Background
Methods
Statistical analyses
Results
Characteristics of the young-onset T2DM cohort at last contact
General characteristics
Comparison between women and men
Men N = 495 (55.9%) | Women N = 391 (44.1%) | p value | |
---|---|---|---|
% EM | 12.4 | 11.7 | 0.762 |
Mean age at diagnosis | 38.1 ± 5.8 | 36.4 ± 6.9 |
<0.0001
|
Mean age at last visit (years) | 56.9 ± 11.5 | 57.8 ± 13.8 | 0.283 |
Mean follow-up (years) | 8.1 ± 4.8 | 8.8 ± 5.1 |
0.029
|
Mean diabetes duration (years) | 19.3 ± 11.0 | 22.0 ± 12.7 |
0.001
|
Mean HbA1c % (mmol/mol) | 7.3 ± 1.4 (56 ± 15) | 7.1 ± 1.2 (54 ± 13) |
0.021
|
% HbA1c ≥9% (74 mmol/mol) | 13.7 | 8.0 |
0.008
|
% Statin | 79.6 | 70.8 |
0.006
|
Number of antihypertensive medications | 0.177 | ||
0 | 21.4 | 25.3 | |
1 | 18.4 | 15.3 | |
2 | 17.6 | 23.0 | |
≥3 | 42.5 | 36.4 | |
% Aspirin | 58.6 | 55.5 | 0.356 |
% MF | 53.1 | 55.5 | 0.483 |
% SU | 1.4 | 1.8 | 0.656 |
% MF + SU | 16.6 | 8.2 |
<0.0001
|
% Glitazones | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.431 |
% DPP-4 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 0.802 |
% GLP-1 | 10.9 | 5.1 |
0.002
|
% Insulin | 79.8 | 84.7 | 0.062 |
% On 1 injection of insulin | 5.3 | 5.6 | 0.807 |
% On 2 or 3 injections of insulin | 5.9 | 8.2 | 0.175 |
% On multiple injections of insulin | 68.7 | 70.8 | 0.488 |
Mean BMI (kg/m2) | 30.5 ± 4.9 | 32.1 ± 6.7 |
<0.0001
|
% Overweight | 39.4 | 23.4 |
<0.0001
|
% Obese | 51.2 | 64.1 |
<0.0001
|
% Hypertension | 53.4 | 45.3 |
0.019
|
Mean TG | 162.9 ± 175.7 | 135.6 ± 78.8 |
0.007
|
Mean LDL | 74.1 ± 30.1 | 81.7 ± 31.2 |
<0.0001
|
% High TG | 35.7 | 30.1 | 0.093 |
% LDL not on target in primary CV prevention | 24.8 | 32.4 | 0.065 |
% LDL not on target in secondary CV prevention | 51.1 | 39.9 | 0.052 |
% Smoking | 20.2 | 12.0 |
0.001
|
% ≥3 CV risk factors | 59.4 | 50.1 |
0.006
|
% DRP | 40.3 | 40.1 | 0.942 |
% Microalbuminuria | 40.6 | 26.2 |
0.001
|
Mean age first CV event | 53.4 ± 9.5 | 57.9 ± 10.1 |
<0.0001
|
% New surgery lower limbs | 3.0 (15) | 2.0 (8) | |
% New TIA/CVA | 1.0 (5) | 1.0 (4) | |
% New cardiac event | 4.8 (24) | 3.1 (12) |
Comparison between Caucasians and EM patients
Caucasian N = 769 (87.9%) | EM N = 106 (12.1%) | p value | |
---|---|---|---|
% Men | 56.0 | 57.5 | 0.762 |
Mean age at diagnosis | 37.6 ± 6.2 | 35.4 ± 6.8 |
0.001
|
Mean age at last visit (years) | 58.4 ± 12.4 | 50.8 ± 11.7 |
<0.0001
|
Mean follow-up (years) | 8.6 ± 4.9 | 7.0 ± 4.8 |
0.002
|
Mean diabetes duration (years) | 21.2 ± 11.9 | 15.8 ± 10.6 |
0.002
|
Mean HbA1c % (mmol/mol) | 7.3 ± 1.3 (56 ± 14) | 7.4 ± 1.4 (57 ± 15) | 0.461 |
% Statin | 78.1 | 59.4 |
<0.0001
|
Number of antihypertensive medications | |||
0 | 20.2 | 42.5 |
<0.0001
|
1 | 16.3 | 23.6 | |
2 | 21.0 | 11.3 | |
≥3 | 42.5 | 22.7 | |
% MF | 53.1 | 62.3 | 0.077 |
% SU | 1.4 (11) | 2.8 (3) | 0.283 |
% MF + SU | 12.9 | 11.3 | 0.649 |
% Glitazones | 0.4 | 0 | 0.519 |
% DPP-4 | 2.9 (67) | 7.5 (4) |
0.013
|
% GLP-1 | 8.7 | 3.8 | 0.080 |
% Insulin | 81.4 | 86.8 | 0.174 |
% On 1 injection of insulin | 5.3 | 4.7 | 0.788 |
% On 2 or 3 injections of insulin | 7.2 | 5.7 | 0.570 |
% On multiple injections of insulin | 68.9 | 76.4 | 0.113 |
Mean BMI (kg/m2) | 31.4 ± 5.9 | 29.8 ± 4.6 |
0.009
|
% Overweight | 28.8 | 44.3 |
0.002
|
% Obese | 55.6 | 43.3 |
0.007
|
% Hypertension | 48.7 | 43.4 | 0.269 |
Mean TG | 151.7 ± 144.7 | 144.8 ± 132.7 | 0.660 |
Mean LDL | 76.7 ± 31.0 | 82.8 ± 29.7 | 0.075 |
% High TG | 30.7 | 29.2 | 0.913 |
% LDL not on target in primary CV prevention | 27.2 | 30.9 | 0.472 |
% LDL not on target in secondary CV prevention | 45.2 | ||
% Smoking | 17.2 | 12.3 | 0.201 |
% ≥3 CV risk factors | 56.6 | 45.3 |
0.027
|
% DRP | 40.8 | 40.4 | 0.950 |
% Microalbuminuria | 35.1 | 32.1 | 0.667 |
% New surgery lower limbs | 3.0 (23) | 0 (0) | |
% New TIA/CVA | 1.0 (8) | 0.9 (1) | |
% New cardiac event | 4.3 (33) | 2.8 (3) |
Comparison between age of diagnosis <35 years and age at diagnosis between 35 and 45 years
Cardiovascular events at last visit in the different subgroups in the young-onset T2DM cohort
Carotid surgery | Surgery lower limbs | TIA/CVA | Cardiac event | CV event | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men vs. women | |||||
% Men | 0.8 (4) | 8.3 (41) | 8.5 (42) | 24.3 (120) | 41.4 (205) |
% Women | 1.0 (4) | 5.1 (20) | 5.6 (22) | 14.8 (58) | 33.2 (130) |
p value | 0.737 | 0.064 | 0.103 |
<0.0001
|
0.013
|
Adjusted p value | 0.938 | 0.154 | 0.149 |
0.010
|
0.014
|
Caucasian vs. EM | |||||
% Caucasians | 1.0 (8) | 7.7 (59) | 7.9 (61) | 21.6 (166) | 40.8 (313) |
% EM | 0 (0) | 1.9 (2) | 2.8 (3) | 10.4 (11) | 17.9 (19) |
p value | 0.291 |
0.028
| 0.058 |
0.0008
|
<0.0001
|
Adjusted p value | 1.000 | 0.845 | 0.998 | 0.960 | 0.926 |
Different age groups at diagnosis | |||||
% Diagnosis <35 years | 0.8 (2) | 6.4 (16) | 3.6 (9) | 15.7 (39) | 26.9 (67) |
% Diagnosis 35–45 years | 0.9 (6) | 7.1 (45) | 8.6 (55) | 21.9 (139) | 42.1 (268) |
p value | 0.844 | 0.736 |
0.009
|
0.038
|
<0.0001
|
Adjusted p value | 0.996 | 0.566 | 0.744 | 0.651 | 0.189 |
Comparison between the first and last visit of the young-onset T2DM cohort
First contact N = 886 | Last contact N = 886 | p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean age at contacts | 48.9 ± 11.5 | 57.3 ± 12.5 |
<0.0001
| |
Mean diabetes duration (years) | 12.1 ± 10.7 | 20.5 ± 11.8 |
<0.0001
| |
Mean HbA1c % (mmol/mol) | 7.9 ± 1.7 (62 ± 19) | 7.3 ± 1.3 (56 ± 14) |
<0.0001
| |
% HbA1c ≥7% (52 mmol/mol) | 66 | 54.5 |
<0.0001
| |
% Statin | 32.2 | 75.7 |
<0.0001
| |
Number of antihypertensive medications |
<0.0001
| |||
0 | 44.9% | 23.1% | ||
1 | 21.7% | 17.0% | ||
2 | 17.7% | 20.0% | ||
≥3 | 15.8% | 39.7% | ||
% MF | 30.9 | 54.2 |
<0.0001
| |
% SU | 5.5 | 1.6 |
<0.0001
| |
% MF + SU | 20.0 | 12.9 |
<0.0001
| |
% DPP-4 | 1.7 | 3.5 |
0.014
| |
% GLP-1 | 1.2 | 8.4 |
<0.0001
| |
% Insulin | 36.9 | 81.9 |
<0.0001
| |
% On 1 injection of insulin | 7.4 | 5.4 | 0.054 | |
% On 2 or 3 injections of insulin | 12.5 | 6.9 |
<0.0001
| |
% On multiple injections of insulin | 16.9 | 69.6 |
<0.0001
| |
Mean BMI (kg/m2) | 31.7 ± 5.8 | 31.2 ± 5.8 |
0.009
| |
% Hypertension | 55.6 | 49.9 |
0.018
| |
Mean TG | 192.5 ± 217.2 | 152.0 ± 144.4 |
<0.0001
| |
Mean LDL | 107.3 ± 37.4 | 77.9 ± 31.1 |
<0.0001
| |
% LDL not on target in primary CV prevention | 58.3 | 27.7 |
<0.0001
| |
% LDL not on target in secondary CV prevention | 78.7 | 44.8 |
<0.0001
| |
% Smoking | 17.2 | 16.6 | 0.709 | |
% ≥2 CV risk factors | 87.6 | 81.7 |
<0.0001
| |
% DRP | 27.2 | 40.2 |
<0.0001
| |
% Microalbuminuria | 28.1 | 34.4 |
0.003
| |
% Carotid surgery | 0.7 (6) | 0.9 (8) | 0.500 | |
% Surgery lower limbs | 3.7 (33) | 6.9 (61) |
<0.0001
| |
% TIA/CVA | 3.6 (32) | 7.2 (64) |
<0.0001
| |
% Cardiac event | 12.8 (113) | 20.1 (178) |
<0.0001
| |
% CV event (peripheral; heart) | 21.6 (191) | 37.8 (335) |
<0.0001
| |
% New surgery lower limbs | 2.6 (23) | |||
% New TIA/CVA | 1.0 (9) | |||
% New cardiovascular event | 4.1 (36) |
Comparison of characteristics between the young- and old-onset T2DM cohorts at last contact
Age at diagnosis <45 years N = 886 | Age at diagnosis 60–70 years N = 933 | p value | Adjusted p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
% Men | 55.9 | 53.2 | 0.246 | |
% Belgian nationality | 91.3 | 97.2 |
0.024
| |
Mean age at last visit (years) | 57.3 ± 12.6 | 75.7 ± 6.8 |
<0.0001
| |
Median age at diagnosis (years) | 39.0 (8;45) | 64.1 (60;70) |
<0.0001
| |
Median follow-up (years) | 7.6 (0;17) | 4.6 (1;17) |
<0.0001
| |
Mean diabetes duration (years) | 20.5 ± 11.8 | 11.9 ± 6.6 |
<0.0001
| |
Mean HbA1c % (mmol/mol) | 7.3 ± 1.3 (56 ± 14) | 6.9 ± 1.0 (51 ± 11) |
<0.0001
| |
Mean BMI (kg/m2) | 31.2 ± 5.8 | 29.6 ± 5.5 |
<0.0001
| |
% Overweight | 32.4 | 38.3 |
0.011
| |
% Obese | 56.8 | 42.0 |
<0.0001
| |
% Hypertension | 49.9 | 50.2 | 0.905 | |
Median TG | 118.5 (25;2837) | 118.0 (24;706) | 0.829 | |
Mean LDL | 77.5 ± 30.9 | 75.2 ± 29.4 | 0.163 | |
% Smoking | 16.6 | 7.0 |
<0.0001
| |
% DRP | 40.2 | 23.7 |
<0.0001
| |
% Microalbuminuria | 34.4 | 34.0 | 0.915 | |
% Carotid surgery | 0.9 (8) | 4.3 (40) |
<0.0001
| 0.843 |
% Surgery lower limbs | 6.9 (61) | 10.5 (98) |
0.006
| 0.327 |
% TIA/CVA | 7.2 (64) | 16.1 (150) |
<0.0001
| 0.739 |
% Cardiac event | 20.1 (178) | 31.8 (297) |
<0.0001
| 0.386 |