Background
Methods
Original study design and cohort
Survey assessments
Statistical analyses
Results
Background characteristics of caregivers and patients
Total (n = 524) | South Korea (n = 259) | China (n = 101) | Taiwan (n = 73) | Singapore (n = 52) | Philippines (n = 23) | Hong Kong (n = 10) | Thailand (n = 6) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 59.17 ± 15.35 (n = 514) | 60.09 ± 14.76 (n = 254) | 61.64 ± 16.64 (n = 99) | 57.44 ± 13.90 (n = 70) | 54.21 ± 12.51 | 46.30 ± 14.23 | 80.20 ± 6.88 | 56.67 ± 19.59 | < 0.001 |
Sex (male:female) | 203:321 | 82:177 | 54:47 | 38:35 | 20:32 | 4:19 | 4:6 | 1:5 | < 0.001 |
Married | 467/521 | 237/258 | 97/99 | 10/63 | 41/52 | 17/23 | 10/10 | 2/6 | < 0.001 |
Duration of education, years | 11.58 ± 5.20 (n = 505) | 10.72 ± 5.38 (n = 247) | 12.14 ± 3.87 (n = 97) | 13.15 ± 5.30 | 13.02 ± 4.22 | 15.17 ± 2.87 | 3.00 ± 4.55 | 3.00 ± 1.73 (n = 3) | < 0.001 |
Employed | 232/512 | 108/256 | 36/93 | 33/73 | 35/51 | 15/23 | 1/10 | 4/6 | 0.001 |
Caregiver relationship to the patient | 0.005 | ||||||||
Spouse | 184 | 105 | 34 | 24 | 12 | 4 | 4 | 1 | |
Daughter-in-law | 38 | 25 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Son | 112 | 45 | 26 | 23 | 13 | 3 | 1 | 1 | |
Daughter | 153 | 71 | 28 | 18 | 21 | 9 | 3 | 3 | |
Son-in-law | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Other | 30 | 10 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 0 | 1 | |
Caregiver and patient cohabiting | 324/521 | 148/258 | 66/99 | 52/73 | 31/52 | 19/23 | 5/10 | 3/6 | 0.069 |
Total | South Korea | China | Taiwan | Singapore | Philippines | Hong Kong | Thailand | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 524) | (n = 259) | (n = 101) | (n = 73) | (n = 52) | (n = 23) | (n = 10) | (n = 6) | ||
Age, years | 75.68 ± 7.07 | 75.21 ± 6.89 | 74.61 ± 7.26 | 76.85 ± 7.42 | 75.65 ± 7.19 | 78.52 ± 4.52 | 80.20 ± 6.88 | 81.17 ± 8.04 | 0.01 |
Sex (male:female) | 203:321 | 117:142 | 36:65 | 20:53 | 15:37 | 10:13 | 4:6 | 1:5 | 0.053 |
Duration of education, years | 7.22 ± 5.33 | 6.36 ± 4.83 | 9.87 ± 5.37 | 6.33 ± 4.63 | 5.13 ± 4.75 | 14.39 ± 3.94 | 3.20 ± 4.96 | 8.00 ± 6.23 | < 0.001 |
MMSE score | 18.66 ± 5.45 (n = 504) | 19.93 ± 4.73 (n = 255) | 18.16 ± 6.25 (n = 99) | 16.41 ± 5.23 (n = 73) | 17.00 ± 5.07 (n = 51) | 17.96 ± 6.83 (n = 23) | 14.67 ± 8.39 (n = 3) | < 0.001 | |
CDR (range) | 0.94 ± 0.53 (0.5–3) | 0.84 ± 0.44 (0.5–3) | 1.07 ± 0.66 (0.5–3) | 0.97 ± 0.51 (0.5–2) | 1.10 ± 0.52 (0.5–3) | 1.11 ± 0.58 (0.5–2) | 0.95 ± 0.60 (0.5–2) | 0.67 ± 0.26 (0.5–1) | < 0.001 |
CDR-SOB | 5.26 ± 3.17 (n = 522) | 4.61 ± 2.67 (n = 257) | 6.35 ± 3.73 (n = 101) | 5.32 ± 3.28 (n = 73) | 6.16 ± 3.27 (n = 52) | 6.13 ± 3.52 (n = 23) | 5.15 ± 3.28 (n = 10) | 3.25 ± 1.13 (n = 6) | < 0.001 |
Caregiver activity scale and Zarit burden interview score
CAS | ZBI | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | n | Estimate | Standard error | p-value | n | Estimate | Standard error | p-value |
Patient’s sex (female) | 495 | − 387.0084 | 68.662 | < 0.0001 | 521 | −3.3414 | 1.448 | 0.021 |
Patient’s age | 495 | 4.8481 | 4.824 | 0.3154 | 521 | 0.2237 | 0.1 | 0.026 |
Patient’s duration of education | 495 | 4.8044 | 6.423 | 0.4548 | 521 | 0.0065 | 0.133 | 0.961 |
Patient’s weight | 450 | 12.4228 | 3.07 | < 0.0001 | 472 | 0.0583 | 0.07 | 0.407 |
Patient’s height | 449 | 14.5499 | 3.337 | < 0.0001 | 471 | 0.1289 | 0.077 | 0.097 |
MMSE | 476 | 9.7593 | 6.475 | 0.1324 | 501 | −0.455 | 0.13 | < 0.001 |
CDR (sum of boxes) | 493 | 16.0826 | 10.847 | 0.1388 | 519 | 1.7492 | 0.21 | < 0.001 |
CDR (global) | 493 | 94.7484 | 65.635 | 0.1495 | 519 | 9.9107 | 1.275 | < 0.001 |
Patient’s awareness (none) | 487 | 117.4496 | 71.767 | 0.1024 | 508 | 1.0642 | 1.469 | 0.469 |
Caregiver’s sex (female) | 495 | 131.9129 | 70.314 | 0.0612 | 521 | 3.5599 | 1.447 | 0.014 |
Caregiver’s age | 486 | 6.8393 | 2.24 | 0.0024 | 511 | 0.0415 | 0.046 | 0.370 |
Caregiver’s duration of education | 484 | −29.3388 | 6.587 | < 0.0001 | 503 | −0.0846 | 0.138 | 0.541 |
Caregiver’s occupation (none) | 484 | 226.7616 | 69.114 | 0.0011 | 509 | 2.1644 | 1.435 | 0.132 |
Caregiver’s marital status (single) | 494 | 66.7254 | 113.298 | 0.5562 | 518 | −1.0485 | 2.326 | 0.652 |
Caregiver’s awareness (none) | 494 | 36.5177 | 69.646 | 0.6003 | 517 | −6.3056 | 1.41 | < 0.001 |
Relationship with caregiver (child) | 426 | − 431.9034 | 75.527 | < 0.0001 | 448 | −1.6973 | 1.516 | 0.267 |
Cohabitation (no) | 493 | − 357.2101 | 69.206 | < 0.0001 | 519 | −5.4699 | 1.446 | < 0.001 |
Awareness of caregivers and patients
Variables | Patient awareness | Caregiver awareness | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Estimate | Standard | Odds | Odds Ratio | p-value | n | Estimate | Standard | Odds | Odds Ratio | p-value | |
Error | Ratio | [95% CI] | Error | Ratio | [95% CI] | |||||||
Patient’s sex (female) | 524 | 0.4008 | 0.1897 | 1.493 | [1.029,2.165] | 0.0346 | 524 | 0.4205 | 0.1808 | 1.523 | [1.068,2.170] | 0.02 |
Patient’s age | 524 | −0.0097 | 0.0128 | 0.99 | [0.966,1.016] | 0.4486 | 524 | 0.0429 | 0.0128 | 1.044 | [1.018,1.070] | < 0.001 |
Patient’s duration of education | 524 | 0.0119 | 0.017 | 1.012 | [0.979,1.046] | 0.4842 | 524 | −0.0195 | 0.0165 | 0.981 | [0.949,1.013] | 0.237 |
MMSE | 504 | 0.0146 | 0.0172 | 1.015 | [0.981,1.050] | 0.3981 | 504 | −0.1166 | 0.0187 | 0.89 | [0.858,0.923] | < 0.001 |
CDR-SOB | 522 | −0.0508 | 0.0299 | 0.95 | [0.896,1.008] | 0.0891 | 522 | 0.2566 | 0.0379 | 1.292 | [1.200,1.392] | < 0.001 |
CDR (global) | 522 | −0.2392 | 0.1787 | 0.787 | [0.555,1.118] | 0.1808 | 522 | 1.3555 | 0.2243 | 3.879 | [2.499,6.021] | < 0.001 |
Patient’s awareness (no) | 511 | −1.7293 | 0.2152 | 0.177 | [0.116,0.270] | < 0.001 | ||||||
Caregiver’s sex (female) | 524 | 0.1176 | 0.1869 | 1.125 | [0.780,1.622] | 0.5292 | 524 | −0.036 | 0.1808 | 0.965 | [0.677,1.375] | 0.842 |
Caregiver’s age | 514 | −0.0172 | 0.0061 | 0.983 | [0.971,0.995] | 0.0045 | 514 | −0.0136 | 0.0059 | 0.986 | [0.975,0.998] | 0.020 |
Caregiver’s duration of education | 505 | 0.0543 | 0.0185 | 1.056 | [1.018,1.095] | 0.0033 | 505 | 0.0373 | 0.0175 | 1.038 | [1.003,1.074] | 0.032 |
Caregiver’s occupation (none) | 512 | −0.0926 | 0.1844 | 0.912 | [0.635,1.309] | 0.6158 | 512 | −0.2444 | 0.1798 | 0.783 | [0.551,1.114] | 0.174 |
Marital status of caregiver (single) | 521 | 0.5398 | 0.2891 | 1.716 | [0.974,3.023] | 0.0619 | 521 | 0.4911 | 0.3033 | 1.634 | [0.902,2.961] | 0.105 |
Relationship with caregiver (child) | 449 | 0.6964 | 0.2052 | 2.006 | [1.342,3.000] | 0.0007 | 449 | 0.6053 | 0.1943 | 1.832 | [1.252,2.681] | 0.002 |
Cohabitation (no) | 521 | −0.0561 | 0.1876 | 0.945 | [0.655,1.366] | 0.765 | 521 | 0.0402 | 0.1822 | 1.041 | [0.728,1.488] | 0.826 |
Primary caregiver (no) | 515 | 0.0569 | 0.2012 | 1.059 | [0.714,1.570] | 0.7772 | 515 | 0.064 | 0.1967 | 1.066 | [0.725,1.568] | 0.745 |
CAS | 495 | −0.0002 | 0.0001 | 1 | [0.999,1.000] | 0.1358 | 495 | −0.0001 | 0.0001 | 1 | [1.000,1.000] | 0.615 |
ZBI | 521 | −0.004 | 0.0057 | 0.996 | [0.985,1.007] | 0.4787 | 521 | 0.0252 | 0.0059 | 1.026 | [1.014,1.037] | < 0.001 |
Caregiver’s awareness (no) | 520 | −1.7397 | 0.2144 | 0.176 | [0.115,0.267] | < 0.0001 |
Baseline CDR 0.5 | Baseline CDR 1 | Baseline CDR 2 | Baseline CDR 3 | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
n | 160 | 188 | 41 | 4 | < 0.0001 |
Yes | 69 (43.13) | 118 (62.77) | 37 (90.24) | 4 (100.00) | |
No | 91 (56.88) | 70 (37.23) | 4 (9.76) | 0 (0.00) |