Background
Lower urinary tract symptoms
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Metabolic syndrome
Lower urinary tract symptoms and metabolic syndrome
Materials and methods
Study design, participants, setting, duration and ethical considerations
Sample size calculation
Variables and data collection
Statistical analysis
Results
Total sample N = 426 | |
---|---|
Age | 64 (58–70)* |
Age (categories) | |
40–50 | 20 (4.7%) |
51–60 | 127 (29.8%) |
61–70 | 188 (44.1%) |
71–80 | 75 (17.6%) |
> 80 | 16 (3.8%) |
BMIa | 28 (25–30)* |
BMI (categories) | |
< 25 | 134 (31.5%) |
25–30 | 234 (54.9%) |
> 30 | 58 (13.6%) |
Marital status | |
Married | 424 (99.5%) |
Not married | 2 (0.5%) |
Smoking | |
Yes | 254 (59.6%) |
No | 172 (40.4%) |
IPSSb | 19 (14–24)* |
IPSS severity | |
Mild | 52 (12.2%) |
Moderate | 174 (40.8%) |
Severe | 200 (46.9%) |
Blood pressure: SBPc ≥130 mmHg or/and DBPd ≥ 85 mmHg or on antihypertensive drug treatment | |
Yes | 263 (61.7%) |
No | 163 (38.3%) |
Fasting blood glucose: ≥ 110 mg/dl or on drug treatment for elevated glucose | |
Yes | 208 (48.8%) |
No | 218 (51.2%) |
Waist circumference: ≥ 102 cm | |
Yes | 129 (30.3%) |
No | 297 (69.7%) |
HDLe: ≤ 40 mg/dl | |
Yes | 280 (65.7%) |
No | 146 (34.3%) |
Triglycerides: ≥ 150 mg/dl or on drug treatment for elevated triglyceride | |
Yes | 271 (63.6%) |
No | 155 (36.4%) |
Metabolic syndrome | |
Yes | 197 (46.2%) |
No | 229 (53.8%) |
Prostate Volume | 40 (30–55)* |
With MetSaN = 197 (46.2%) | Without MetS N = 229 (53.8%) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 65 | 63 | 0.007* |
BMI | 28 | 27 | < 0.001* |
Smoking | 0.037• | ||
Yes | 128 (30%) | 126 (29.6%) | |
No | 69 (16.2%) | 103 (24.2%) | |
IPSS score | 21 | 18 | < 0.001* |
IPSS severity | < 0.001• | ||
Mild (0–7) | 16 (3.8%) | 36 (8.5%) | |
Moderate (8–19) | 64 (15%) | 110 (25.8%) | |
Severe (20–35) | 117 (27.5%) | 83 (19.5%) | |
Prostate volume | 40 | 40 | 0.743* |
Q1 | 0.423• | ||
0 | 101 (23.7%) | 122 (28.6%) | |
1–2 | 6 (1.4%) | 12 (2.8%) | |
3–5 | 90 (21.1%) | 95 (22.3%) | |
Q2 | 0.013• | ||
0 | 78 (18.3%) | 122 (28.6%) | |
1–2 | 18 (4.2%) | 21 (4.9%) | |
3–5 | 101 (23.7%) | 86 (20.2%) | |
Q3 | 0.006• | ||
0 | 30 (7%) | 51 (12%) | |
1–2 | 2 (0.5%) | 12 (2.8%) | |
3–5 | 165 (38.7%) | 166 (39%) | |
Q4 | 0.068• | ||
0 | 57 (13.4%) | 90 (21.1%) | |
1–2 | 14 (3.3%) | 17 (4%) | |
3–5 | 126 (29.6%) | 122 (28.6%) | |
Q5 | 0.065• | ||
0 | 20 (4.7%) | 40 (9.4%) | |
1–2 | 6 (1.4%) | 10 (2.3%) | |
3–5 | 171 (40.1%) | 179 (42%) | |
Q6 | 0.955• | ||
0 | 81 (19%) | 96 (22.5%) | |
1–2 | 17 (4%) | 18 (4.2%) | |
3–5 | 99 (23.2%) | 115 (27%) | |
Q7 | < 0.001• | ||
0 | 4 (0.9%) | 12 (2.8%) | |
1–2 | 37 (8.7%) | 77 (18.1%) | |
3–5 | 156 (36.6%) | 140 (32.9%) |
IPSS severity | P value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mild (0–7) | Moderate (8–19) | Severe (20–35) | ||
Waist circumference (≥ 102 cm) | < 0.001* | |||
Yes: 297 (69.7%) | 29 (6.8%) | 109 (25.6%) | 159 (37.3%) | |
No: 129 (30.3%) | 23 (5.4%) | 65 (15.3%) | 41 (9.6%) | |
Blood pressure (SBP ≥ 130 mmHg or/and DBP ≥ 85 mmHg) | 0.879* | |||
Yes: 263 (61.7%) | 33 (7.7%) | 105 (24.6%) | 125 (29.3%) | |
No: 163 (38.3%) | 19 (4.5%) | 69 (16.2%) | 75 (17.6%) | |
Fasting blood glucose (≥ 110 mg/dl) | < 0.001* | |||
Yes: 218 (51.2%) | 36 (8.5%) | 68 (16%) | 114 (26.8%) | |
No: 208 (48.8%) | 16 (3.8%) | 106 (24.9%) | 86 (20.2%) | |
HDL (≤ 40 mg/dl) | 0.014* | |||
Yes: 146 (34.3%) | 10 (2.3%) | 56 (13.1%) | 80 (18.8%) | |
No: 280 (65.7%) | 42 (9.9%) | 118 (27.7%) | 120 (28.2%) | |
Triglycerides (≥ 150 mg/dl) | < 0.001* | |||
Yes: 155 (36.4%) | 12 (2.8%) | 51 (12%) | 92 (21.6%) | |
No: 271 (63.6%) | 40 (9.4%) | 123 (28.9%) | 108 (25.4%) |