PF CEA at the cut-off value of 5.23 ng/ml showed the highest sensitivity, specificity and accuracy, positive and negative predictive value among other tumor biomarkers, which were 99.0%, 69.1%, 91.6%, 90.7%, and 95.9%, respectively.
Conclusion
PF CEA at the cut-off level of 5.23 ng/ml was the most effective indicator for identifying lung cancer-associated MPE among the five common tumor biomarkers.
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Abkürzungen
PE
Pleural effusion
MPE
Malignant pleural effusion
BPE
Benign pleural effusion
PF
Pleural fluid
CEA
Carcinoembryonic antigen
CYFRA 21-1
Cytokeratin 19 fragment
SCC
Squamous cells cancer antigen
NSE
Neuron-specific enolase
CA125
Cancer antigen 125
ECOG
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
PS
Performance status
PF/S
PF value divided by serum value
ROC
Receiver operating characteristic
AUC
Area under the curve
Background
Pleural effusion (PE) can be roughly divided into benign pleural effusion (BPE) and malignant pleural effusion (MPE). MPE is a common complication of lung cancer, and patients are usually diagnosed with stage IV [1, 2]. Approximately 15% of lung cancer patients have PE at the time of initial diagnosis, and 50% of patients have PE during the course of lung cancer [3]. The presence of MPE usually indicates a poor prognosis. The median survival of patients with untreated MPE is only 4 months [1]. MPE can also significantly reduce patients' quality of life [4]. Therefore, the occurrence of MPE in lung cancer should be identified as soon as possible.
The most common way to distinguish between MPE and BPE depends on the cytological analysis of pleural fluid (PF). This method is 100% specific, but the sensitivity is only 60% [5]. When PE cytology is not indicative, the diagnosis can be confirmed by pleural biopsy or thoracoscopy [6, 7]. However, a previous study has shown that pleural biopsy can only diagnose 7% of patients with negative PF cytology [8]. In addition, the area for pleural biopsy to enter the thoracic cavity is limited, and the malignant pleura may be scattered in hard-to-reach areas or confined to the surface of the visceral pleura. Hence, not all patients are suitable for this invasive surgery [9].Therefore, when the nature of PE cannot be determined by cytology, tumor biomarkers in PF are considered as a viable option to distinguish between MPE and BPE.
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Conventional tumor biomarkers include carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA 21-1), squamous cells cancer (SCC) antigen, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and cancer antigen 125 (CA125) [10]. To our knowledge, no consensus on the optimal cut-off level for these biomarkers in the auxiliary identification of lung cancer-associated MPE. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed and then verified the optimal cut-off level of such biomarkers in PF and serum, as well as the PF/serum ratio for the auxiliary diagnosis of lung cancer-associated MPE.
Patients and methods
The clinical data of 619 patients with PE admitted to the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine of Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University from January 01, 2016 to July 31, 2019 were selected and analyzed retrospectively. Patients were divided into the training set and the test set, i.e. patients from January 01, 2016 to December 31, 2017 formed the training set, and the patients from January 1, 2018 to July 31, 2019 formed the test set.
The MPE or BPE was diagnosed based on the cytology and follow-up (at least 6 months). Both the training set and test set followed the same diagnostic criteria for lung cancer-associated MPE, which included (1) lung cancer diagnosed by the cytological diagnosis of PF or other ways such as bronchoscopy; (2) no other malignancies. The criteria for BPE were as follow: (1) no tumor cells were found in PF; (2) the PE vanished after etiological treatment and thoracentesis, and then did not recur; and (3) no cancer diagnosis was established during the follow-up.
The following patients were excluded: (1) PE caused by mesothelioma (some studies demonstrated that CEA did not increase significantly when mesothelioma caused PF [10, 11]); (2) MPE caused by other organ’s tumor; (3) no lung cancer cells found in PF of patients with confirmed lung cancer; and (4) the pathological type undetermined by all means.
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Study design
Patient medical records and follow-up data were collected and analyzed. The detailed data were as follows: age, sex, smoking history, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS), level of tumor biomarkers (CEA, CYFRA 21-1, CA125, SCC-Ag, and NSE) in PF and serum, and the PF/serum ratios. Patient information was classified based on age (< 60 years or ≥ 60 years), sex (male or female), smoking history (yes or no), and ECOG PS (0–1 or 2–3). The patients were divided into the MPE group and the BPE group by cytological diagnosis. The pathological types of patients with MPE were also recorded. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee and the Institutional Review Board and was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. All patients consented to the use of their data for research and signed written informed consent before the collection of information.
Detection of tumor biomarkers in PF and serum
All enrolled subjects underwent standard thoracentesis within 24 h of admission. PF and serum samples were collected from patients and then transported to the Department of Laboratory Medicine within 30 min after collection. All measurements were performed following the manufacturer’s instruction. The Tellgen Super Multiplex Immunoassay (TESMI™) Tumor Marker Panel (5-markers) (Tellgen Corporation, Shanghai, China), based on the TESMI system technology, was used to detect the concentration of tumor biomarkers in the samples. The upper limit of normal CEA, CYFRA 21-1, CA125, SCC-Ag and NSE in serum was defined as a cut-off value of 5.0 ng/ml, 5.0 ng/ml, 35.0 U/ml, 1.5 ng/ml, and 25.0 ng/ml, respectively.
Statistical analysis
The data from the two groups were analyzed using the χ2 test. In the training set, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the best cut-off levels of each tumor biomarker, and the area under the curve (AUC) of each tumor biomarker was calculated. The threshold was selected based on the highest diagnostic efficacy having achieved equilibrium between sensitivity and specificity by using Youden’s index. The P value of each biomarker was obtained by comparing the difference of each biomarker’s level between BPE and MPE. Furthermore, the effective tumor biomarkers were defined as biomarkers with an AUC value greater than 0.7 [13]. In test set, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy, positive and negative predictive values of the effective tumor biomarkers for lung cancer-associated MPE were calculated. SPSS 23.0 software was used for statistical analysis and P < 0.05 indicated statistical significance.
Results
Patient characteristics
A total of 855 patients were diagnosed with PE. Among them, 236 patients who did not meet the enrollment criteria were therefore excluded from the study. Finally, 619 eligible patients were included and reviewed in this study. The patients’ selection flowchart is shown in Fig. 1. 348 patients from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2017 formed the training set (274 patients with lung cancer and 74 patients with benign lung diseases), and 271 patients from January 1, 2018 to July 31, 2019 formed the test set (222 patients with lung cancer and 49 patients with benign lung diseases). Whether in the training set or the test set, no difference was observed in age, sex, smoking history, and ECOG PS between the MPE group and the BPE group. The baseline of patient characteristics is listed in Table 1.
Fig. 1
The patients’ selection flowchart
Table 1
Comparison of baseline characteristics between the MPE group and the BPE group in both the training set and test set
aThe value of % was calculated among the number of cancer type
bThe value of % was calculated among the number of no-lung cancer type
×
The diagnostic performance of tumor biomarkers for lung cancer-associated MPE in the training set.
ROC analysis was performed to determine the cut-off levels of sensitivity and specificity of each tumor biomarker. The effective tumor biomarkers were defined as biomarkers with an AUC value greater than 0.7. The detailed ROC analysis of each tumor biomarker is listed in Table 2. The diagnostic values of effective indicators were as follows: when the cut-off value of PF CEA was 5.23 ng/ml, the sensitivity and specificity were 89.8% and 98.6%, respectively, and with an AUC of 0.978. At the cut-off value of 2.7 ng/ml in serum CEA, the sensitivity and specificity were 81.4% and 86.5%, respectively, and with an AUC of 0.900. Moreover, the sensitivity and specificity of the PF/serum ratio of CEA were 82.5% and 86.5%, respectively, with an AUC of 0.896 at the cut-off value of 1.365. The sensitivity and specificity of PF CYFRA 21-1 and serum CYFRA21-1 were 67.9% and 90.5%, and 77.7% and 73.0%, with an AUC of 0.853 and 0.812, respectively, when the cut-off value was set at 31.39 ng/ml and 2.09 ng/ml, respectively. The other tumor biomarkers, including SCC-Ag, NSE and CA125, did not have an AUC of more than 0.7.
Table 2
Diagnostic performance of tumor biomarkers in pleural fluid of lung cancer-associated MPE
Sensitivity (%)
Specificity (%)
Criterion
AUC
P
CEA
PF
89.8
98.6
5.23 ng/ml
0.978
< 0.001
Serum
81.4
86.5
2.7 ng/ml
0.900
< 0.001
PF/Serum
82.5
86.5
1.365
0.896
< 0.001
CYFRA 21-1
PF
67.9
90.5
31.39 ng/ml
0.853
< 0.001
Serum
77.7
73.0
2.09 ng/ml
0.812
< 0.001
PF/Serum
80.1
45.9
4.38
0.675
< 0.001
SCC-Ag
PF
69.3
54.1
1.9 ng/ml
0.609
0.004
Serum
61.7
56.8
0.6 ng/ml
0.610
0.002
PF/Serum
70.8
60.8
2.41
0.659
< 0.001
NSE
PF
69.0
45.9
8.65 ng/ml
0.600
0.007
Serum
50.3
78.4
18.78 ng/ml
0.667
< 0.001
PF/Serum
16.8
93.2
2.41
0.530
0.426
CA125
PF
61.2
75.7
698.2 ng/ml
0.698
< 0.001
Serum
32.8
82.4
126 ng/ml
0.558
0.098
PF/Serum
30.8
90.5
11.22
0.599
0.005
CEA carcinoembryonic antigen, CYFRA 21-1 cytokeratin 19 fragment, SCC-Ag squamous cells cancer antigen, NSE neuron-specific enolase, CA125 cancer antigen 125, PF pleural fluid, PF/Serum PF value divided by serum value
Comparison of tumor biomarker with ROC curves
Comparison results of tumor biomarkers are listed in Table 3. PF CEA showed the most discriminative ability (all P < 0.001). Furthermore, the ROC curves of PF CEA, serum CEA, PF/serum CEA, PF CYFRA 21-1, and serum CYFRA 21-1 to identify the most effective biomarkers are shown in Fig. 2. As a result, PF CEA was the most discriminative biomarker for lung cancer-associated MPE.
Table 3
Comparison of tumor biomarkers with an AUC greater than 0.7
PF CEA
Serum CEA
PF/serum CEA
PF CYFRA 21-1
Serum CEA
< 0.001
–
–
–
PF/serum CEA
< 0.001
0.885
–
–
PF CYFRA 21-1
< 0.001
0.067
0.132
–
Serum CYFRA 21-1
< 0.001
0.016
0.018
0.188
CEA carcinoembryonic antigen, CYFRA 21-1 cytokeratin 19 fragment, PF pleural fluid, PF/serum PF value divided by serum value
Fig. 2
The ROC curves of the tumor biomarkers to distinguish between MPE and BPE
×
The diagnostic performance of tumor biomarkers for lung cancer-associated MPE in the test set.
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The test set consisted of 271 patients (222 patients with lung cancer and 49 patients with non-lung cancer). The classification results are listed in Additional file 1. Table S1. And the verification results were shown in Fig. 3. Compared with other effective indicators, PF CEA at 5.23 ng/ml showed the highest diagnosis rate, and the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values were 99.0%, 69.1%, 91.6%, 90.7%, and 95.9%, respectively.
Fig. 3
The verification results among the effective tumor biomarkers
×
Discussion
This study examined the best cut-off levels of five common lung cancer biomarkers (CEA, CYFRA 21-1, CA125, SCC-Ag, and NSE) from PF, serum and the PF/serum ratio value for identifying lung cancer-associated MPE. It demonstrated that PF CEA was the most effective biomarker to identify lung cancer-associated MPE at the cut-off value of 5.23 ng/ml (sensitivity at 89.8%, specificity at 98.6%) in the training set. Furthermore, in the test set, PF CEA at 5.23 ng/ml showed the highest sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, positive and negative predictive values for lung cancer-associated MPE when compared with other tumor biomarkers. Therefore, it was concluded that PF CEA at the cut-off level of 5.23 ng/ml may be the most effective indicator for identifying lung cancer-associated MPE.
PE is a common and important complication, caused by many diseases, especially malignant tumors [14]. It is important to understand the etiology of PE, especially to distinguish between BPE and MPE [15]. Thoracentesis, as well as cytology and histology, is a preliminary diagnostic method of PE [6, 7]. However, these common methods sometimes can produce false negatives. Therefore, auxiliary indicators are needed to improve the accuracy of diagnosis. In recent years, tumor biomarkers have been found to be important in the differential diagnosis of PE [16]. Among these parameters, CEA, CYFRA 21-1, CA125, SCC-Ag, and NSE were found to have a more significant diagnostic value than others [10]. Some studies have shown that the tumor biomarkers in serum had good diagnostic significance, while other studies have shown that tumor biomarkers in PF had better identification significance than that in serum [17‐19]. Even some studies have shown that PF/serum ratio can be used as a good diagnostic indicator [20]. However, it was unclear which biomarkers were the most effective indicator in identifying MPE. In this study, the PF value, serum value, and PF/serum ratio of different tumor biomarkers were compared to find the best diagnostic indicator. The study demonstrated that CEA and CYFRA 21-1, especially PF CEA, serum CEA, PF/serum CEA, PF CYFRA 21-1 and serum CYFRA 21-1, had better auxiliary diagnostic significance than other biomarkers in defining lung cancer-associated MPE.
CEA, a glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion, is the earliest fetal embryo antigen, and is composed of a family of cell surface glycoproteins. It is usually produced during fetal development, but its production stops before birth. Therefore, it is usually not found in the blood of healthy adults [17, 21]. Currently, CEA in serum is the most convenient method to be used as a potential prognostic marker for lung cancer [21]. CYFRA 21-1 is a polypeptide that recognizes a soluble cytokeratin 19 fragment, and cytokeratin 19 is an acidic type I cytokeratin found in lung cancer cells [3, 22]. Therefore, CEA and CYFRA 21-1 are vital in the diagnosis of lung cancer. Some studies demonstrated that serum CEA and serum CYFRA 21-1 levels increased in patients with lung cancer [23, 24]. Also, CEA and CYFRA 21-1 levels increased in MPE patients when compared with BPE patients [19]. Although the aforementioned indicators have good accuracies, the tumor biomarkers with the highest accuracy are not known and needed to be determined.
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Therefore, this study further compared the value of different tumor biomarkers in the differential diagnosis of MPE. It showed that CEA was more indicative of MPE than other tumor biomarkers. More importantly, PF CEA had a better indicative value than serum CEA. One possible mechanism is that the tumor cells metastasize to the pleura through the direct invasion of the pleura or the blood [25, 26]. The tumor that invaded the pleura secreted tumor biomarkers into the pleural cavity, or the tumor biomarkers were released into the blood and were then diluted [27]. In addition, tumor cells might block lymphatic drainage and reduce tumor indicators into the blood, and therefore tumor biomarkers were concentrated in the chest cavity [28]. Consequently, the levels and positive rates of tumor biomarkers in PF were significantly higher than those in serum which was observed in the study.
Examinations were conducted in the test set to verify the validity of the results from the training set. Tumor biomarkers with an AUC greater than 0.7 were compared. This study confirmed the training set results. Compared with other tumor biomarkers, PF CEA with a cut-off point at 5.23 ng/ml demonstrated the highest diagnosis rate, and the highest sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, positive and negative predictive values for lung cancer-associated MPE. Therefore, the CEA cut-off level in PF at 5.23 ng/ml is the best indicator for identifying lung cancer-associated MPE. The normal upper limit of CEA in serum is 5 ng/ml, however, a slight increase of CEA in PF, that is 5.23 ng/ml, was indicative of MPE. This was a very significant result of the present study.
The study has several limitations. First, this is a single retrospective study and a non-randomized study. Second, the study patients were mainly patients with MPE related to lung cancer. For the accuracy of the indicators, patients diagnosed with lung cancer but no tumor cells in the PF were excluded. Last, as the majority of lung cancer types are adenocarcinoma in the study, the results may be suitable for lung adenocarcinoma-associated MPE. More samples from other types of lung cancer are needed for further study in the future.
Conclusion
In conclusion, a comparison of tumor indicators in PF and serum, and the PF/serum ratio of CYFRA 21-1, CA125, SCC-Ag and NSE revealed that PF CEA at a cut-off level of 5.23 ng/ml was the most effective indicator for identifying lung cancer-associated MPE.
This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee and the Institutional Review Board and was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration.
Consent for publication
All patients agreed that their information was used for research and signed written informed consent before the collection of information.
Competing interests
The authors state that they have no conflict of interests.
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